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1、學習好資料歡迎下載1、-ing 分詞的構成-ing 分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing 構成。 -ing 分詞同樣有時態和語態 的變化,通常有下表幾種形式(以 do 為例):般式完成式主動形式doi ng主動形式hav ingdone被動形式bei ng do ne被動形式hav ingbee n done-ing 分詞的否定形式是由 not 加-ing 分詞構成。如:Not knowing his address, I could do no thi ng but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等著。His n ot comi ng made all o

2、f us angry.他沒來使我們大家都很生氣。2. -ing 分詞的一般式和完成式:-ing 分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作;完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生的動作。如:Being a student, he was interested in books 作為一個學生,他對書本很 感興趣。Not hav ing studied his less ons very hard, he failed the exam in ati ons.因為沒有努力學習功課,他考試不及格。3. -ing 分詞的被動式:-ing 分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing 分詞動作的承

3、受者。根據 -ing 分詞動作發生的時間,-ing 分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done。女口:The questi on being discussed is very importa nt.正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.被老師批評 以后,他把煙戒了。注意:在 need, want, require, be worth 等動詞(短語)后,作賓語的-ing 分詞常用主動形式來表示被動含義。如:Your shoes n eed c

4、lea ning. = Your shoes n eed to be clea ned 爾的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth readi ng.這本書很值得一看。4. -ing 分詞的語法作用-ing 分詞一方面具有動詞的性質,另一方面也相當于一個名詞或形容 詞、副詞,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。1)- ing 分詞(短語)作主語:Lay ing eggs is the ant quee ns full-time job.產卵是蟻后的專職工作。Saying is easier tha n doing.說比做容易。學習好資料歡迎下載在下面兩種

5、結構中,-ing 分詞也作主語。1為了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主語,而把真實主語放在句末。如:It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作無益的后悔是沒有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it.辯論這事是浪費時間。2在 There is no 結構中,通常用-ing 分詞。如:There is no jok ing about such matters .這種事開不得玩笑。There is no holdi ng back the wheel of history.歷史車輪不可阻擋。2)-ing 分詞(短語)作表語:Hi

6、s hobby is collect ing stamps.他的愛好是收集郵票。 The problem is quitepuzzli ng.這個問題很令人困惑。3)-ing 分詞作賓語:1-ing 分詞作動詞賓語。如:I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建議用另一種方法做這件事。We enjoy atte ndi ng Miss Lis class.我們喜歡聽李老師的課。2-ing 分詞作賓語也可用在復合賓語中作真正的賓語,而用 it 作形式賓語。如:I don t think it possible living in such a cold p

7、lace.我認為住在這么寒 冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider it any good trying again?你覺得再試一次會有好處 嗎?3-ing 分詞作介詞賓語,經常用在一些短語的后面。如:rm aga inst in vit ing him to dinner. 我反對邀請他來吃飯。They don t feel like walk ing that much.他們不喜歡走那么多路。此類短語還有很多。如:look forward to(渴望,盼望),be proud of (以.自豪),be responsible fo(對.負責),insist on (堅持),th

8、ink of(考慮,想到),dream of(夢想),object to(反對,抗議),hearof(聽說),preventfrom(防止,阻止),keep-from(防止,阻止),stopfrom (防止,阻止),be engaged in (從事于),depend on (依靠,依賴),thankfor (因.而道謝),excuse-for (因. 而道歉),aim at(目的在于),devoteto(獻身于),set about(著手做),be/get used to (習慣于),be fond of (喜歡),be afraid of (害怕),be tired of (對.厭煩),s

9、ucceed in (成功地做.),be interested in(對.感興趣),be ashamed of(對.感到羞愧)等等。注意:在有些句子中,介詞常可省去。如:I have no difficulty (in) com muni cat ing with foreig ners.我在和外國人學習好資料歡迎下載交談方面沒有什么困難。He used to spe nd a lot of time (in) playi ng games.過去他常花很多時間玩游戲。What can prevent us (from) getting married?有什么能阻止我們結婚? 另外, -ing

10、分詞可以和一些介詞如 in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without,besides 等構成短語,在句中作狀語。如:He left ahead of time without saying a word.他一句話也沒說就提前離 開了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做飯和縫紉以外,她還要照顧四個孩子。On heari ng the n ews, all the pupils jumped with joy.聽至 U 這個消息后,所有的學生都

11、高興得跳了起來。4) -ing 分詞作定語:1單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如:reading room 閱覽室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐車sleeping car 臥車 singing competition 歌詠比賽 waiting room 候車室2-ing 分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面, 也相當于一個定語從句。如:Who is the comrade sta nding by the door?站在門邊的同志是誰? Theylived in a house faci ng south.他們住在一所朝南的房子里。3-ing 分詞還可以作

12、非限制性定語,相當于一個非限制性定語從句, 常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如:The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written byhimself.歌詞一般講當前的工作,大部分是他自己寫的。Whe n she appeared, Joh n, wear ing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran toher with joy.當她出現的時候,約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地 跑了過去。5) -ing 分詞做狀語:-ing 分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴 隨

13、情況等。1-ing 分詞短語作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語從句,有時可由連詞 when, while 引出。如:While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.他一邊看書,一邊 不時地點頭。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood 看至 U 那些畫,他想 起了她的童年。2-ing 分詞短語作原因狀語,相當于一個原因狀語從句。如:學習好資料歡迎下載Not knowing his address, I can t send this book to him.因為不知道他 的地址,我

14、不能把這本書送給他。Many of us, being so excited, couldn t go to sleep that night.因為非 常激動,那晚我們許多人都沒睡著。3-ing 分詞短語作結果狀語。如:His father died, leavi ng him a lot of mo ney. 他父親死了,留給他許多 錢。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, break ing it intopieces.她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。4-ing 分詞作伴隨狀語,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中

15、間,表示主 語的另一個、較次要的動作。如:They stood there for half an hou, watchi ng the stars in the sky.他們在 那兒站了半小時,觀察著天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.年輕人跟在老人的后面開始慢慢地走起來。5-ing 分詞間或也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語,相當于一個狀語從句。如:Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.盡管知道了一切情 況,他們還是要我賠償損失。注:-i

16、ng 分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語。6“with/without+名詞普通格或代詞賓格+-ing 分詞”結構在句中作狀 語,表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如:His hair became grey with the years pass ing.隨著時間的推移,他的頭 發變花白了。Without anyone no tic ing, he slipped through the win dow.沒人注意,他 從窗戶溜了出去。6) -ing 分詞作補語:1-ing 分詞可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to,

17、observe,have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find 等動詞后面和一個名詞 或代詞構成一個復合賓語,作賓語補語。如:I no ticed a man running out of the bank whe n I got off the car.我下車的時候注意到一個男人匆匆忙忙地從銀行里跑出來。Last ni ght the shopkeeper caught a child steali ng some food in the shop.昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一個小孩在偷東西。2上面這類句子也可變成被動語態,這時,-ing 分詞可看成是主語補 語

18、。如:We were kept wait ing for quite a long time.讓我們等了好長時間。學習好資料歡迎下載Lily was n ever heard si ngi ng that song aga in.人們再也沒有聽至 U 吉麗唱 這首歌了。5. -ing 分詞的復合結構:-ing 分詞的復合結構通常由物主代詞、人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或 者名詞的普通格+-ing 分詞構成,在句子開頭時必須用物主代詞和名 詞所有格,通常在句中作主語和賓語。如:His comi ng made us very happy.他的到來使我們大家都很高。He was awake ned b

19、y someons knocking at the door.他被某人的敲門 聲吵醒了。6.- ing 分詞作主語和表語時與不定式的區別:1)、-ing 分詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語的主要區別在于:在表示比 較抽象的一般的多次性行為時多用-ing 分詞;在表示具體的或一次性 的動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式。如:Smoking is forbidden here.(泛指吸煙)這里禁止吸煙。It s not good for you to smoke so much.(指你吸煙)吸這么多煙對 你的身體不好。2).高中階段能接-ing 分詞作賓語的常見動詞:mind (介意),suggest

20、(建議),enjoy (欣賞,),admit (承認),appreciate(感激,欣賞),avoid (避免),delay (推遲),dislike (不喜歡,厭 惡),escape(逃脫),finish (完成),forgive (寬恕),imagine (想象), keep (保持),miss (錯過),practise (訓練),resist (抵抗,抵制),risk (冒險),deny (拒絕,否認),consider (考慮)等。例: He got well-prepared for the job in terview, for he couldnt risk_the good

21、opport uni ty.A. to loseB. losingC. to be lostD.being lost答案 B.后 risk 后接動名詞,he 與 lose 是主謂關系。3).有些動詞既能接不定式,又能接-ing 分詞,含義有所不同。如:1forget, remember, regret 等詞后面接不定式表示不定式動作后于謂 語動作,而后接-ing 分詞作賓語表示分詞動作先于謂語動作。如:Do you remember see ing me before?爾記得以前見過我嗎? Remember tolock the door whe n you leave.離開時要記得鎖門。2動

22、詞 mean, stop, try, go on 等動詞后面接分詞和接不定式作賓語,意 思也有所不同。如:I try not to thi nk about that.我盡量不去想那件事。學習好資料歡迎下載Would you please try doi ng that aga in?請你再試一次好嗎?I mea n to cha nge it for ano ther on e.我想換成另外一個。Missi ng the train means wait ing for ano ther hour. 誤了這班車就意味著 再等一個小時。Having finished the exercises

23、, we went on to learn the new words in the next un it.做完練習以后,我們繼續學習下一單元的單詞。After a short rest, they wen t o n worki ng.短暫地休息以后,他們又繼續 工作。例: When asked by the police, he said that he remembered_at theparty, but not_.A. to arrive, leav ingB. to arrive, to leaveC. arriv in g, leav ingD. arrivi ng, to le

24、ave答案 C.記得來過晚會,用 arriving,但是后的動作仍然記得,用 leaving.3動詞 allow, advise, forbid, permit 等可直接跟-ing 分詞作賓語,不可 以接動詞不定式作賓語,但可接不定式作賓語補語。如:Please permit me to say a few words.請允許我說幾句話。We don t permit smoki ng here.我們這兒不允許吸煙。4動詞 need, require, want 作“需要”解時,后面接-ing 分詞或不定式 的被動式。如:The room wa nts clea nin g/to be cle

25、a ned.這個房間需要打掃。These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked aftercarefully.這些小孩需要細心地照料。5動詞 like, hate, prefer 等后面,如表示一般性動作,多用-ing 分詞; 如指特定的具體的某次動作,多用不定式。如:I like swimming, but I don t like to swim with you. 我喜歡游泳,但我 不喜歡和你一起游泳。I prefer walk ing to school every day.我情愿每天步行去學校。I p

26、refer to stay at home today.今天我情愿呆在家里。6動詞 begin, start 后面,如表示有意識地開始做某事,常用-ing 分詞, 否則用不定式更多一些。如:We began to do that job last year 我們去年開始做那工作的。They started talking about the film at once.他們立刻開始談論那部電 影。注:下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語:a. 當 start, begin 本身用于進行時態時。When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to

27、write to his pare學習好資料歡迎下載nts.老師走進教室的時候,他正開始寫信給他的父母親。b. 當 start, begin 后接表示心理活動的動詞時。Heari ng the n ews, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.一聽到消息,他就開始考慮一個好辦法來解決這個問題。c. 當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。We were about to leave whe n it bega n to rain.我們正準備離開,天開始 下雨了。7. -ing 分詞作表語的兩種不同含義:1-ing 分詞作表語可以表

28、示主語的內容是什么。如:Their job is buildi ng houses.他們的工作是蓋房子。The real questi on is gett ing to know the n eeds of the people 真正的問題是了解人民的需要。2-ing 分詞作表語還可以表示主語所具有的特征。如:This story is very interesting.這故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzli ng.這個問題很令人困惑。1-ing 分詞作定語可用來說明被修飾的名詞的用途和性能。如: readingmaterial 閱讀材料 walking sti

29、ck 手杖 fishing pole 魚桿 flying suit 飛行服writing table 寫字臺 listening practice 聽力訓練2-ing 分詞作定語還可以表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態,在意思 上接近一個定語從句,可以表示正在進行的動作,也可表示經常性動 作或當時的狀態。如:develop in g coun tries = coun tries that are develop ing 發展中國家a growing city = a city that is growing 發展著的城市8. 不定式和-ing 分詞作賓語補語的區別:在 see, hear, fe

30、el, watch, notice 等感官動詞后,既可用-ing 分詞構成復 合賓語,也可用不定式構成復合賓語,兩者之間有一定的區別。用-ing 分詞時,表示動作正在進行;用不定式時,表示動作發生了,即動作 的全過程結束了。如:Do you hear some one knocking at the door?(Some one is knocking at thedoor.)有人在敲門你聽見了嗎?Do you hear some one knock at the door?(Some one kno cked at the doorjust now.)你聽見有人敲門了嗎?9. 高中階段常見的

31、帶介詞 to 的短語,后接-ing 分詞或名詞。如: admit to(承認),con tribute to (捐助、貢獻),get dow n to (著手做),giveway to(讓位于),keep to(堅持、遵守),lead to(導致),look forward學習好資料歡迎下載to (期待),take to (從事),turn to (求助于),stick to (忠 于、堅持),point to (指向、表明),see to (注意、處理),be used to(習慣于),devote on eself to(獻身于),be equal to(勝任的、 等 于),be fami

32、liar to (為.熟悉).高中階段有一些固定的-ing 分詞短語, 如 gen erally speaki ng(般來 說),judging from(根據.來判斷),considering(考慮到.),talking of (談到.,提到.),supposing(假如.)等,它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語,也可當作一個插入語。如:Judgi ng from his acce nt, he must come from Can ada. 從他的口音看他 一定來自加拿大。Con sideri ng how poor he was, we decided to

33、 let him atte nd the con certfor free.考慮到他是多么的窮,我們決定讓他免費聽音樂會。國家四級真題動名詞在句中起名詞的作用,可以充當主語、表語、賓語(動詞賓語或介詞賓語)。它可以有自己的定語、賓語或狀語。1) 動名詞作主語_ in an atmosphere of simply liv ing was what her pare nts wished for.(CET-4 1999,1)A) The girl to be educatedB) The girl educatedC) The girls being educatedD) The girl wa

34、s educated動名詞和不定式都可以做主語。不定式做主語表示具體的動作, 動名詞做主語則可以表示抽象或一般性的動作或情況。根據句意,這個女孩在樸素的生活環境中接受教育是她的父母所希望的,接受教育不是具體的一次性動作,因此用動名詞,答案為C。當動名詞做主語時,我們常用先行詞 it 作形式主語,而把真正的主語動名詞放到句尾, 特別要注意如下結構:It is useless (no use, no good, no harm) doing. It is awaste of time doin g. It is worthwhile doin g.【例如】It is no use crying o

35、ver spilt milkt is a waste of time discussing suchmatters with him.It is no good leaving todays work for tomorrow.2) 動名詞作動詞賓語動名詞作動詞賓語是大學英語四級考試的 重要內容。a) 英語中有些動詞后面只能跟動名詞作它的賓語。 這類動詞常見 的有:admit, advice, anticipate, appreciate, avoid consider, delay deny, dislike,學習好資料歡迎下載enjoy,escape excuse, fancy, favo

36、r, finish,imagine,include , keep, mind,miss, postp one, practise, preve nt , propose, resist, risk, suggest 等o【例如】Mike often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks trafficregulations.The doctor suggested that I avoid smoking and drinking for amon th.Would you mind ope ning the win dow? Th

37、e murderer denied killi ng the richman.I would appreciate_ it a secret. (CET-4 1995,6)A) your keep ing B) you to keepC) that you keep D) that you will keepappreciate 后面一般加動名詞做賓語,動名詞可以有自己的邏輯 主語,因此答案為 A。That young guy still denies_the fire behind the store. (CET-42000,12)A) to start B)shavi ngsstarted

38、C) start D) to have startedDeny 后面加動名詞作賓語,而且引發火災是在否認這一動做之 前,所以用動名詞的完成式,答案為B。b) 動名詞在 dema nd, deserve, n eed, require, want 等動詞后面作賓語時,表示被動的意思。【例如】My shoes n eed mending.The follow ing Ian guage points deserve men ti oning.This matter dema nds discuss ing.Your hair wa nts_ . You had better have it do

39、ne now. (CET-4 1997, 1)A) cut B) to cutC) cutt ing D) being cutWan t, need, require 等動詞后經常加動名詞做賓語,表示被動的意 思,故答案為 C。c) 有些短語動詞和結構后面也要求跟動名詞作賓語。這樣的短語動詞常見的有: feel like, give up,go on, object/objection to, put off,keepon, insist on, leave off,look forward to,think of, cant help, be/get used to,spend.in , h

40、ave difficulty in, have trouble/a hard time in, there be no n eed,con fess t 等。【例如】Do you feel like going out for dinner with me toni ght?Chinese people are looking forward to holding the 27th Olympic games. Iam used to going to bed late and gett ing up late.Although pun ctual himself, the professor

41、 was quite used_ late for hislecture. (CET-4 1998,1)學習好資料歡迎下載A) to have students B) for students being C) for students to be D) tostude nts beingbe/get used to doing 表示習慣于干什么,是固定用法,因此答案 為 D。I have no objection_your story aga in. (CET-4 2000,6)A) to hear B) to heari ngC) toshav in gsheard D) to have heardobject/objection to doing 是固定用法,因此 A 和 D 可以排除。動名詞的完成式表示其動作發生在謂語動詞的動作之前,而句中聽的動作還沒有進行,因此用動名詞的一般式,答案為 B。d) 有些動詞既可以加動名詞,又可以加不定式,兩者在意義上有 差別。這些動詞有: forget, like, remember, regret, try 等。for

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