1、電氣與自動化工程系2014屆畢業(yè)生英文文獻專業(yè)： 班級： 學號： 姓名： 時間： 年 月 日circuit breaker空氣壓縮斷路器是一種機械開關設備，能夠在正常和特殊情況下開斷電流（比如說短路電流）。例如空氣斷路器、油斷路器，干擾電路的導體因該安全可靠的應用于其中，電流斷路器按滅弧遠離通常被分為如下等級：空氣開關斷路器、油斷路器、少油斷路器、壓縮空氣斷路器、具有消磁性質(zhì)的隔離開關、六氟化硫斷路器和真空斷路器。他們的參數(shù)有電壓等級、絕緣等級、電流開斷容量、開斷時間的瞬時電壓恢復和條炸事件。斷路器的銘牌通常包括：1.最大可承受電流；2.最大中斷電流；3.最大線路電壓；4.中斷周期數(shù)量。在60

2、hhz的系統(tǒng)中，中斷可能持續(xù)3-至8個周期，為了快速中斷達負荷電流，我們不得不確保它的持續(xù)冷卻，、高速開斷能限制對傳輸線路的損害，這一點是同等重要的它幫助系統(tǒng)在任何事故發(fā)生時維持穩(wěn)定運行，斷路器主要由操作機構(gòu)、執(zhí)行機構(gòu)和滅弧室組成。compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipment, can be in normal and special conditions breaking current (such as short circuit current). for example, air circuit brea

3、ker, oil circuit breaker, interference circuit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability of the circuit breaker, current in arc from is usually divided into the following grades: air switch circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, less oil circuit breaker, compressed air circuit break

4、er, a degaussing of isolating switch, six sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker and vacuum breaker. their parameters of voltage, current, insulation level of breaking capacity, instantaneous voltage off time of recovery and a bombing. breaker plate usually include: 1 the maximum tolerable current; 2 o

5、f the maximum current is interrupted; 3 largest line voltage; 4 interrupt the cycle number. in the 60hhz system, interrupt may last from 3- to 8 cycle, in order to quickly break up to the load current, we have to ensure continued to cool it, high-speed, breaking can limit on transmission line damage

6、, it is equally important to help system to maintain stable operation at any time of the accident, the main circuit breaker by operating mechanism, actuator and arc quenching chamber.當有觸發(fā)電流或者電壓時，空氣隔離開關的彈簧操作機構(gòu)迅速動作以用來減少觸點的燒損，主觸點的特殊形狀和使用材料完全適合電弧的接觸，空氣隔離開關更進一步的改進是由于滅弧性能、絕緣隔板組成的滅弧罩、帶滅弧功能的觸頭等這些特殊性質(zhì)，所以仍被應用

7、于低電壓等級和直流斷路器中。 when a trigger current or voltage, spring operation mechanism of air isolation switch moves quickly to reduce the contact loss, special shape and use the material of main contact completely fit for the arc of contact, air isolation switch further improvement is due to the arc quenchin

8、g performance, insulating baffle plates arc shield, with arc the function of these special properties, it is used in low voltage and dc circuit breaker.多油斷路器出現(xiàn)于1900前后，主要用來滿足新斯的開斷容量的要求，交流開關被浸入一個油缸之中，油在熄滅電弧和在電流過零時建立開斷功能是十分有效，滅弧柵、噴油嘴、鴨梨鋤頭、新的操作機構(gòu)和多種新的斷路功能在近幾十年引進使用多油斷路器能夠適應362kv。oil circuit breaker in ar

9、ound 1900, mainly to meet the new, breaking capacity requirements, ac switch is immersed in an oil cylinder, the oil in the arc quenching and zero set off function is very effective in the current, arc gate, nozzle, pear, a new operation mechanism and a variety of the new circuit function in recent

10、decades to introduce the use of oil circuit breaker can adapt to 362kv.types and construction of transformera transformer is a device that alternating current electric energy at one voltage level into alternating current electric energy at another voltage level through the action of a magnetic field

11、.it consists of two or more coils wire wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core.these coils are (usually)not directly connected. the only connection between the coils is the common magnectic flux presen within the core. one of the transformer windings is connected to a source of ac electric power,

12、and the second(and perhaps third) transformer winding supplies electric power to loads. the transformer winding connected to the power souce is called the primary winding or input winding.and the winding connected to the loads is called the secondary winding or input winding.if there is a third wind

13、ing on the transformer,it is called the tertiary winding. power transformer are constructed on one of two types of cores.one type of construction consists of a simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the transformer windings wrapped around two sides of the rectangle.this type of constructio

14、n is know as coreform .the other type consists of three-legged laminated core with the windings wrapped around the center leg .this type of construction is know as shell form.in either case,the core is constructed of thin laminations electrically isolated form each other in order in order to reduce

15、eddy currents to a minimum. the primary and secondary windings in a physical transformer are wrapped one on top of the other with the low-voltage winding innermost.such an arrangement severs two purposes: 1.it simplifies the problem of insulating the high- voltage winding from the core.2.it results

16、in much less leakage flux than would be the two windings were separated by a distance on the core. power transformer are given a variety of different names, depending on their use in power systems.atransformer connected to the output of a generator and used to step its voltage up to transformer leve

17、ls is sometimes called unit transformer. the transformer ai the other end of the transformer line,which steps the voltage down from transmission levls to distribution levels,is called a substation transformer.finally,the transformer that takes the distribution voltage and steps is down to the final

18、voltage ai which the power is actually used is called a distribution transformer.all these devices are essentially the same-the only difference among them is their intended use. in addition to the various power transformer, two special-purpose transformers are used with electric machinery and power

19、systems.the first of these special transformers is a device specially designed to sample a high voltage and produce a low secondary voltage directly proportional to it.such a transformer is called a potential transformer.a power transformer also produces a secondary voltage directly proportional to

20、its primary voltage;the difference between a potential transformer and a power transformer is that the potential transformer is designed to handle only a very small current.the second type of special transformer is a device designed to provide a secondary current.much smaller than but directly propo

21、rtional to its primary current.this device is called a current transformer. lingting protectionthe thunder and lightning protects to connect the ground; connect the ground to avoid the thunder the most important link of the technique, ignore is a shot thunder, respond the thunder of the thunder or o

22、ther form, and avoid the thunder work most all of send into the earth the thunder electric current. store the thunder energy to behave the type to build the , current technology to still reach to not arrive, and therefore have no the reasonable but good connect the ground equip to is impossible to s

23、peak about to defend the thunder.therefore say the design, the construction is very high standard to connect the ground system is a heavy inside that defend thunder's work it heavy. high electric potential that for long time, people have an illusion, and think that connect the ground electric re

24、sistance more small avoid the thunder result and then more like, quilt object that protect safety. certainly the electric resistance is more the small is more quick, strike by lightning to reserve time more short, the risk is more small, electric voltage of its stride, get in touch with the the elec

25、tric voltage produce the machine too the more the ?but, construction that the fulfillment proof of near and more than ten in the last yearses, with its say that connect the worth importance of ground electric resistance, not equal to say that connect the ground to equip more reasonable, importanceel

26、ectricity equipments, demand variety that now's city, there is lots of in a building inside not the congeniality connect the ground device, if avoid the thunder to connect the ground, electricity the safety to connect the ground, ac power the work to connect the ground, correspondence and calcul

27、ator system to connect the ground, according to the fulfillment proof, totally use to connect the ground is an application most for extensive connect the local type.  that a, the independence connect the ground: as above part for demand for speak ofing connecting the ground of, all disti

28、nguish to independently establish the own to connect the ground system, and this kind of connect the local type to call the independence to connect the ground. its advantage is each system and can't result in the mutual interference, and this is particularly important to correspondences systems.

29、but the adoption independence that network easily were strike by lightninged is bad, so besides have to defend to explode the dangerous environment requesting to must want the adoption the independence of avoid the thunder method generally not lay claim to the way to connect the ground. two, totally

30、 use to connect the ground: also call unify to connect the ground.the each system that it connect the ground the demand unifies to receive a connect the ground to equip top, or is originally each system of connect the ground device to pass the underground to perhaps and up link, make them the electr

31、icity for becoming of its to connect the ground to unify the ground net with metals conductor, like this of connect the local type is to totally use to connect the ground. it is current to use to connect the ground totally applied the most extensive connect the local type.  each system t

32、hat three, connect the ground 1:00: method that connecting the ground line to receive to connect the same point or same metals flat surface of line of ground mother of each system is up, like this call" connect the ground 1:00" method. connect 1:00 the ground method can resolve the etc. el

33、ectric potential to connect the ground line the problem, can therefore lower of each system can cancellation of top of interference fundamental for of interference degree, particularly is 50 hz work signal to system, and connect the ground method on the engineering to get the extensive application t

34、herefore and 1:00.  four, the many point connect the ground:the ground line of connecting of each system adopt many pointses short on-line connect the local type, and call to much order to connect the ground.  five, mix with to connect the ground: metals line that so- called

35、admixture connect the ground to is at an each circuit board in equipments to connect, or related and a few equipmentses of signal electric circuits, with the most short line with the same of metals to link to connect the ground with the most short line and machine hull, then the equipments of many s

36、ets use respectively the same point top to receive the ground net. six, the wreath form connect the ground to much used for the ground net, be connect the ground to round along building surroundings a shut to match the wreath. like this of connect the electric field that ground net can make the inte

37、rface including distribute even, reduce the stride electric voltage to bane person, and also reduce the indoors while suffering strike by lightning, because of the ground electric potential the steps degree is big but produce the danger to counter-attack to equipments high pressure. seven, the found

38、ation connect the ground:make use of the reinforcing bar in the building foundation, and press" norm" the request the conjunction to create of connect the ground to call the foundation to connect the ground. 斷路器空氣壓縮斷路器是一種機械開關設備，能夠在正常和特殊情況下開斷電流（比如說短路電流）。例如空氣斷路器、油斷路器，干擾電路的導體因該安全可靠的應用于其中，電流斷路

39、器按滅弧遠離通常被分為如下等級：空氣開關斷路器、油斷路器、少油斷路器、壓縮空氣斷路器、具有消磁性質(zhì)的隔離開關、六氟化硫斷路器和真空斷路器。他們的參數(shù)有電壓等級、絕緣等級、電流開斷容量、開斷時間的瞬時電壓恢復和條炸事件。斷路器的銘牌通常包括：1.最大可承受電流；2.最大中斷電流；3.最大線路電壓；4.中斷周期數(shù)量。在60hhz的系統(tǒng)中，中斷可能持續(xù)3-至8個周期，為了快速中斷達負荷電流，我們不得不確保它的持續(xù)冷卻，、高速開斷能限制對傳輸線路的損害，這一點是同等重要的它幫助系統(tǒng)在任何事故發(fā)生時維持穩(wěn)定運行，斷路器主要由操作機構(gòu)、執(zhí)行機構(gòu)和滅弧室組成。當有觸發(fā)電流或者電壓時，空氣隔離開關的彈簧操作機

40、構(gòu)迅速動作以用來減少觸點的燒損，主觸點的特殊形狀和使用材料完全適合電弧的接觸，空氣隔離開關更進一步的改進是由于滅弧性能、絕緣隔板組成的滅弧罩、帶滅弧功能的觸頭等這些特殊性質(zhì)，所以仍被應用于低電壓等級和直流斷路器中。 多油斷路器出現(xiàn)于1900前后，主要用來滿足新斯的開斷容量的要求，交流開關被浸入一個油缸之中，油在熄滅電弧和在電流過零時建立開斷功能是十分有效，滅弧柵、噴油嘴、鴨梨鋤頭、新的操作機構(gòu)和多種新的斷路功能在近幾十年引進使用多油斷路器能夠適應362kv。變壓器的類型和結(jié)構(gòu)變壓器是一個通過磁場作用將一個交流電壓值變成另一個電壓值的設備。它由2條或更多的金屬絲纏繞在一個核心磁鐵上組成的。這些繞

41、線（一般）不直接接觸。繞線之間唯一的聯(lián)系是它們共有的存在于磁芯的磁通量。 一組變壓器繞組連接到一個交流電源上，同時第二組（或許第三組）變壓器繞組作為電源提供給負載。連接到電源上的變壓器繞組叫做一次繞組，或者輸入繞組。連接負載的繞組叫做二次繞組或者輸出繞組。如果電壓器上有第三繞組，它叫做三次繞組。 電力變壓器由一兩種磁芯中的一種構(gòu)成。一種構(gòu)造是由一種簡單的變壓器繞組纏繞在矩形兩邊的矩形薄鋼片組成。這種構(gòu)造類型被認為是核心形式。另一種類型是由繞組纏繞在中心引腳的3引腳疊片鐵心構(gòu)成。這種構(gòu)造類型貝殼形式。其中任意一種類型，磁心都是由排列整齊的彼此之間電氣隔離的薄迭片構(gòu)成，以便將渦流減小到最小值。 一

42、個物理變壓器的一次繞組和二次繞組被纏繞成一個在內(nèi)部的另一個低壓繞組的上面。這樣安排達到了兩個目的：1.它簡化了從磁芯到高壓繞組的絕緣問題。2. 與過去將兩個繞組在磁心上隔離一定距離比起來，它導致更少的漏通量。電力變壓器被賦予了很多不同的名字，取決于它們在當前系統(tǒng)中的作用。一變壓器連接到一個發(fā)電機的輸出端，并且用于步調(diào)它的電壓達到變壓器值有時被叫做單位變壓器。變壓器一個排在另一個后面將電壓從傳送值步降到分布值，被叫做變電站。最后，變壓器將分布電壓和步幅降到最后的實際使用的電能被叫做發(fā)送變壓器。所有這些設備本質(zhì)上都是相同的它們之間唯一不同的是它們的特定用途。防雷保護雷電保護接地是避雷技術最重要的環(huán)

43、節(jié)，不管是直擊雷、感應雷或其他形式的雷，避雷 工作的最終都是把雷電流送入大地。儲存雷能量為人類造福，目前科技還達不到，因此沒 有合理而良好的接地裝置是不可能談及防雷的。所以說設計、施工好高標準的接地系統(tǒng)是 防雷工作的重中之重。  長期以來，人們有一個錯覺，認為接地電阻越小避雷效果就越好，被保護的對 象就安全。當然電阻越小散流越快，雷擊的高電位保留時間越短，危險性越小，其跨步電 壓、接觸電壓產(chǎn)生的機遇也就越小。但是，近十幾年來的實踐證明，與其說接地電阻值重 要，不如說接地裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)更合理、重要。現(xiàn)在的城市，在一座建筑物內(nèi)有許多不同性質(zhì)的電氣設備，需要多種接地裝置 ，如避雷

44、接地、電氣安全接地、交流電源工作接地、通信及計算機系統(tǒng)接地，根據(jù)實踐證 明，共用接地是應用最為廣泛的接地方式。一、 獨立接地：如上面所談到的需要接地的部分，都分別獨立地建立自己的接 地系統(tǒng)，這種接地方式稱為獨立接地。它的好處是各系統(tǒng)之間不會造成互相干擾，這對通 信系統(tǒng)尤其重要。但網(wǎng)絡容易被雷擊壞，故除有防爆炸要求的危險環(huán)境必須要采用獨立的 避雷方式外，一般不主張采用獨立接地的方式。二、 共用接地：也叫統(tǒng)一接地。它是把 需要接地的各個系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一接到一個接地裝置上，或者把各系統(tǒng)原來的接地裝置通過地下或 者地上用金屬導體連接起來，使它們之間成為暢通的電氣接地統(tǒng)一地網(wǎng)，這樣的接地方式 為共用接地。共用接

45、地是目前應用最廣泛的接地方式。三、 一點接地：把各系統(tǒng)的接地線接到接地母線同一點或同一金屬平面上，這 樣的方法叫"一點接地"法。一點接地法能解決各系統(tǒng)接地線的等電位問題，所以能夠降低 各系統(tǒng)之間的干擾程度，尤其是50hz工頻信號對系統(tǒng)的干擾基本上得以消除，所以一點接 地法在工程上得到廣泛應用。 四、 多點接地：各系統(tǒng)的接地線采用多點短連線的接地方式，稱作多點接地。 五、 混合接地：所謂混合接地是在一部設備內(nèi)的各電路板以最短的導線與機殼 連接，或者信號電路相關的幾部設備，以最短的導線與同一個金屬體連接接地，然后多臺 設備分別用金屬線接到地網(wǎng)的同一點上。六、 環(huán)形接地多用于地網(wǎng)

46、，就是把接地體沿建筑物周圍圍成一個閉合環(huán)。這樣 的接地網(wǎng)可以使到界面以內(nèi)的電場分布比較均勻，減少跨步電壓對人的危害，也減少室內(nèi) 在受雷擊時，由于地面電位梯度大而產(chǎn)生對設備高壓反擊的危險。七、 基礎接地體：利用建筑物基礎內(nèi)的鋼筋，按"規(guī)范"要求連接制作的接地體 稱為基礎接地體。中文譯文：  城市電網(wǎng)運行的最基本要求是安全與穩(wěn)定。城市電網(wǎng)安全穩(wěn)定的核心問題是要建立一個與該城市相適應的、合理的電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。本文通過對電網(wǎng)規(guī)劃和電力設計方面的技術原則分析。闡述了在電網(wǎng)安全中關于電壓等級、供電可靠性、供電能力以及電網(wǎng)安全供電的準則要求等方面應注意的一些問題；以及有針對性的闡述了

47、對220kv變電站和110kv變電站的具體設計原則相對電網(wǎng)安全供電的要求。 如何保證供電可靠性 1)滿足電網(wǎng)供電安全準則。供電網(wǎng)絡滿足供電可靠性的要求。全部滿足n-l的準則，城區(qū)中心高負荷密度區(qū)域重要用戶滿足n-2的準則。不允許變壓器過載。濟南城網(wǎng)供電可靠率指標規(guī)劃目標為9999。 2) 城市中壓配電網(wǎng)負荷轉(zhuǎn)移能力滿足以下要求： 變電站失去任何一回進線或一臺主變壓器而降低供電能力時，中壓配電網(wǎng)具有轉(zhuǎn)移負荷確保供電的能力。 變電站的一段母線因放停運時，中壓配電網(wǎng)應具有轉(zhuǎn)移全部負荷的能力。 10kv配電線路任何一段檢修或故障時，配電網(wǎng)應具

48、備轉(zhuǎn)移非檢修、非故障段負荷的能力。非檢修、非故障段負荷停電時間僅為配電設備倒閘操作時間。 3)配電網(wǎng)故障造成用戶停電時，允許停電的容量和恢復供電的目標時間滿足以下原則： 兩回路供電的用戶，失去一條回路后，應不限電。 三回路供電的用戶，失去一條回路后，應不限電，再失去一條回路后，應滿足供電容量50-70用電。 一回路或多回路供電的用戶電源全停時，恢復供電的目標時間為一回路故障處理恢復的時問。 在環(huán)網(wǎng)供電方式中對于開環(huán)網(wǎng)絡中的用戶，環(huán)網(wǎng)故障時的最低恢復供電要求是需通過電網(wǎng)操作恢復供電的時間，其目標時間為操作所需的時問；配網(wǎng)自動化線路是通過配網(wǎng)自動化

49、限制在lmin內(nèi)恢復完好區(qū)段的供電。 供電能力和安全性 1)城網(wǎng)中各電壓層網(wǎng)容量之間，按一定的變電容載比配置，各級電壓網(wǎng)變電容載比滿足現(xiàn)行城市電力網(wǎng)規(guī)劃設計導則規(guī)定的上限要求。根據(jù)2001年國家經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易委員會頒布的電力行業(yè)標準電力系統(tǒng)安全穩(wěn)定導則中指出：n1準則為正常運行方式下的電力系統(tǒng)中任一元件(如線路、發(fā)電機、變壓器等)無故障或因故障斷開，電力系統(tǒng)應能保持穩(wěn)定運行和正常供電，其他元件不過負荷，電壓和頻率均在允許范圍內(nèi)。這通常稱為n-1準則。電網(wǎng)供電安全準則有：n-l 準則、準n-2準則和n-2準則。城市配電網(wǎng)的供電安全通常要求是采用n-1準則。在供電安全特別重

50、要的地方也有采用準n-2準則或n-2準則。 2)中壓配電網(wǎng)具有一定的備用容量，一般應有50裕度，當任一元件檢修和故障停運時，應通過倒閘操作能保持向用戶或非事故段用戶繼續(xù)供電，轉(zhuǎn)移負荷時配電網(wǎng)的各元件不過負荷、不限電。變電站兩臺主變同時停電時，公用線路應調(diào)出60以上負荷。the most basic request that charged barbed wire net in the city circulates is safe an

51、d stable.the core problem of charged barbed wire net safety in the city stability wants to build up to be a with the city mutually accommodative of, reasonable 

52、of charged barbed wire net structure.this text passes and programs to the charged barbed wire net with electric power and designs the technique principle of the aspect

53、60;analysis.elaborated the standard concerning electric voltage grade, power supply credibility, power supply ability and charged barbed wire net safe power supply requests etc. some

54、60;problems that should notice in the charged barbed wire net safety;and have already aimed at sex's elaborating request to the concrete design principle opposite charged 

55、barbed wire net safe power supply of  the 220 kv transformer substation and 110kv transformer substation. how to promise power supply credibility 1)satisfy charged barbed 

56、;wire net power supply safe standard.the power  supply network satisfies the request of power supply credibility.the standard that all satisfies n-l, city area center high burden d

57、ensity important customer in the district satisfy the standard of n-2.disallow transformer over carry.help a southern city net power supply credibility rate index sign programming 

58、target is 99.99%. 2)press to go together with charged barbed wire net burden to transfer ability in the city satisfy following request: the transformer substation loses a

59、ny once enter line or one set lord  transformer but lower power supply ability, win press to go together with charged barbed wire net to have to transfer burden

60、 to ensure the ability of power supply. when a female line of transformer substation stops a luck because of  , winning to press to go together with charged

61、0;barbed wire net should have the ability that transfer all burden. when the 10 kv goes together with electric wire road any check to fix or breaks down, going&

62、#160;together with the charged barbed wire net should have non-check of transfer to fix, non-breakdown segment ability for carrying.the non- check fixs, the non-breakdown segment&#

63、160;carries to the power is off time only for go together with to give or get an electric shock an equipments to pour a zha operation for time. 3)ask to

64、60;satisfy a following principle while allowing the capacity of the power outage and the target of the instauration power supply while going together with charged barbed 

65、wire net breakdown to make the customer the power is off: the customer of two back track power supplies , after losing a back track, should be unlimited to 

66、;give or get an electric shock. the customer of three back track power supplies , after losing a back track, should be unlimited to give or get an electric 

67、;shock, again after losing a back track, should satisfy power supply capacity 50-70% is used an electricity. when all of a back track or much customer's the powe

68、r of back track power supplies stopped, resume target time of power supply broke down to handle for a back track restored of ask. at wreath net power supply

69、0;method in for open the customer in the wreath network, the lowest instauration power supply request for breaking down wreath net is to need to pass charged barbed&

70、#160;wire net operation instauration. power supply of time, its target time need for operating of ask;it is the power supply that passes to go together with net auto

71、mation restriction to resume an intact block in the l min to go together with net automation circuit.power supply ability and safety. of each electric voltage layer net capacity in the city net, press definitely change the electric capacity carry to compare an allocation, the all levels electr