1、第三章學術論文寫作3.1標題Title3.2摘要Abstract 關鍵詞Keyword3.3引言Introduction3.4正文Body3.5結論Conclusion3.6致謝Acknowledge3.7參考目錄Reference3.8附錄Appendix3.9作者簡介Author 3.1標題標題Title1) 寫作要求l標題不應過長 =15wordl多用專業術語及關鍵性詞匯 l不要使用縮略語形式和符號 l可根據實際需要編寫副標題 2) 寫作常用表達 （1）名詞短語lDesign and Realization of the Radio Frequency Identification Sy

2、steml一種無線射頻識別系統的設計與實現題目翻譯對比：n級聯隧道二極管放大器應用的探索l譯1:Investigation on the Application of the Cascaded Tunnel-Diode Amplifier l譯2：Application of Cascaded Tunnel-Diode Amplifier Study of, Investigation on, Observation on 等詞組徒然增加題目長度，并無實際內涵。題目翻譯對比：n一種基于等距線的碰撞檢測算法l譯1:Algorithm for Detection of Isometric-line

3、-based Collisionl譯2:Isometric-line-based Collision Detection Algorithm 名詞短語作前置定語或作狀語可省略介詞使用 名詞+of+A+介詞+B lThe advantage of TDMA over SCPCldependence of the output on the inputn題目：電子望遠鏡對光學望遠鏡的優越性n譯：Superiority of Electronic Telescopes to Optical Telescopes 使標題顯得地道凝練（2）動詞短語和“on 短語” lImproving the Stab

4、ility of Oscillators l振蕩器穩定性的改進l試論大型實時傳輸系統的可能性 “試論”如何表達？lOn the Possibility of Large-Scale Real-Time Transmission System3) 格式要求l首字母大寫，專有名詞大寫nAnalysis of the reliability of bus RS485 l首字母大寫，實詞首字母大寫 nSmall Intelligent Winder Based on Electronic Braking Mode Without Gear？Without的詞性是？W大寫的原因是？l全部字母均大寫 nP

5、REDISTORTION TECHNIQUE FOR MICROWAVE FILTERS 3.2摘要摘要 Abstract1)寫作要求 l長度 50 words 400words 用詞簡練l組成：目的，方法，結果，意義l一般在論文寫作結束后寫摘要2)寫作注意事項l語態 “大詞” 不用縮略語l時態 大量固定搭配 名詞表動作l詞匯特點 開頭句型 連貫句型l常用句型 比較句型 結論句型l語態n人們說。It is said thatn我們發現。It was found thatn大家認為。It is considered 被動語態為主n例：針對片上網絡映射問題，提出一種新的映射算法。 lA new m

6、apping algorithm is proposed, aiming at the mapping problem of network-on-chip.lThis paper proposes a new mapping algorithm, aiming at 漢語無主句英語應以被動語態表達，或考慮this paper為主語。 n例：首先回顧了光纖通信的歷史，綜述了光纖通信的發展現狀，接著介紹了密集波分復用的若干使能技術，最后對40Gbs系統的若干關鍵技術進行了評述。lThis paper begins with an introduction to the current statu

7、s of optical fiber communication, followed by a presentation of some enabling technologies of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and concludes with a comment on some key technologies for the 40Gb/s system. begins with,followed byand concludes withl時態1. No.1 一般現在時2. No.2 一般過去時和現在完成時n例：本文討論

8、了。介紹了。This paper discussed,introduced. This paper discusses,introduces 雖然“了”，仍是n例：先前的研究表明。Previous research showed that Previous research has shown that 說明論題的發展背景和研究趨勢,“現在完成時”表示持續到撰寫論文時的行文或狀態 about get tell enough cheap buy understand say approximatelyapproximatelyobtainobtaininforminformsufficients

9、ufficientinexpensive/cost-effectiveinexpensive/cost-effectivepurchasepurchaseappreciateappreciatestatestatel詞匯 特點1 Big Words change important end ask use finally care similar varyvaryvital/significantvital/significantterminateterminateinquireinquireutilize/employ/adopt/applyutilize/employ/adopt/appl

10、yeventuallyeventuallycautioncautionidenticalidenticalcannt cannotlab laboratoryProf. professorad advertisementl詞匯 特點2 No Short Terms 動詞與名詞動詞與名詞n做做一分析比較；研究 make an analysis a comparison; a studyn做做一介紹描述；說明 give an introduction a description; an explanationl詞匯 特點3 Set Collocations 動詞與名詞動詞與名詞n提高質量 impr

11、ove the quality n提高效率 raise increase the efficiency n提高能力 increase the abilityn提高認識 deepen the understanding 名詞與介詞名詞與介詞nMake a study of/ Do a research on(into)nMake an analysis of/Give an introduction tonFor this purpose/To this endnBy this method/In this waynThe method for/The way ofnthe current th

12、rough / the voltage acrossnBe able to do/be capable of doingnBe different from/the difference betweenandnBe dependent on/Be independent of noun of A preposition BnThe advantage of A _ B nThe ratio of A _ BnThe distance of A _ BnThe superiority of A _ BnThe effect of A _ Bovertofromtoonnthe passage o

13、f A _ B n the departure of A _ B n the reaction of A _ B n the interaction of A _ B n the dependence of A _ B throughfromtowithonnTranslate the following phrases:休息一會兒看一下放松放松l詞匯 特點4 Tend to use nounsn例：本文說明了一種簡單的傳輸過程。This paper illustrates a simple transmission process.This paper provides an illustr

14、ation of a simple transmission process. l句型n基本要求：u1）謂語動詞簡單，句子其他成分復雜u2）大量使用be（陳述定義）和have（敘述事物特征）u3）使用不提及人的陳述句n摘要開頭句型lThis paper deals with / discusses / studies / presents / gives / proposes （或者用被動語態）lThis study investigates lThis research showsl例：本文對計算機原理作了簡要介紹，重點放在軟件開發上。lA brief introduction to the

15、 principle of computers is given with emphasis on the development of software.lThis paper gives a brief introduction to ,with emphasis on “本文討論了其重點放在” 句型： This paper discusses with emphasis onn摘要連貫句型l本文首先。接著。最后總結。lThis paper begins with,followed byand concludes with 注意銜接詞的使用l例：首先介紹了用等效傳輸線法解析求解孔縫屏蔽效能

16、的原理，同時在此基礎上提出了求解金屬接縫屏蔽效能的方法，然后通過算例驗證了該方法的有效性，最后給出了該方法在實際中的應用。lThe paper first introduces the analytical formulation for the shielding effectiveness of enclosures with aperture, and puts forward a method for solving shielding effectiveness of metal-to-metal contact seam. Then it validates the method

17、by an example and finally presents its application.n摘要比較句型lA comparison of withis made.lhas advantages overlin comparison withn摘要結論句型lIt can be concluded thatlIn summing up, it may be stated thatlThe experiment results indicate thatlThe research suggests thatlThe investigation has revealed thatlThe

18、findings of the research have led the author to a conclusion thatlFinally, a summary is given of 3)關鍵詞關鍵詞Keywords l反映文章主題l38 wordsl按字母次序排列 l如正文有縮寫形式，在該詞后附上其縮寫式 uKeywords: Environmental Monitoring System, Genetic Annealing, Network-on-Chip(NoC), Real-time Data Acquisition 3.3 引言引言Introductionl(1)引言不應

19、重復摘要或解釋摘要 l(2)解釋或定義專門術語或縮寫詞 l(3)給自己的研究一個恰如其分的評價 l(4)避免語言過于俗套 l引言寫作句型u背景寫作句型nIn recent years, there has been a great interest innIt is noteworthy that has made progressnIn most studies of , has been emphasized with attention being given to nSeveral researchers have theoretically investigatedu提出問題時nLi

20、ttle literature is available on npose a problem of considerable interest in many industrial applications. u主題寫作句型主題寫作句型nIt is important to studynIn this paper, is discussed (studied, presented, investigated, described, etc.)nThe primary goal of this research isnThe purpose of this paper (study, thes

21、is, etc.) is nThe emphasis of this paper is to surveynThe present study is therefore focused onnThis paper reports onnThe present work deals mainly with 3.4正文正文Body1)段落主題u能說明段落中心思想的內容 u能體現中心思想 u使用簡潔明了的句子 u主題句的位置可以在開頭，中間，結尾2)段落銜接u重復關鍵性詞語重復關鍵性詞語u使用指示代詞使用指示代詞u使用轉折詞語使用轉折詞語3)常用表達u圖形表格 Figure 1 /Fig.1 Tab

22、le 1/ Tab.1u計量單位與公式 Equation 1/ Eq.1u列舉 first, second, third, last 注意文中 firstly, secondly, thirdly, lastly 前后一致 3.5結論結論Conclusion 1)結論寫作內容與要求u結論應包括新發現，相關檢驗，未來研究u寫作應明確，語言簡練，避免使用與引言一模一樣的句型，結果發現可分若干條寫。2)結論常用句型u我們的研究結果表明：Our result suggests thatu作者建議：The author suggests that . should do.u本報告表明：This repo

23、rt suggests thatu這一分析有利于指出： This analysis strongly suggests thatu最后我們建議： Finally in conclusion we suggest thatu我們的結論是： we conclude that It is concluded thatu在的基礎上，可以得出以下結論：On the basis of ,the following conclusions can be drawn u本研究指出：This study indicates thatu這些發現指出：This findings indicates thatu實驗結

24、果指出：The results of the experiment indicate3.6 Acknowledgment(致謝) 3.6.1 Example analysis (致謝實例分析)3.6.2 Basic contents and commonly used sentence patterns of acknowledgements(致謝的基本內容和常用句式) e.g.1Acknowledgment We thank Prof. Mario Baldi for his contributions to the initial development of FS with tunabl

25、e lasers. Tunable Laser-Based Design and Analysis for Fractional Lambda Switches (Viet-Thang Nguyen, Renato Lo Cigno, and Yoram Ofek), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 56, N O . 6 , J U N E 2 0 0 8：9 5 7 - 9 6 6 分析：這篇致謝行文簡潔，作者僅對Prof. Mario Baldi在該領域初始發展階段的貢獻做了感謝。 3.6.1 Example analysis (致謝實

26、例分析)e.g.2 Acknowledgment The authors are grateful for the constructive comments by anonymous reviewers, which improved the presentation of this paper. The authors would also like to thank Professor Rodney Kennedy, Mr. Ramtin Shams, and Dr. Pascal Vontobel for helpful discussions and for their valuab

27、le comments. On Information Rates of Time-Varying Fading Channels Modeled as Finite-State Markov Channels （Parastoo Sadeghi, Senior Member, IEEE, and Predrag Rapajic, Senior Member）, IEEE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 8 , A U G U S T 2 0 0 8：1 2 6 8 - 1 2 7 8 分析：作者首先感謝了匿名審稿人，其次對提

28、供有益討論和寶貴意見的Rodney Kennedy教授， Ramtin Shams先生，和Pascal Vontobel博士表示感謝。 e.g. 3Acknowledgments The authors thank David Hill and Marilee Burrell for preparing the mouse antisera to WAF1. This work was supported by the Preuss Foundation, the Clayton Fund, and National Institutes of Health grants CA-09071 a

29、nd CA-43460. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (El-Deiry W. S, Tokino T, Velculescu V.E, et al.) Cell, 1993, 73(4): 817-825 分析：作者首先感謝了David Hill 和 Marilee Burrell在實驗材料準備方面的幫助，并給出了三種來源的4項基金資助信息。 (1) 基本內容應包含: 感謝資助研究工作的科學基金、獎學金基金、合同單位、支持的企業、組織或個人；協助完成研究工作和提供便利條件的組織或個人；在研究工作中提出建議和提供技術支

30、持、實驗材料等幫助的人；給予轉載和引用權的資料、圖片、文獻、研究思想和設想的所有者；給予寶貴意見的審稿人和編輯；以及其他應感謝的組織和人。 3.6.2 Basic contents and commonly used sentence patterns of acknowledgements(致謝的基本內容和常用句式) (2) Commonly used sentence patternsWe thank forWe acknowledge The authors are grateful for sth. by sb.The authors are grateful to sb. for s

31、th.The authors would like to thank for The authors wish to make the acknowledgement of The authors thank forGrateful acknowledgement is made to Special gratitude is owed/ expressed/given to Thanks to forThanks are owed to Special thanks go to Sincere thanks are given to Thanks must be given to Thank

32、s must be extended to Exercise for 3.6 3.7 References(參考書目)Different formats of references：(1)MLA (Modern Language Association) (2)APA(American Psychological Association)(3)CMS(Chicago Manual of Style)(4)CSE(Council of Science Editors)(5)Vancouver Style(6)ACS (American Chemical Society)(7)AMA (Ameri

33、can Medical Association) (1) MLA (Modern Language Association)格式強調文獻的作者，即文獻作者比文獻的發表時間更為重要。在這種格式中，參考文獻一詞通常使用 “works cited”，并居中安排，文獻按照字母順序排列，雙倍行距，各行之間不空行，每條文獻的第二行首字母要縮進。e.g.Works CitedBook Author Last Name, Author First Name. Book Title. ed. Editor First Name Editor Last Name. City Published: Publishe

34、r, Year. Website Author Last Name, Author First Name. Site Title. ed. Editor First Name Last Name. Publication Day Month. Year. Accessed Day Month. Year. . (2) APA (American Psychological Association)格式是社會科學領域中的常用格式，在撰寫心理學和社會學相關文章時可以使用這種格式。與MLA不同的是，APA格式注重文獻的出版時間和標題而非作者。在此格式中，參考文獻一詞使用References，居中排列

35、，所有文獻按照首字母順序依次排列，雙倍行距，第二行首字母縮進，并在頁面右上角加注頁碼和簡化的文章標題。e.g.Title Page #ReferencesBook Author, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book Title. (Vols. Volume#(s). In First Initial. Middle Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Published City, Published State: Publisher. Web Document Author Last Name, First I

36、nitial. Middle Initial. (Year). In Web Document Title. (chap. Chapter/Section). Retrieved Month. Day, Year, from URL Address (3) CMS (Chicago Manual of Style) 格式CMS格式最早是1890年芝加哥大學的學生使用的，因此而得名芝加哥格式。此格式多用于圖書、雜志、報紙以及包括藝術、歷史、文學等學科的人文科學領域。它注重標注作者信息而非出版年代。在此格式中，參考文獻一詞使用Bibliography，居中排列，所有文獻按照首字母順序依次排列，兩條

37、文獻之間雙倍行距，文獻內單倍行距，每條文獻第一行左對齊，第二行首字母縮進。e.g.BibliographyBook Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Book Title. City Published: Publisher, Year Published. Website Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Site Title. Created Day Month Year. (Accessed Day Month Year). (4) CSE (Council of Science Edit

38、ors) 格式CSE 格式形成于2000年，它是起源于1957年的CBS (Council Biology Editors) 格式的擴展形式，此格式對細節要求嚴格，因此常用于科學研究領域或以國際交流為目的的相關領域，而不適合文學領域。此格式中參考文獻一詞用Cited References，文獻不是按照首字母順序排列，而是按照文內標注出現的順序相應排列，雙倍行距，第二行首字母縮進，在頁面右上角標注頁碼和文章標題縮寫。e.g.Heading Page #Cited ReferencesWeb Document Author. Site Title home page on the Internet

39、. Published City (Published State): Publisher; Year Month Day. cited Year Month Day. Available from: URL Address. Book Author Last Name, First Initial. Book Title. City Published (State Published): Publisher; Year. Total Page Numbers p. Exercise for 3.7 3.8 Appendix (附錄) Appendix is not necessary fo

40、r each paper. It often includes the original materials, relevant materials and graphs, detailed data of the experiment, computing programs, tables, pictures, questionnaires, etc. Only part of the key materials are presented in order to protect the copyright.3.9 Introduction to Author(作者簡介)e.g.1 Viet

41、-Thang Nguyen obtain B.Sc. (00), M.Sc. (03), and Ph.D. (07) from HUT-Vietnam, ICU-Korea, and NIITN-Italy, respectively. During doctor program, he mainly focused on modeling time-driven-switching (TDS) networks, and developing the first TDS test-bed under the IP-Flow project. His research interest in

42、cludes optical networking, wireless networking and modeling. He is currently with Vegastar, a new startup business in Hanoi-Vietnam. Tunable Laser-Based Design and Analysis for Fractional Lambda Switches (Viet-Thang Nguyen, Renato Lo Cigno, and Yoram Ofek), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL.

43、56, NO. 6, JUNE 2008: 957-966 分析：這篇簡介首先講述作者獲取學士、碩士、博士學位的時間和地點；接著闡述作者在博士期間的主要研究方向以及目前的研究興趣；最后介紹作者的工作單位。 e.g. 2 Zhefeng Li received both the B.S. degree and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, in 2001, 2004, respectively. He is currently pursui

44、ng the Ph.D. degree with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark. His current research interests are space-time coding, and MIMI and OFDM systems. He was awarded an National Science Foundation (NSF) Travel Grant in 2007 for attending the ISIT 07. Single-Symbol ML Decoding for Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal STBC in Clipped MIMO-OFDM Systems Using a