1、GMW14913GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDSGM 世界工程標準GM - GMW14913: Tire Treadwear輪胎胎面磨損 1 Scope 范圍Note: Nothing in the standard supersedes applicable laws and regulations. 注：本標準與適用法律法規如有沖突，以適用法律法規為準。Note: In the event of conflict between the English and domestic language, the English language shall t

2、ake precedence. 注：英語版本和翻譯版本如有沖突，以英語版本為準。1.1 Purpose. 目的。1.1.1 Method A. To determine treadwear for various tire makes and designs on different road surfaces correlated to European market road systems.方法A。 確定用于歐洲市場道路系統不同道路表面的各種輪胎型號和設計的胎面磨損。1.1.2 Method B. Treadwear encompasses both uniform and non-un

3、iform (irregular) treadwear characteristics. Uniform treadwear removes rubber from the tire at an equal rate across the entire tread surface. Uniform treadwear (unless excessive) does not create adverse issues for the vehicle. Irregular treadwear occurs when parts of the tread surface experience an

4、accelerated treadwear rate compared to the neighboring portions of the tread surface. Irregular treadwear can create vehicle vibrations and excessive noise. 方法 B。胎面磨損包括均衡磨損和非均衡（異常）磨損。均衡磨損情況下，輪胎整個胎面橡膠的磨損速率相同，不會對車輛造成任何問題（除非磨損過度）。胎面一部分橡膠磨損速率高于相鄰部位時，成為異常磨損。異常磨損可能會導致車輛震動和噪音過高。This procedure describes the

5、 test requirements and test method for conducting the treadwear course (TPC-1) treadwear test. The procedure is used for all treadwear tests conducted on the Hercules TPC-1 treadwear schedule by prescribing the vehicle, suspension alignment, tires, wheels, and loading schedule for different vehicle

6、types. 本程序對執行胎面磨損線路 (TPC-1) 和磨損試驗時的要求和試驗方法。本程序適用于 Hercules TPC-1 磨損計劃表中規定的（規定了車輛、懸掛定位、輪胎、輪胎和不同車型的載荷配置）所有磨損試驗。1.1.3 Method C. To evaluate treadwear performance, when driven on public roads. Method C describes the procedure, requirements and test methods to conduct an “Off Site Tire Wear Durability Te

7、st”.方法 C。用以評估輪胎在公共道路上行駛時的胎面磨損性能。方法 C 規定了執行“廠外輪胎磨損耐久試驗”的程序、要求和試驗方法。1.2 Foreword - Method B. Summary of Method. 前言 方法 B。方法概述。1.2.1 Treadwear properties, both uniform treadwear and irregular wear, are determined by operating the test system and a control system over a real-world treadwear schedule loca

8、ted in the Appalachian mountains near Cumberland, Maryland. 在馬里蘭洲坎伯蘭市附近阿巴拉契亞山的實際磨損測試道上操作試驗系統和控制系統，確定輪胎特性，包括均衡胎面磨損和異常磨損。1.2.2 The vehicles are selected to represent the production intent system based on the vehicle suspension type, drive type, and weight distribution. The vehicles are validated from

9、the standpoint of critical suspension design features. These critical suspension design features include the ride-toe properties, ride-camber characteristics, Ackerman error, and weight distribution. 車輛須能夠代表生產的系統特點，如車輛懸掛類型、驅動類型和重量分配等。需對車輛關鍵懸掛設計特性方面進行檢驗。關鍵懸掛設計特性包括前束、外傾角、阿克曼誤差和重量分配。1.2.3 It is suggest

10、ed that the tires are mounted and balanced, screened on the low-speed uniformity equipment, match-mounted on the production intent wheels, dynamically balanced. 建議對輪胎進行安裝并做平衡，在低速均衡設備上進行篩選，裝在適用的車輪上，并調節動平衡。1.2.4 The 40 000 km (24 860 mi) treadwear test is divided into 64 shifts that are 625 km (388.5

11、mi), each shift consisting of a complete circuit of the treadwear course. The treadwear test includes three (3) ballast conditions for passenger cars and light trucks and four (4) ballast conditions for vans using passenger car tires. The tires are visually inspected after each shift and the groove/

12、slot depths are measured at set distances into the schedule. 磨損試驗共 40 000 km (24 860 mi)，分為 64 個班次，每個班次為 625 km (388.5 mi)，各為一組完整的磨損線路。磨損試驗中，轎車和輕卡有三 (3) 項配重條件，使用轎車輪胎的面包車有四 (4) 項配重條件。每個班次結束后，須目視檢查各條輪胎，并在達到計劃表中規定的里程時測量花紋溝/槽的深度。1.2.5 The vehicles are instrumented with a Treadwear Data Acquisition Syste

13、m to record vehicular accelerations during the treadwear test. The Treadwear Data Acquisition System consists of a Model 5 Level Detector, Model 2 Vehicle Speed Frequency Translator, calibrated speed display, power supply, and two (2) Schaevitz inclinometers. 車輛上裝有胎面磨損數據收集系統，用以記錄車輛在磨損試驗中的加速情況。磨損數據收集

14、系統包括 5 型水平探測器、2 型車輛速度頻率變送器、校準速度顯示、電源和兩 (2) 個 Schaevitz 傾角計。1.2.6 Data and status reports are provided to General Motors (GM) at set distances during the schedules as indicated in Appendix E, Appendix F, or Appendix G as appropriate。根據附件 E、F 或 G 的要求，在規定的里程時向通用 (GM) 報告數據和狀態。1.3 Applicability. 適用性。1.3.

15、1 Method A. For all tires. 方法 A。用于所有輪胎。1.3.2 Method B. This procedure is to be used as a final validation confirming the uniform and non-uniform treadwear characteristics of the tire/vehicle system on a customer-based schedule. The purpose is to identify adverse treadwear conditions as exhibited by

16、the production intent system before they can be generated in the field on GM passenger cars, vans, and light trucks.方法 B。本程序為最終驗證程序，確定輪胎/車輛系統在客戶常用線路上的均衡和非均衡磨損特性。這樣做的目的在于，在不利磨損狀況在 GM 轎車、面包車和輕卡實際應用中出現之前，辨別這些不利狀況。2 References 參考文件Note: Only the latest approved standards are applicable unless otherwise

17、specified.注：除非另有說明，以最新批準的標準為準。2.1 External Standards/Specifications. 外部標準/規范。ASTM F14262.2 GM Standards/Specifications. GM 標準/規范。None 無2.3 Additional References. 其他參考文件 Development of TPC-1 Tire Wear Test (PG07555) TPC-1 輪胎磨損試驗開發 (PG07555) Treadwear Data Acquisition SystemOperators Manual (PG54067)胎

18、面磨損數據收集系統 使用人員手冊 (PG54067) Vehicle Speed Frequency Translator (VSFT)-Instrument Manual (PG51729)車輛速度頻率變送器 (VSFT) 儀表使用手冊 (PG51729)3 Resources 所需資源3.1 Facilities. 相關設施3.1.1 Method A. Circuit track 320 km long comprising the following:方法 A。環形測試道，320km，包括： 30% motorway30% 機動車道 70% country roads on mixed

19、 condition70% 鄉村道路，混合路況 10 to 20% proportion of bends10% 20% 的彎道 (e.g., circuit track in southern Spain (Conil), the Spessart course, the Oswald course or similar course.)（如，西班牙南部 (Conil) 的環形測試道、Spessart 測試道、Oswald 測試道或相似的測試道。3.1.2 Method B. 方法 B。 Testing Location The test course is located in the s

20、tates of West Virginia and Maryland, utilizing the public road system near the city of Cumberland, MD. 試驗地點 測試線路位于西弗吉尼亞洲和馬里蘭洲，使用馬里蘭州坎伯蘭市附近的公共道路系統。Schedule: 計劃線路： High-Q/GM TPC-1 Course. This course is designed to replicate the 1980 X-car customer as described in PG07555. 高-Q/GM TPC-1 線路。這一線路設計用于替模擬

21、1980 年 X 轎車客戶線路（參見 PG07555）。 Accumulation Rate. The rate of distance accumulation on this course is 625 km (388 mi) per shift, or 1250 km (776 mi) per day.里程累積速率。本試驗的里程累積速率為每班次 625 km (388 mi)，或每天 1250 km (776 mi)。3.1.3 Method C.方法 C。 Testing Location GM Holden Proving Ground, Lang Lang, Victoria is

22、 the base for testing off-site treadwear.試驗地點 位于維多利亞 Lang Lang 的通用 Holden試驗場是檢驗廠外磨損的基地。Schedule: 計劃線路 Mod 7TW1 Course Off-Site Tire Wear Course Mod 7TW1 線路 廠外磨損線路 Accumulation Rate: 202 km per module里程累積速率：每模塊 202km3.2 Equipment. 設備。3.2.1 Method A.方法 A。3.2.1.1 Calibrated tire gage with 0.1 mm gradua

23、tion. 最小刻度 0.1 mm 的經校準的輪胎胎面深度尺。3.2.1.2 Tire pressure gage. 輪胎壓力表。3.2.1.3 Evaluation program for tread wear test.胎面磨損試驗的評估計劃。3.2.2 Method B.方法 B。3.2.2.1 Hand-held tread depth probe. 手持胎面深度尺。3.2.2.2 Laser-based tread mapping equipment.激光胎面掃描設備。3.2.2.3 4-Wheel vehicle alignment equipment.4 輪車輛定位設備。3.2.

24、2.4 Tire balancer.輪胎平衡機。3.2.2.5 Vehicle scales.車輛計量。3.2.2.6 Inflation pressure gauges.充氣壓力表。3.2.2.7 GM Model V recorders.GM V 型記錄儀。3.2.2.8 GM Model 2 Vehicle Speed Frequency Translator.GM 2 型車輛速度頻率變送器。3.2.2.9 Schaevitz Sensors, Model LSOC-90 inclinometers.Schaevitz 傳感器，LSOC-90傾角計。 3.2.2.10 Tire moun

25、ter. 裝胎機。3.2.3 Method C.方法 C。3.2.3.1 Tire tread depth gauge. 輪胎胎面深度尺。3.2.3.2 Calibrated tire pressure gauge. 經過校準的輪胎壓力計。3.2.3.3 Wheel aligner.車輪定位儀。3.3 Test Vehicle/Test Piece.試驗車輛/試驗胎。3.3.1 Method A. The test vehicle shall conform to the current or released chassis standards. 方法 A。試驗車輛必須符合現用或已發行的底盤

26、標準。The test tires shall have passed all the required tests for release in accordance with the release procedures.試驗胎必須通過所有發行程序要求的試驗。3.3.2 Method B. If the vehicle is a production vehicle, then the vehicle selected for the treadwear test should be the production vehicle for which the tire will be sou

27、rced. If the vehicle is not in production at the time of the test, vehicle to be utilized must be representative of the production intent vehicle from a chassis design standpoint.方法 B。如果車輛為生產車輛，則所選車輛必須為將裝配該輪胎的生產車輛。如果試驗時車輛沒有生產，則所用車輛在底盤設計方面須能夠代表生產車輛。3.3.3 Method C. The test vehicle is to be Chassis re

28、presentative of the vehicle the test tires will be fitted on for production, unless otherwise stated by test requestor.方法 C。除非試驗申請人另有說明，試驗車輛的底盤須能代表試驗輪胎配備生產車輛。3.4 Test Time. 試驗時間。3.4.1 Method A. Calendar time: 6 weeks. 方法 A。日歷時間：6 周3.4.2 Method B. Calendar time: 12 weeks.方法 B。日歷時間：12 周Total distance:

29、 40 000 km (24 844 mi) 試驗里程：40,000km (24 844 mi)3.4.3 Method C. 方法 CNine (9) weeks (based on 3 cycles/day). 九 (9) 周（每日 3 個周期）One (1) cycle = 1 Module 7TW1 Course.一 (1) 個周期 = 1 個7TW1模塊Total Test = 25 048km (124 cycles). 3.5 Test Required Information. 試驗要求信息。3.5.1 Method A. Not applicable. 方法 A。不適用。3.

30、5.2 Method B. The startup sheet in Appendix I must be filled out and submitted. This form contains the necessary information to schedule and set up the test. 方法 B。必須填寫并提交附件 I 所示的試驗啟動表。這一表格含有定制試驗計劃和試驗準備的必要信息。3.5.3 Method C. Not applicable.方法 C。不適用。3.6 Personnel/Skills. Not applicable. 人員/技巧。不適用。4 Pro

31、cedure 程序4.1 Preparation. 準備。4.1.1 Method A. 方法 A。4.1.1.1 Vehicle Design: All test vehicles shall be constructed according to the relevant chassis release status. 車輛設計：所有車輛的底盤構造必須符合相關文件標示的底盤發布狀態。4.1.1.2 Setup. The geometry shall be adjusted to the nominal values according to drawings or to the corre

32、sponding threshold tolerance values in order to determine possible adjustments to production tolerances on treadwear characteristics. The axle alignment shall be checked at 5000 km intervals. 設置。所有裝配結構必須調整至圖紙標注的標稱值或調至相應的基準誤差值，以確定胎面磨損特性所需的產品誤差調整。4.1.2 Method B. 方法 B。4.1.2.1 Vehicle Design The vehicle

33、 must be representative of the production intent vehicle from a chassis design standpoint. 車輛設計車輛在底盤設計方面必須能夠代表生產車輛的特征。4.1.2.2 Vehicle Selection The vehicle must be road worthy, meeting all federal and state requirements for operation on the public road system. The vehicle should also be mechanically

34、 sound such that it can be reasonably expected to complete the required test distance accumulation with a minimum of maintenance. 車輛選擇車輛必須符合聯邦和洲法規對公共道路系統車輛的要求。車輛機械狀況良好，能夠以最少維護成本完成所要求的試驗距離累積。4.1.2.3 Setup. The vehicle should have the wheel alignment set at the end of the production specification rang

35、e judged to be worst for treadwear. Typically, this will be the highest allowable value of positive sum-toe angle (front and rear) and the highest allowable positive camber angle. Caster is not considered to be a strong factor in treadwear and is typically set at the midpoint of the specification ra

36、nge (nominal). 設置。車輛在生產最后須將車輪定位設定為規格范圍內最不利于胎面磨損的值。一般而言，這一數值為正前束值之和（前軸與后軸）為允許的最大值，正外傾角為最大的允許值。主銷后傾角對胎面磨損的影響不太大，一般設定為規格范圍（標稱值）的中間值。 4.1.2.4 Validation The vehicle chassis will be validated against the design intent of the vehicle. Measurements to validate the vehicle include ride-toe curves, ride-camb

37、er curves, steering compliance, Ackerman error, trim heights and a subjective evaluation of the suspension parts for wear. 驗證。車輛底盤必須根據車輛的設計目的進行驗證。需要驗證的測量值包括、阿克曼誤差、，以及對懸掛系統的主觀評價。4.1.2.5 Tire Preparation The tires shall be of the ride-and-handling approved construction for the production intent vehicl

38、e. It is recommended the tires are prepared as described below to ensure a good test specimen and to limit any test non-uniformity variables. 輪胎準備。輪胎結構必須經過批準，符合生產車輛的裝配操控要求。建議按照以下方式對輪胎進行準備，以保證樣品符合要求，限制任何不符合試驗要求的變量。4.1.2.6 Screening Any screening of the tires for production anomalies shall be the resp

39、onsibility of the suppliers. 篩選。供應商須負責篩選除去任何生產異常的產品。4.1.2.7 Mounting. The tires shall be mounted on the appropriate wheels. 安裝。輪胎必須安裝在合適的輪位上。4.1.2.8 Balancing The tire and wheel assemblies shall be statically and dynamically balanced. 平衡。輪胎和車輪總成必須調整靜態和動態平衡。4.1.2.9 Uniformity The tire and wheel assem

40、blies shall be tested for excessive non-uniformity using the TUG machine. 均衡性。輪胎和車輪總成須在 TUG 機器上進行試驗，檢查是否有過度的不均衡。4.1.3 Method C. 方法 C。4.1.3.1 Vehicle Design The vehicle selected shall have a chassis representative for which the tire will be fitted in production, unless otherwise stated by test reques

41、tor. 車輛設計。除非試驗申請人另有要求，所選車輛的底盤必須能夠代表輪胎將要裝配的生產車輛的底盤。4.1.3.2 Setup. The vehicles alignment shall be adjusted to the nominal values specified for the vehicle in production. At the test requestors discretion, the vehicles alignment may also be adjusted to the threshold of tolerance as judged to be worst

42、for treadwear. 設置。車輛定位必須調整為生產中車輛的標稱值。根據試驗申請人的要求，車里那個還可以調整為最不利于磨損的誤差基準值。4.1.3.3 Tire Preparation The tires shall be of the ride-and-handling approved construction for the production intent vehicle. 輪胎準備。輪胎結構必須經過批準，符合生產車輛的裝配操控要求。4.1.3.4 Mounting The tires shall be mounted on dimensionally correct whee

43、ls, as intended for the tires fitment in production. 裝配。輪胎安裝的車輪必須尺寸正確，計劃用于生產中的輪胎裝配。4.1.3.5 Balancing The tire and wheel assemblies shall be statically and dynamically balanced. 平衡。輪胎和車輪總成必須調整靜態和動態平衡。4.1.3.6 Uniformity The tire and wheel assemblies shall be within production tolerances. 統一性。輪胎和車輪必須在生

44、產誤差范圍內。4.1.3.7 Rotation: Maintain fixed position. 換位。保持固定輪位。4.1.4 Tread. Measurement locations. 胎面。測量位置。4.1.4.1 Manual Tread Depth Measurements. 人工胎面深度測量。4.1.4.1.1 Lateral Locations. The measuring locations which are spread across the width of the tire are specified on a form on which the tread patt

45、ern is printed. (See Figure 1.) 橫向位置。測量位置請參見印有胎面花紋的表格。（參見圖 1）4.1.4.1.1.1 Methods A and C. At least four (4) measuring points for narrow tires and six (6) measuring points for wide tires (> 205 mm) shall be marked. 方法 A 與 C。胎面較窄的輪胎至少須標記四 (4) 個測量點，胎面較寬的輪胎（> 205mm）至少須標記六 (6) 個測量點。4.1.4.1.1.2 Meth

46、od B. A measurement point is to be located laterally across the tire in each of the major circumferential grooves and an additional point on each shoulder in a full depth slot approximately in the middle of the shoulder row.方法 B。橫向上，每條沿輪胎圓周方向的每條花紋溝均必須測量；同時，還須測量每個胎肩中間的長度約等于胎肩花紋寬度的溝槽的深度。4.1.4.1.2 Circ

47、umferential Locations. 圓周位置。4.1.4.1.2.1 Method A and C. Measurement of the tire is performed every 120 degrees of the tire circumference for the purpose of averaging. (See Figure 2.)方法 A 和 C。將圓周平均三等分，在等分點進行測量，以取平均值（參見圖 2）。圖 1：測量點的位置外 側注：位置 1 代表氣門嘴根部位置，與位置 I 相同。圖 2：輪胎圓周上的測量位置。4.1.4.1.2.2 Method B. Me

48、asurement of the tread is performed at 10 locations around the tire, approximately every 36 degrees of the tire circumference, for the purpose of calculating averages and standard deviations. 方法 B。在胎面圓周 10 個位置處測量胎面深度，大約每 36 度測一次，以計算平均值和標準差。4.1.4.2 Laser Measurements. 激光測量。4.1.4.2.1 Lateral Locations

49、. Scans of the tread area are spaced across the entire tread surface with a spacing of approximately 1 mm. 橫向位置。在輪胎寬度方向上，按大約 1mm 的間距進行掃描。4.1.4.2.2 Circumferential Locations. Within each circumferential scan, 4096 equally spaced data points are around the tire. 周向位置。在每次周向掃描時，取 4096 個在周向上平均分布的數據點。4.2

50、Conditions. 條件。4.2.1 Environmental Conditions. The current ambient temperatures (e.g., outside temperature) as well as the road condition shall be noted. 環境條件。須注意當前的環境溫度（如室外溫度）和道路狀況。4.2.2 Test Conditions. Deviations from the requirements of the procedure shall have been agreed upon. Such requirement

51、s shall be specified on component drawings, test certificates, reports, etc. 試驗條件。 試驗條件與程序要求的偏差必須經過同意。此類要求將組件圖紙、最新認證、報告等等中標明。4.2.2.1 Loading. 荷載。4.2.2.1.1 Method A. Two persons (driver + water-filled dummy) + 20 kg of luggage in the luggage compartment. Vehicles with rear-axle geometries similar to

52、semi-trailing arm axles shall also be loaded to total permissible weight in at least one vehicle for half the duration of the drive. 方法 A。兩名人員（司機 + 充水假人）+ 行李箱中 20kg 行李。后軸結構與半掛臂軸相似的車輛須在整個駕駛期間的一半時間內配備最大允許重量。4.2.2.1.2 Method B. 方法 B。 Control System. See Appendix A.控制系統。參見附件 A。 Passenger Car. See Append

53、ix B. 轎車。參見附件 B。 Light Trucks (All Tires) and Vans (LT-Metric Tires). See Appendix C 輕卡（所有輪胎）和面包車（LT 公制輪胎）。參見附件 C。 Van (P-Metric Tires only). See Appendix D. 面包車（僅 P-公制輪胎）。參見附件 D。4.2.2.1.3 Method C. Standard loading is Load B, Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), however, this can be modified by the test req

54、uestor. 方法 C。標準荷載為荷載 B，整車重量 (GVW)。但是，試驗申請人可以更改。 Load B, GVW = 68 kg per person + luggage 荷載 B，GVW = 68kg 人員 + 行李 Luggage = Determined by Program Requirement 行李 = 計劃要求確認4.2.2.2 Air Pressure. 氣壓。4.2.2.2.1 Method A. According to the partial load or total permissible weight. 方法 A。根據部分荷載或最大允許重量。4.2.2.2.2

55、 Method B. 方法 B。 Control System. See Appendix A. 控制系統。參見附件 A。 Passenger Car. See Appendix B. 轎車。參見附件 B。 Light Trucks (All Tires) and Vans (LT-Metric Tires). See Appendix C. 輕卡（所有輪胎）和面包車（LT 公制輪胎）。參見附件 C。 Van (P-Metric Tires only). See Appendix D. 面包車（僅 P-公制輪胎）。參見附件 D。4.2.2.2.3 Method C. Cold inflatio

56、n pressure to be set as per tires intended placard release pressure. 方法 C。各條輪胎的冷充氣壓力須設定為標簽上標注的壓力。4.2.2.3 Test Wheels. The test tires shall be mounted on wheels suitable for the test vehicle and identified with markings according to their position on the vehicle. 試驗輪胎。試驗輪胎須裝在適合試驗車輛的車輪上，并按照其在車上的位置進行標記

57、。4.3 Instructions. 說明。4.3.1 Method A and C. Following the initial measurement of the new tire, intermediate measurements shall be performed after every 5000 km driven. 方法 A 和 C。在新胎初始測量之后，每行駛 5000km 須進行一次試驗中期測量。4.3.2 Method B. See the measurement schedules in the appendices as listed below. 方法 B。參見以下

58、的測量計劃。 Control System. See Appendix E. 控制系統。參見附件 E。 Passenger Car. See Appendix E. 轎車。參見附件 E。 Light Trucks (All Tires) and Vans (LT-Metric Tires). See Appendix F.輕卡（所有輪胎）和面包車（LT-公制輪胎）。參見附件 F。 Van (P-Metric Tires only). See Appendix G. 面包車（僅 P-公制輪胎）。參見附件 G。4.3.2.1 Vehicle alignments are to be performed as indicated on the measurement schedule for the appropriate test type. In gene