1、Chapter 4 ArtsnP50n4.1 Calligraphy and Paintingn4.1.1 Calligraphyn書法ncalligraphyn硬筆書法npen calligraphyn表音成分nphonetic componentn表形成分nsymbolic componentn漢字偏旁ncomponents of Chinese charactersn線條藝術(shù)nthe art of linesn漢字書寫（體）n Chinese scriptn漢字從圖畫和符號(hào)演變而來(lái)，中國(guó)書法藝術(shù)自然而然衍生于這一特殊的書寫體系（絕大多數(shù)漢字由表音和表形成分構(gòu)成），因此中國(guó)書法也被稱作線條

2、藝術(shù)。nChinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from this special writing system (most Chinese characters consist of several phonetic and symbolic components), so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines.n盡管中國(guó)書法以漢字為表達(dá)工具，但要欣賞中國(guó)

3、書法之美，不一定非要懂得漢語(yǔ)。nAlthough Chinese calligraphy uses Chinese words as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know the language to appreciate its beauty.n書法的目的在于保持自然之美，突顯人類精神之美。nCalligraphys purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate mans spiritual beauty. nP51n受到青睞nto find favor

4、inn漢學(xué)圈nthe circle of Chinese language learningn漢學(xué)nSinologyn筆畫nstroken點(diǎn)、橫、豎、撇、折、勾ndot stroke, horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, curved stroke, angular stroke, hooked stroken部首，獨(dú)立成字nradical, standalone charactern篆書，隸書，草書，楷書，行書nthe seal form, the official form, the cursive form, the regular form, the

5、 running formn像“字如其人”這樣的中國(guó)古語(yǔ)與書法是直接相關(guān)的。nThe Chinese saying like “The handwriting reveals the writer” is directly related to calligraphy.n人們認(rèn)為，書寫中運(yùn)用的力度表露人的性情，而書寫的文字則能彰顯書法家對(duì)生活和藝術(shù)的理解。nIt is believed that the force used in writing betrays ones disposition and the written characters reveals the calligraph

6、ers understanding of life and arts.n另外，書法作為一門中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)，很早便為鄰國(guó)所青睞。nOn the other hand, being a Chinese traditional art, Chinese calligraphy also found favor in the neighboring countries from the early times.n漢字筆畫有24多種，分為六大類：點(diǎn)、橫、豎、撇、折、勾。nStrokes within Chinese characters can have more than 24 varieties of

7、 shapes that fall into six basic categories: dian (dot stroke), heng (horizontal stroke), shu (vertical stroke), pie (curved stroke), zhe (angular stroke) and gou (hooked stroke).n漢字字體通常分為五種形式：篆書、隸書、草書、楷書和行書。nChinese scripts are generally divided into five forms: the seal form, the official form, th

8、e cursive form, the regular form, and the running form.n這些形式密切相關(guān)，但各有其獨(dú)自的形體和特點(diǎn)。因此，書寫時(shí)使用的方法各不相同。nThese forms are closely related, but each form has its own shapes and features, so different methods are employed when writing them.n現(xiàn)在，最常用的書體是楷書和行書。nRecently, the most frequently used forms have been the

9、regular form and the running form.n草書常用于中國(guó)書法的創(chuàng)新性作品中。nThe cursive form is often applied in the creative works of Chinese calligraphy.n篆書是一種古老的書體，主要出現(xiàn)在戰(zhàn)國(guó)和先秦時(shí)期的青銅器上。nThe seal form is an ancient script that mainly appeared on the bronze vessels during the Warring States and Pre-Qin Periods.nP52n小篆nsmall

10、 seal scriptn象形文字npictographyn大楷、小楷、中楷、行楷、行草nlarger regular form, smaller regular form, medium regular form, running regular form, running cursive formn楷書四大家nfour masters of the regular form n篆書筆畫柔美，形體方正，更近似象形文字。（柔美的筆畫和方正的形體，使得篆書更接近象形文字。）nSoft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shapes keep the

11、 seal form characters more close to pictography.n此種樣式的書法筆畫流暢，字字相連，所以平滑、生動(dòng)。nThis style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together. n前字最后一筆常順入后字第一筆中，因此字與字常常連接一起。nThe characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke o

12、f the next.n草書行筆自如而迅疾，所以字的某些部分看起來(lái)十分夸張。nIt is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the character appear exaggerated.n即使在同一幅作品中，字體也會(huì)大小各異，好像一切皆由書寫者的一時(shí)興致所支配。nThey may vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.n線條的流暢和毛筆的節(jié)奏創(chuàng)造出一種整體的抽象美。nThe flow of

13、 the lines and the rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole.n如要學(xué)習(xí)書法，以楷書開始大有裨益，因?yàn)檫@種結(jié)構(gòu)很有規(guī)律，易于掌握和臨摹，nWhen learning calligraphy, it is helpful to begin with the regular form because the structure is regular and easy to handle and copy.n行書介于楷書和草書之間，可使書寫更加簡(jiǎn)練、快速。nThe running form is somew

14、here between the regular and the cursive forms, allowing simpler and faster writing.n如果書寫嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、筆畫分明，行書會(huì)很接近楷書，稱作“行楷”。nWhen carefully written with distinguishable strokes, the running form characters will be very close to the regular style, called “the running regular form”.n如果書寫急速，行書會(huì)接近草書，稱作“行草”。nWhen s

15、wiftly executed, they will approach the cursive form, called “the running cursive form”.nP53n書圣nthe Sage of Chinese Calligraphy (Wang Xizhi, Linyi)n碑刻（刻字石碑）ncarved stone tabletn拓片nstone rubbingn蘭亭（集）序nThe Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy (Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection)n唐太

16、宗nEmperor Taizong of the Tang Dynastyn水墨畫nink-wash paintingn東晉時(shí)期王羲之，人稱“書圣” ，是中國(guó)歷史上最著名的書法家之一。nWang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the “Sage of Chinese Calligraphy”, is one of the most famous calligraphers in Chinese history.n從這些刻石上印制的拓片被廣泛復(fù)制和印刷，并被用作學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)書法藝術(shù)的范本，為世世代代的學(xué)習(xí)者所研習(xí)。nStone rubbings taken f

17、rom them have been reproduced and reprinted widely and studied by generations of students, used as models to learn and practice the art of calligraphy.n唐太宗得到了蘭亭集序的真跡。nThe original The Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy was acquired by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.n他愛不釋手，于是命令宮廷書法

18、家對(duì)其進(jìn)行描摹。nHe liked it so much that he ordered his courts calligraphers to make copies of it.n他駕崩的時(shí)候，王羲之的書法成為他的殉葬品。nWhen he died, Wang Xizhis calligraphy was buried with him.n遍及中國(guó)各地，人們?cè)谒聫R里、山洞的墻壁上、高山的絕壁和紀(jì)念碑的側(cè)面都可以看到裝飾性書法作品。nAll over China, decorative calligraphy can be found in temples, on the walls of

19、caves, and on the sides of mountains and monuments.n4.1.2 Paintingn由于最早期的繪畫和書法皆使用相同的工具和線條，故有“書畫同源”一說(shuō)。nSince similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy.n水墨畫注重風(fēng)格上的藝術(shù)效果，在傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)景畫歷史上占有重要地位。nInk-wash painting focuses on th

20、e artistic effect of the style, and holds an important place in the history of traditional landscape painting.n墨色的濃淡變化使畫家創(chuàng)作出人物、風(fēng)景、花鳥和亭臺(tái)樓閣。nVariation in shade enables the artists to create human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions.nP54n題字（題詞、題詩(shī)）、美術(shù)（繪畫）、篆刻、裝裱、卷軸ncalligraphic writing, fi

21、ne art, seal engraving, mount, scrolln奔馬圖、愚公移山nRunning Horses, The Foolish Man Moving the Mountainn水生動(dòng)物naquatic animaln庸俗的趣味nvulgar tasten國(guó)際和平獎(jiǎng)nthe International Peace Awardn壁畫、山水畫、木刻版畫、插圖、年畫nmural painting, landscape painting, wood-cut block print, illustration, Spring Festival picturen一副完整的國(guó)畫通常包括題

22、詞、印章和繪畫本身。nA painting normally consists of calligraphic writing, seal stamps, and the painting itself.n他們將繪畫、詩(shī)歌、書法和篆刻融合在一起，以實(shí)現(xiàn)藝術(shù)的統(tǒng)一。nThey combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison.n徐悲鴻是中國(guó)當(dāng)代著名畫家，也是一位在傳統(tǒng)繪畫和西方繪畫上都獲得顯赫成就的美術(shù)大師。nXu Beihong is a celebrated mode

23、rn painter of China and a master of the fine arts who achieved eminence both in traditional painting and in Western painting.n他創(chuàng)作了萬(wàn)余幅作品，其中以花草魚蟲的畫作最負(fù)盛名。nHe completed over 10,000 works, among which paintings of flowers and grasses, aquatic animals, and insects enjoy great popularity.n他曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“畫妙在似與不似之間，

24、太似則媚俗，不似則欺世?！眓He once said, “The excellence of a painting lies in its being alike, yet unlike. Too much likeness flatters the vulgar taste; too much unlikeness deceives the world.”n其目的不是要精確地再現(xiàn)大自然的原貌，而是要捕捉一種情感或意境，以此來(lái)獲得大自然的“韻律”。nIts purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of the nature, bu

25、t to grasp an emotion or atmosphere in such a way as to catch the “rhythm” of the nature.n按中國(guó)悠久的民間傳統(tǒng)，年畫用來(lái)慶賀中國(guó)農(nóng)歷新年。nSpring Festival Pictures are used for celebrating the Chinese lunar New Year in accordance with long Chinese folk tradition.n它們通常突出采用鮮艷的色彩和生動(dòng)的人物，表達(dá)喜悅、幸福和對(duì)新年的美好祝愿。nThey usually convey jo

26、y, happiness, and best wishes for the New Year by featuring bright colors and expressive figures.n4.1.3 Four Treasures of the Studyn文房四寶nfour treasures of the studyn筆墨紙硯nbrush, ink stick, paper, ink stonen要欣賞和理解中國(guó)書法，文房四寶，即筆墨紙硯，是不可忽視的，它們對(duì)藝術(shù)品的特征和表現(xiàn)形式起了決定性作用。nFour treasures of the studybrush, ink, pape

27、r and ink stonecannot be neglected when appreciating and understanding Chinese calligraphy because they determine the features and the expressive forms of the work of art.nP55n湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯nHu brush, Hui ink stick, Xuan paper, Duan ink stonen墨（塊）、模子、字帖、拓片、nink stick, mould, copybook, stone inscription

28、 rubbingn映描ntracen人們普遍認(rèn)為，文房四寶中的精品以湖筆、徽墨、宣紙和端硯為代表，在國(guó)內(nèi)外皆享有盛名。nIt is widely accepted that the best of each of these items is represented by the Hu brush, Hui ink stick, Xuan paper, and Duan ink stone, all being highly valued in both China and abroad.n這種紙以青檀樹皮和稻草為原料，經(jīng)過(guò)18道工序制成，顏色雪白、質(zhì)地柔軟、結(jié)實(shí)耐用、吸水性強(qiáng)，而且能防蟲蛀。

29、nMade in an 18-step process from the bark of the wingceltis tree and rice straw, the paper is snow-white, soft, durable, absorbent and moth-proof.n因此，它是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)繪畫和書法的最重要紙型。nHence, it is a principal type of paper for traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy.n這種硯臺(tái)可以雕刻成各種形狀和圖案，因此也是很好的書桌裝飾品。nCarved into

30、 various shapes and designs, the ink stones also serve as fine desk ornaments.n欣賞中國(guó)書法是一種享受，但練習(xí)卻是更大的享受。 nAppreciating Chinese calligraphy is an enjoyment but practicing it is an even higher enjoyment.n掌握了這種映描的技巧之后，就可以開始臨摹練習(xí)了。nAfter mastering the tracing skill, you can begin practicing writing by imit

31、ating the models.nP56n書體、墨池ninscription, black pondn有一個(gè)代代相傳的古老的練習(xí)方法，即反復(fù)練習(xí)寫“永”字，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)字包含了八個(gè)基本筆畫。nThere is an old method passed down from generation to generation, and that is to practice writing the character “永” repeatedly because it contains the eight basic dots and strokes .n沈尹默評(píng)“永字八法”n書法上有講究，所謂“永”

32、字八法，這個(gè)包含了8個(gè)筆法（筆畫：點(diǎn)橫豎撇捺提鉤，撇有兩種：豎撇、斜撇）的永字，代表了練習(xí)書法的起點(diǎn)和功底究竟有多深。我們引申它： n第一，做人要像“永”字的“點(diǎn)”，昂首，充滿自信和朝氣； n第二，做人要像“永”字的“豎”，挺胸，充滿力量與美； n第三，做人要像“永”字的“撇”，飄逸瀟灑，看輕一切成績(jī)和榮譽(yù)； n第四，做人要像“永”字的“捺”，腳踏實(shí)地，做好每一天的功課；nn 摘自書法漫談沈尹默著n據(jù)說(shuō)王羲之習(xí)字二十年才成為一位書法家，他洗毛筆的池子被稱為 “墨池” 。nIt is said that Wang Xizhi practiced 20 years before he became

33、 a calligrapher and the pond where he washed his brushes became known as the “black pond”. n4.2 Traditional Operasn京劇、昆曲、秦腔n Beijing (Peking) Opera, Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Operan中國(guó)戲曲與希臘悲劇和喜劇、印度佛教劇并稱為世界三大最古老的戲劇形式。nChinese opera, together with Greek tragedy and comedy, and the Indian Sanskrit drama are

34、the three most ancient forms of drama in the world.n三個(gè)戲劇形式中，中國(guó)戲曲是唯一的現(xiàn)存劇種。nOf these three, Chinese opera is the only remaining living form.n在中國(guó)，講故事的同時(shí)，可以伴有大量不同的曲調(diào)、動(dòng)作和樂器，這取決于表演的場(chǎng)所。這一點(diǎn)與西方戲劇不同。nDifferent from the Western dramas, in China, a story can be told accompanied by a wide range of different tune

35、s, actions, and musical instruments, depending on where it is being presented.n中國(guó)戲曲是包含了文學(xué)、音樂、舞蹈、武術(shù)和雜技的傳統(tǒng)戲劇形式。nChinese operas are traditional dramas embracing literature, music, dance, martial arts, and acrobatics.n18世紀(jì)末，在北京演出的安徽和湖北的民間歌手，借鑒了某些戲劇、曲調(diào)和表演技巧，吸收了昆曲和秦腔中的民間樂曲和曲調(diào)，創(chuàng)造了京劇。nTowards the end of the

36、 18th century, folk singers of Anhui and Hubei provinces, who were performing in Beijing at the time, created Beijing Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and acting skills and by absorbing some of their folk music and tunes from Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera.n經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間，京劇形成了自己的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和完整的表演體系。nOv

37、er the time, it developed its own artistic style and a complete repertoire.n現(xiàn)在，京劇被譽(yù)為中國(guó)戲曲的瑰寶。nPeking Opera is now regarded as the crown of Chinese opera.nP57n唱、念、做、打nsinging, reciting, acting, acrobatic fightingn腿腳功夫（步法）nfootworkn綠林好漢nheroic forest outlawsn滑稽戲nfarcen唱、念、做、打是京劇的四種藝術(shù)手段和四項(xiàng)基本功。nSinging,

38、recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.n手勢(shì)、步法和其它的動(dòng)作皆可以表達(dá)諸如騎馬、劃船、開門、上樓、爬山或旅行等行動(dòng)。nGestures, footwork and other movements express actions such as riding a horse, rowing a boat, opening a door, going up stairs, climbing a hill, o

39、r traveling.n表演者的每個(gè)動(dòng)作都有很高的象征性。nEach action by the performer is highly symbolic.n情感和思想常常通過(guò)這些象征性的動(dòng)作表達(dá)出來(lái)，經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)歲月的表演之后，這種獨(dú)特的表演模式得到了發(fā)展。nFeelings and ideas are often expressed through these symbolic motions and the unique format has developed over years of performance.n小生表演的最顯著特點(diǎn)，是將真假聲結(jié)合起來(lái)進(jìn)行說(shuō)唱。nThe most di

40、stinctive feature of xiaosheng performance is the combination of real and falsetto voices in singsing and speaking.n青衣角色一般是個(gè)性堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、氣質(zhì)文雅的青年女子或中年婦女。nQingyi characters are generally young or middle-aged women of strong character and refined disposition.nP58n四大名旦nFour Great Dan Actorsn擺姿勢(shì)nstrike posturen翻跟

41、斗n tumblen臉譜nfacial make-up (of Beijing Opera)n著名的“四大名旦”梅蘭芳、尚小云、程硯秋和荀慧生，對(duì)旦角表演和京劇的發(fā)展做出了卓越的貢獻(xiàn)。nThe famous “Four Great Dan Actors”Mei Lanfang, Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu, and Xun Huishengmade significant contributions to the performance of Dan roles and the development of Beijing Opera.n這些人物大多是樂觀、耿直、豪

42、俠、剛毅的人，或是奸詐、殘忍的人。nThe characters are mostly cheerful, honest, gallant, and intrepid men or treacherous and cruel men.n凈角的臉上涂著油彩，所以又稱“花臉”。nJing characters wear colorful paint on their faces, so they are also known as hualian. (metaphor)n正凈大多是主持公道、莊重忠誠(chéng)的官員和將軍。nMost zhengjing characters are serious, loy

43、al officials and generals who firmly uphold justice. n生、旦、凈、丑代表了各行各業(yè)的人們。nSheng, dan, jing, chou represent people from all walks of life. (metaphor)n中國(guó)戲曲中，男女演員使用不同的化妝品，與他們的角色要求的臉譜相符合。nIn Chinese drama, actors and actress wear different make-up that are consistent with the types of facial make-up requ

44、ired of the characters.n他們的臉上常用各種顏色繪制不同的樣式和圖案。nColors are used to paint different patterns and designs on the face.n紅色用來(lái)代表忠義之士；紫色代表忠誠(chéng)、勇敢、正義和高尚的角色；黑色臉譜代表忠誠(chéng)、英勇和率直的角色；綠色代表固執(zhí)急躁、獨(dú)來(lái)獨(dú)往的角色；黃色代表兇狠、野蠻、工于心計(jì)的角色；白色代表專橫奸詐的角色；而金銀色相間的臉譜則代表鬼魂和神靈。nRed is used for loyal and upright persons; purple for loyal, brave, ju

45、st, and noble characters; black make-up for faithful, brave, and straightforward characters; green for stubborn, irritable, and not easily controlled characters; yellow for fierce, brutal, and calculating characters; white for imperious and treacherous people; gold-silvered faces for ghosts and gods

46、.nP59n反派角色nvillainn幫兇naccomplicen盔甲narmorn龍袍ndragon-patterned roben腰帶ngirdlen傳統(tǒng)京劇的表演常?；跉v史事件，反映各個(gè)朝代的生活。nTraditional Beijing Opera performances are often based on historical events, reflecting life in each dynasty. n不同的長(zhǎng)袍顏色表明了不同社會(huì)地位和人物性格：黃色代表皇家，紅色代表貴族，而紅藍(lán)相間則代表暴徒。nDifferent robe colors indicate social

47、 status or character: yellow for the imperial family; red for nobility; red and blue for violent people. n除了漂亮的衣服和頭巾，男女角色也佩戴鑲有寶石的腰帶和頭飾。nBesides stunning clothes and headdresses, jeweled girdles and hair ornaments are also used for both male and female roles.n昆曲于2001年被聯(lián)合國(guó)列為人類口頭非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。nIn 2001, Kunqu

48、 Opera was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).nP. 60n秦腔、川劇、越劇、黃梅戲、粵劇nShaanxi Opera, Sichuan Opera (*Chuan Opera), Zhejiang Opera (*Yue Opera), Huangmei/Anhui Opera, Guandong Opera (*Yue Opera)n劇團(tuán)ntheatr

49、ical troupen秦腔是中國(guó)現(xiàn)存的最古老的戲曲，因此被稱之為“中國(guó)地方戲之源”是當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的。nShaanxi Opera, which is the oldest of all the Chinese operas still in existence today, is worthy of the name “ancestor of all Chinese local operas”.nP. 61n變臉是川戲常用的技法。nThe technique of “face changes” is most often used in Sichuan Opera.n越劇的代表作包括梁山伯與祝英

50、臺(tái)、紅樓夢(mèng)、西廂記和追魚。nRepresentative pieces of Zhejiang Opera include Butterflys Love, Dream of the Red Mansions, The West Chamber, and Chasing the Fish.n多才多藝的黃梅戲演員嚴(yán)鳳英在天仙配和女駙馬等戲劇中扮演了多種角色。nThe versatile Huangmei actress Yan Fengying played a variety of roles in different plays including The Heavenly Maid and

51、 the Mortal and Female Son-in-Law of the Emperor.nP 62n4.3 Folk Performing Artsn民間表演藝術(shù)nfolk performing artsn雜技nacrobaticsn木偶戲，皮影戲npuppet show, shadow shown儺（音“挪”）舞，舞叉nghost-exorcising opera, Flying Tridentn疊椅、頂缸、鉆圈nBalance on Chairs, Jar tricks, Hoop Divingn中國(guó)有種類繁多的民間表演藝術(shù)，其中以雜技、曲藝、木偶戲、皮影戲和儺舞為代表。nChi

52、na has a wide variety of folk performing arts featuring, among others, acrobatics, quyi, puppet show, shadow shows and the ghost-exorcising opera.n雜技是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)表演藝術(shù)寶庫(kù)中一顆璀璨的明珠。nAcrobatics is a pearl in the treasure chest of traditional Chinese performing arts.n中國(guó)雜技已經(jīng)在中國(guó)存在2000多年，是一筆歷史悠久、內(nèi)容豐富的寶貴遺產(chǎn)。nChinese acrobatics has a long and rich heritage, having been in existence in China for more than 2,000 years.n這些成就都應(yīng)該