1、2009南開大學英語考博試題（回憶版）-yam1聽力：20分，很往年一樣，單選10個，短文3篇（1.保險的種類；2.非洲的aids問題；3.測謊儀）共10題10分，感覺聽不太清楚。感覺不是六級的。那個外國男的accent is somewhat special.2單詞題：10個，10分，今年的很簡單，六級就夠了3作文(20分) : on enforcement of the morality in china 提綱：1，問題 2， 分析原因 3，對策 200words4閱讀理解 共4篇40分： 比去年少一篇但是明顯偏難了第一題，有關公司內部職員股票； 經濟第二題，有關霍金的big bang，黑

2、洞理論；物理第三題，有關對黑人的歧視；政治第四題，生物入侵；生物。此四篇據說涵蓋了南開四大優勢學科。5改錯題10空10分，原文：whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; t

3、heir general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. the men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. there is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.this illusion is created by changing fashions. over the year, the gr

4、eat majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. the same cannot be said for women. each year a few so- called top designers in paris or london lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. the decrees of the designers are unpredic

5、table and dictatorial. this year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.y#sq)qr3if women are mercilessly exploited year after

6、year, they have only themselves to blame. because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates o

7、f fashion. when you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.y#sq)qr3changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. many women squander vast sums of money each y

8、ear to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.y#sq)qr3no one c

9、an claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. they are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount

10、 of discomfort, providing they look right. there can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.y#sq)qr3when comparing men and women in the matter of fa

11、shion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualiti

12、es of stability and reliability? that is for you to decide.y#sq)qr3閱讀相對論原文：stephen william hawking biographythe theories of british physicist and mathematician stephen william hawking (born 1942) placed him in the great tradition of newton and einstein. hawking made fundamental contributions to the

13、science of cosmology-the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe.stephen w. hawking was born on january 8, 1942, in oxford, england. his father, a well-known researcher in tropical medicine, urged his son to seek a career in the sciences. stephen found biology a

14、nd medicine too descriptive and lacking in exactness. therefore, he turned to the study of mathematics and physics.hawking was not an outstanding student at st. albans school, hertfordshire, nor later at oxford university, which he entered in 1959. he was a sociable young man who did little schoolwo

15、rk because he was able to grasp the essentials of a mathematics or physics problem quickly and intuitively. while at oxford he became increasingly interested in relativity theory and quantum mechanics, eventually graduating with a first class honors in physics (1962). he immediately began post-gradu

16、ate studies at cambridge university.the onset of hawkings graduate education at cambridge marked a turning point in his life. it was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology that focused his intellectual energies in a way that they had never been previously. and it was then that he w

17、as first stricken with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (lou gehrigs disease), a debilitating neuromotor disease that eventually led to his total confinement to a wheelchair and to a virtual loss of his speech functions. at cambridge his talents were recognized by his major professor, the cosmologist d

18、ennis w. sciama, and he was encouraged to carry on his studies despite his growing physical disabilities. his marriage in 1965 to jane wilde was an important step in his emotional life. marriage gave him, he recalled, the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science.

19、hawking received his doctorate degree in 1966 and began his life-long research and teaching association with cambridge university.hawking made his first major contribution to science with his theorem of singularity, a work which grew out of his collaboration with theoretician roger penrose. a singul

20、arity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite. such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, where the gravitational field has infinite strength. penrose proved that a singularity was not a hypothetical construct; it could exist in the

21、 space-time of a real universe.drawing upon penroses work and on einsteins general theory of relativity, hawking demonstrated that our universe had its origins in a singularity. in the beginning all of the matter in the universe was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendousl

22、y dense body. ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang which initiated time and the universe. hawking was able to bring current astrophysical research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and refute the rival steady-state theory.hawkings research into

23、the cosmological implications of singularities led him to study the properties of the best-known singularity: the black hole. although a black hole is a discontinuity in space-time, its boundary, called the event horizon, can be detected. hawking proved that the surface area of the event horizon of

24、a black hole could only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface area of the new hole was larger than the sum of the two original surface areas. working in concert with b. carter, w. israel, and d. robinson, hawking was also able to prove the no hair theorem first pro

25、posed by physicist john wheeler. according to this theorem, mass, angular momentum, and electric charge were the sole properties conserved when matter entered a black hole.hawkings continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. the first of them, that black hol

26、es can emit thermal radiation, was contrary to the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. the second concerned the size of black holes. as originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. using quantum mechanics to

27、 study particle interaction at the subatomic level, hawking postulated the existence of millions of mini-black holes. these were formed by the force of the original big bang explosion.hawking summarized his scientific interests as gravity-on all scales, from the realm of galaxies at one extreme to t

28、he subatomic at the other extreme. in the 1980s hawking worked on a theory that einstein unsuccessfully searched for in his later years. this is the famous unified field theory that aims to bring together quantum mechanics and relativity in a quantum theory of gravity. a complete unified theory enco

29、mpasses the four main interactions known to modern physics: the strong nuclear force, which operates at the subatomic level; electromagnetism; the weak nuclear force of radioactivity; and gravity. the unified theory would account for the conditions which prevailed at the origin of the universe as we

30、ll as for the existing physical laws of nature. when humans develop the unified field theory, said hawking, they will know the mind of god.as his physical condition grew worse hawkings intellectual achievements increased. not content with causing a revolution in cosmology, he presented a popular exp

31、osition of his ideas in a brief history of time: from the big bang to black holes. first published in 1988, this book acquired great popularity in the united states. it sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year.in 1993 hawking wrote black holes and

32、 baby universes and other essays, which, in addition to a discussion of whether elementary particles that fall into black holes can form new, baby universes separate from our own, contains chapters about hawkings personal life. he co-authored a book in 1996 with sir roger penrose titled the nature o

33、f space and time, which is based on a series of lectures and a final debate by the two authors. issues discussed in this book include whether the universe has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while penrose argues the o

34、pposite. hawking joined penrose again the following year, as well as abner shimony and nancy cartwright, in the creation of another book, the large, the small, and the human mind (1997). in this collection of talks given as cambridges 1995 tanner lectures on human values, hawking and the others resp

35、ond to penroses thesis on general relativity, quantum physics, and artificial intelligence.hawkings work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics was widely recognized. he became a fellow of the royal society of london in 1974 and five years later was named to a professorial chai

36、r once held by sir isaac newton: lucasian professor of mathematics, cambridge university. beyond these honors he earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of europe and america. these included the eddington medal of the r

37、oyal astronomical society, in 1975; the pius xi gold medal, in 1975; the maxwell medal of the institute of physics, in 1976; the albert einstein award of the lewis and rose strauss memorial fund (the most prestigious award in theoretical physics), in 1978; the franklin medal of the franklin institut

38、e, in 1981; the gold medal of the royal society, in 1985; the paul dirac medal and prize, in 1987; and the britannica award, in 1989. by the last decade of the 20th century stephen hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world.hawkings endeavors include endorsing a wireless connec

39、tion to the internet produced by u.s. robotics inc., beginning in march 1997, and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. in addition, hawking made an appearance on the television series star trek that his fans will not soon forget.hawking does not readily discuss his personal life, but it is generally

40、know that he was divorced from his first wife in 1991 and they have two sons and a daughter.when asked about his objectives, hawking told robert deltete of zygon in a 1995 interview, my goal is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.閱讀生物入侵原文：what makes

41、for a successful invasion? often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. and, as it is with people, so it is with plantsat least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in biology letters1 by naomi cappuccino, of carleton university, and thor arnason, of the university of ottawa,

42、both in canada.怎樣才能成功入侵？答案常常是：擁有比敵人更好的武器。人是這樣，植物也是如此至少，生物書簡上發表的一篇論文是這么認為的，作者是來自加拿大加里敦大學的納奧米卡普奇諾和渥太華大學的索爾阿納森。the phenomenon of alien species popping up2 in unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and （1）plant seeds and animal larvae hav

43、e hitched3 along for the ride. most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at allbut those failures, of course, are never noticed.) occasionally, though, something goes bananas4 and starts trying to take th

44、e place over, and an invasive species is born. dr cappuccino and dr arnason asked themselves why.過去的幾十年，隨著人和貨物的流動日益頻繁，植物種子和動物幼體也乘機“搭便車”四處播散，世界各地無意間出現了越來越多的外來物種。這些外來物種大多數都輕而易舉地融入了所到之處的生態系統。（事實上，許多物種可能還沒有站穩腳跟當然，人們從未注意到這一點。）不過，偶爾也有某些物種瘋狂繁殖，開始企圖占領原有物種的生長空間，一種入侵物種就這樣形成了。卡普奇諾和阿納森對此感到百思不得其解。one hypothesis

45、is that aliens leave their predators behind. since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. that is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. dr cappuccino and dr arnason suspected this might be be

46、cause native predators are （2）sometimes “pre-adapted” to the aliens defences, but in other cases they are not.有一種假說認為，外來物種擺脫了原先的掠食者，而在新的“家園”，現有的掠食者又沒有發現它們也合口味，因此這些物種得以肆無忌憚地繁衍。這種觀點好是好，不過沒有解釋為什么只有特定的外來物種才具有入侵性。卡普奇諾和阿納森猜測，這可能是因為土生土長的掠食者對外來物種所具有的防御機制有時產生“預適應”，有時又不產生。to test this, they had first to estab

47、lish a reliable list of invaders. that is not as easy as it sounds. as they observe, “although there are many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists （3）may not be entirely free of political motivation”. instead, they polled established

48、 researchers in the field of alien species, asking each to list ten invasive species and, for comparison, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with5 their neighbours. the result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.為了證實這一猜測，他們必須首先列出一些

49、已經確認的入侵物種。這可不是件輕松的事。正如他們所說，“雖然政府部門公布了許多入侵物種名單，但是把指定物種歸入此名單也許多少有些出于政治上的考慮。”為此，他們調查了外來物種領域一些有名望的研究人員，請每人舉出10種入侵物種，以及10種與本地物種能和睦共生的外來物種用于對照。最后得到的名單中包括21種被廣泛認可的入侵物種和18種用于對照的非入侵性外來物種。having established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was known about the plants chemistry. their aim

50、was to find the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant, bacteria and fungi that might want to infect it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and light. botanists know a lot about which

51、 sorts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this way was not too hard.名單確定之后，他們就到圖書館查詢這些植物的化學性質，旨在找出每種植物所擁有的作用最為突出的“化學武器”。這種“化學武器”的攻擊對象包括可能吃掉該植物的昆蟲，使其感染的細菌和真菌以及與其競爭生長空間、水、養料和陽光的其它植物。植物學家對哪些化合物有哪些作用都了如指掌，因此這樣對化學物質進行分類并不太難。the researchers then compared the chemical arsenal