1、on the use of english rhetoric and translation淺論英語修辭格的運用及翻譯摘要修辭格是人們在組織，調整，修飾語言，以提高語言表 達效果的過程中長期形成的具有特建結構，特定方法，特泄 功能，為社會所公認的言語模式。無論在文學作品還是f常 生活小，我們都力求運用生動形象鮮明準確的語言有效地表 達思想感情，因而有必要學習和研究修辭格的翻譯，從而我 們會更好的運用語言，閱讀和欣賞文學作品，以提高我們的 語言文化修養。本文主要有三部分組成。在第一部分，作者主要介紹 了修辭格的定義，與此同時，這一部分也闡明了修辭格的作 用和范圍，因此我們可以更好地理解修辭格。第

2、二部分，文 章介紹了市于語言和文化差異，導致了英漢修辭格翻譯的不 同，也指出了一些翻譯者需要注意的問題。第三部分主要介 紹了幾種修辭格和它們相應的翻譯方法。關鍵詞：修辭；翻譯；語言差異；文化差異on the use of english rhetoric and translationabstractrhetoric is a speech pattern which comes into being in the long-term process of organizing,regulating languages to improve the effectiveness of expre

3、ssion.rhetoric is approved socially and has its definite structures,techniques and functions.whether it is in the field of literary works or daily life,we all try our best to express our emotions and feelings effectively by using vivid,lively ang exact languages.therefore,it is necessary to learn an

4、d study the translation of rhetoric so that we could better use language,read and appreciate literary works. finally,we could improve our cultural refreshment.this paper consists of three parts. in the first part,the author mainly introduces the definition of rhetoric.at the same time,this part also

5、 elaborates the scope and function of rhetoric so that we could better understand the rhetoric.in the second part,this paper displays that the rhetorical translation of chinese and english is different owing to the difference between different languages and cultures.lt also points out some problems

6、which translators should pay attention to in the process of translating.the third part mainly displays a few rhetoric and their corresponding translation techniqueskey words:rhetorical device;translation;language difference;cultural differencecontents摘要abstractcontentsintroduction1. rhetoric1.1 defi

7、nition of rhetoric1.2 modern rhetoric:its scope and functions1.3 rhetoric:its role in translation2. differences between english and chinese rhetoric and theirtranslation2.1 language differences and translation2.1.1 phonetic form and text patterns2.1.2 vocabulary morphology2.1.3 syntactic structure2.

8、2 cultural differences and translation2.2.1 the material culture2.2.2 institutional culture2.2.3 psychological culture3. specific translation methods of rhetocics3metaphor and its translation(1) simile and its translation(2) metaphor and its translation3.3 metonymy and its translation4.4 parallel st

9、ructures and its translation5.5 personification and its translation6.6 other rhetoric(2) hyperbole(3) transferred epithet(4) alliterationconclusionbibliographyacknowledgementintroductionoriginating from 2000 years ago,the ancient greece,rhetoric is a subject of language arts.rhetoric is the art of u

10、sing language,and is seen as the decoration of the languages like icing on the cake.whether in literature or in daily life people have always sought out the use of vivid,clear,precise language to express their feelings.therefore,it is necessary to study and research the figure of speech and its tran

11、slation in order to use languages,read and appreciate literary works as well as to improve our culture refreshment. in translation,we can neither correctly express the originafs thoughts,spirits and its styles nor weaken the original without right reflection of figure of speech.rhetoric in translati

12、on is a huge issue,therefore,people properly handling the translation of the rhetoric is necessary.the relationship between translation and rhetoric are very close.a translator should understand the rhetorical techniques of the sourceland make use of rhetorical devices in order to reproduce faithful

13、ly and effectively the content,intention,feeling and style of the original text.this paper firstly generalizes the situation of the study about the rhetoric in the home or foreign from the function and the field of rhetoric.from the comparison of english and chinese rhetorics,the paper further expla

14、ins the same and difference of the two kinds of rhetorics because of the languages and cultures.finally,this paper briefly elaborates how to understand and translate the english rhetoric on the basis of being loyal for the tex匸this paper consists of three parts.in the first part,author gives the gen

15、eral definition of rhetoric,so that we can have a clear understanding of rhetoric.also,in this part,we probe into the functions and scope of rhetoric. all in all,in the first part, the author gives some basic knowledge of rhetoric and the relationship between rhetoric and translation.in the second p

16、art,this thesis introduces readers some basic knowledge of rhetorical translation.also,the author displays things that translator should pay attention to in his work.in the third part,this paper probes deep into the relationship between rhetoric and translation.3.1 rhetoric3.1.1 definition of rhetor

17、icrhetoric originates in speech in the west.aristotlejn the 4th century bc,first defined rhetoric,which has contributed to its flourishing in the academic field.with the development and influence of modern linguistics,philosophy,semantics, psychology,etc,great success has been achieved in rhetoric s

18、tudies whether basic conception or specific problem.since 1950,modern rhetoric,especially anglo-american modern rhetoric,has developed into a large discipline involving practical rhetoric,rhetoric in argumentation,rhetoric of fiction,stylistics,etc.格式!hence rhetoric is endowed with new meanings.3.1.

19、1 modern rhetoric:its scope and functionsmodern rhetoric is a large field,too large to be plotted here.according to h.hudson (1990), rhetoric includes both oral rhetoric and literary rhetoric.明出處 oral rhetoric focuses on the wielders of public opinion while literal rhetoric emphasizes aesthetic anal

20、ysish(hudson.l 990).a modern discussion usually consists of chapters on diction,figure of speech,and forms of arrangement,such as antithesis,periodicity and balance.the identification of rhetoric only with persuasion in the west and with ornament of writing in china seems to have vanished.in the eye

21、 of a rhetorician,any linguistic symbol has a rhetorical meaning in a specific situation.rhetoric,however,as a serious scholarly study,has entered a wider area.that there is a body of philosophy and principle worth scholarly effort in discovery,enlargement,and reinterpretation is beyond question,and

22、 fortunately more competent scholars each year are working at it.rhetorical criticism and the study of rhetoric as a revealing social and cultural phenomenon are also gaining ground.new and interesting directions for studies in these areas are being explored，。 at least marked out;they are based on n

23、ewly developed techniques.text linguistics,for example,is a newly-developed discipline,out of which textual analysis has developed.an analysis of any language symbol must be based on a specific text.no doubt,therefore,textual analysis will have more and more to contribute to modern rhetoric.likewise

24、,modern rhetoric has been applied to translation studies,which has developed to be a branch of rhetorictranslative rhetoric.there are many other researchtopics,e.g,rhetoric in discourse,psycho-rhetoric,contrastive rhetoric,pragmatic rhetoric,textualrhetoric,interpersonalrhetoric,rhetoric in journali

25、sm,etc.no doubt,these new disciplines on rhetoric will definitely widen and enrich the scope of rhetoric studies.詞的間距!now turn to the point of rhetorical functionsgenerally speaking,the rhetorical functionjn present-day usage,is the function of adjusting words or sentences suitable to a discourse si

26、tuation.according to bryant( 1990).nthe rhetorical function is the function of adjusting ideas to people and of people to ideas."more specifically,the major function of rhetoric include wholeness,aesthetic appeal,impact,appropriateness, coherence,cohesion,focus and emphasis.according to differe

27、nt effects produced by these functions in a text,they are subdivided into communicative and aesthetic functions.communicative function ensures the choice of words and phrases,and selection of sentence patterns,organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed m

28、ost clearly,most accurately and most appropriately and the intended results are achieved in communication.communicative function includes such matters as wholeness,unity,appropriateness,coherence,and cohesion. aesthetic function creates the vividness and gracefulness in emotional appeal of one's

29、 speech or writing.aesthetic appeal,impact and emphasis belong to aesthetic function.in fact,any literary text contains a combination of communicative rhetoric and aesthetic rhetoric.both of them are effective means in communication and are often mingled and permeated with each other.take the follow

30、ing sentences as an example:3.2 i trembled,and turned white.something- *1 don't know what or how-connected with the grave in the churchyard,and the raising of the dead,seemed to strike me like an unwholesome wind(dickens,92)this is a description of how little david was feeling at the news that h

31、e had got a new father.when he was told about it,he 'trembled and turned white" to describe his feelings at the moment.dickens appropriately chooses the indefinite pronoun something' and a simile 'strike me like an unwholesome wind,' which aims at exerting an emotional impact on

32、 the readers (2) rhetoric:its role in translationrhetoric always plays an important role in the process of translation.as we know,the process includes two stages:comprehension and reproduction.the former is the prerequisite for and the beginning of the latter while the latter is the objective and ou

33、tcome of the forme r.i naccurate comprehension of the original will inevitably result in inaccurate reproduction.in some cases,we cannot puzzle out the meaning in reading the original while there are neither new words nor grammatical problems.we just can not make out the true essence of the diction

34、though we check up various dictionaries of idiomatic usages may not help.why?the obstacles most probably are rhetorical techniques employed in it.indeed,a translator can hardly understand the original without knowledge of rhetorical techniques.for example:3.3 ham peggotty,who went to the national sc

35、hool and was a very dragon at his catechism and who may therefore be regarded as a credible witness,reported next day,what happening to peep in at the parlour-door an hour after this*(dicken,59)ham peggotty is likened to dragon,which means that he worked at his catechism as hard as a dragon safeguar

36、ds his treasure.we may well be puzzled if we do not know about the metapho 匚the importance of rhetoric lies not only in comprehending the source text,also in reproducing it.an ideal translation,especially literary translation,not only conveys thecontent of the source text,but reproduces aesthetic or

37、 artist charm of the source text.the purpose of rhetoric is to make the translation more effective and more adequate.3.4 it haunted men when i got home.i seemed to have left the doctor's roof with a dark cloud lowering on it.the reverence that i had for his grey head was mingled with commiserati

38、on for his faith in those who were treacherous to him and with resentment against those who injured him(dickens.339)version 1 在我冋家以后，這表情縈繞在我的心目中， 我覺得我離開博士的屋頂時，那上而似乎有一層黑云籠罩 著，我對他那白發的頭所懷抱的敬意中，混有對他寄托在背 叛他的人們身上的信心所抱的憐憫，以及對那些傷害他的人 的憤慨(tr.dong327)version 2在我離開那所房子的時候，好像那所房了上面有一片烏云,陰慘慘地籠罩。我除了對他那蒼蒼白發起尊敬之心，我

39、還由于他對那些不忠于他的人推心置腹生憐憫之 情，還由于我看到那些對他欺侮的人起憎恨之感。(tr.zhang.416)to a great extent,the two versions faithfully reproduce the content of the original.version 2,however,represents more effectively the aesthetic appeal of the original.for example: 'his grey head，is translated as '蒼蒼白發，instead of dong&

40、#39;s '白 發的頭'，reverence?commiseration ' and resentment， respectively as "尊敬之心，"憐憫之情'and "憎恨之 感'obviously,zhang's version faithfully reproduces the aesthetic impact on chinese readers much better.the importance of rhetoric is also embodied in translative criteri

41、a,such as yah fu's faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance;lin yutang faithfulness,expressiveness and beautifulness;liu zhongdefs faithfulness,expressiveness and closeness.from the rhetorical standpoint, “ expressiveness ” belongs to communicative rhetoric while “ elegance ” ， “ beautifulness ”

42、 or “ closeness ” to aesthetic rhetoric.faithfulness,howeverjs the foundation of the other two aspects.just as is stated in the book of changes, "faithfulness” is the first thing in wording.confucius(551b.c.-479b.c.)states what speech requires is only expressiveness.again he says that writing w

43、ithout literary grace cannot go far and wide.all these three requirements are indispensable to both writing and translation.thus " elegance vor" beautifulness "must be achieved in addition to faithfulness and expressiveness so that the translation may go far and wide.3.2 differences b

44、etween english and chinese rhetoric and their translation3.1.2 language differences and translationas liu miqing said: every language is an ' irreplaceable' cultural system and has its own different traits from another language" lb .therefore,the actual conversion is even a limited prob

45、lem.rhetoric is the a kind of language activity,which is based on the specific and definite language materials and is bound to being affected by language materials.rhetorical resources of language come from the three levels of language,namely,voice,vocabulary and syntax.but the system of voice ,voca

46、bulary and sentence structure patterns vary at all language levels,which will necessary attribute to demonstrate their own rhetorical features.even if they appear to be the same rhetorical device,yet their differences are obvious when they are integrated into two language patterns,that is,the same l

47、ies in the difference.we should pay more attention to the " differencein the process of translation.(2) phonetic form and text patternsthe greatest difference between two languages is phonetic;itfs the most different task to convert rhetoric in inter-lingual translation.despite the fact that va

48、rious phonetic system has their own specific rhetoric way,it does not necessarily have corresponding rhetorical effect even if it has the corresponding form.take alliteration in english and pairs of sound in chinese as an example.the former is a very ancient figure of speech,or even more ancient tha

49、n rhyme.lt is widely used in poetry.but the latter does not have any particular rhetorical effect or it also never be regarded as a figure of speech in chinese.on the other hand,because chinese characters are monosyllabic and overlapping sound character that is also known as the stack is a very anci

50、ent chinese rhetorical way.lt has a long history, “china is a special form of the phrase v seems not to be translated.however,lin yutang actually found that the sound and alliteration can be converted each other.the below is his translation of li qingzhao's poetry:尋尋覓覓，冷冷清清，凄凄慘慘戚戚。so dim,so dark

51、,so dense,so dull,so damp,so dank,so dead.translated with 7adjectives which begin with the letter" d" and accompanied by the same adverb,lin gives the reader a vivid description of loneliness and boredom at twilight.this dynamic equivalence or function equivalence reflects lin yutang's

52、 capabilities in english and chinese phonetic rhetoriceven if there is a corresponding phonetic figure of speech,phonetic conversion is also a problem.for example,there are a variety of onomatopoeias in all kinds of languages,but these onomatopoeias are not copies of natural sound.thereforejn differ

53、ent languages,onomatopoeias in the form of the corresponding voice has great limitations.for example,the duck*s sound in english is a quack.after citing the above examples,wang li further pointed out that onomatopoeias are not the same in all parts of china,such as dogs' barking in mandarin is “

54、 wang wang” 9while in english-speaking countries and regions,the barking of dogs is a bow wow.onomatopoeias in different languages,voice-forms of such asymmetry undoubtedly creates difficulties for translation work.lt is required that the translator should have a good understanding of source languag

55、e and target language.what is said above is direct onomatopoeia,but it is more different to translate an indirect onomatopoeia,that is,the pronunciation of a word does not directly evoke the experience of some kind of hearing,but caused a feeling of movement or a sense of substance or spiritual char

56、acteristics.the combination of fl in consonants in english often represents flying or sliding,the combination of sn often represents the sound of breathing.look at the following example:anon comes pyramus,sweet youth,and tall,/and finds his trusty.thisby's made slain;avhereat,with blade,with bod

57、y blameful blade,/he bravely broach'd his boiling bloody breast.shakespeare put together with a series of blasting consonantsbl-,br-and blasting consonants(b-)to simulate a crash of metal unsheathed their swords,but also with a slight friction using the semi-vowel w-,as well as pronunciation,suc

58、h as pant-like friction voiceless consonant(h-)to simulate the assassination scenes when the sound of wind and breathing.the cases seem not to be translated,but they are translated by zhu shenghao successfully.soon,pyramus,that tall,beautiful boy,also came.seeing his faithful jacket lying on the gro

59、und dead,he pulled out a “chi leng leng” to soon as the bloody damn sword,the alignment of the chest inside his burning hot exclusion of lara to stab into it.in addition to translation chinese onomatopoeia “ 赤愣愣”, “火辣辣"but also skillfully used the chinese language-specific painted the word “bloody”、aburning hotv and turn the original inside a combative atmosphere of living in contrast out.contrastive rhetoric research tells us that the word in chinese in painted with the english sound quite similar to the proposed indirect.literature is th