1、 動詞不定式無人稱和數的變化動詞不定式無人稱和數的變化,但有但有 時態和語態的變化。時態和語態的變化。 不定式不定式 時態時態 語態語態主動語態主動語態 被動語態被動語態 一般式一般式 to write to write to be to be written written 進行式進行式 to be to be writing writing 完成式完成式 to have to have written written to have to have been been written written 完成進行式完成進行式 to have been to have been writing

2、writing (二)、不定式的句法功能 主語 賓語 表語 定語 A. 跟不定式作賓語的常見動詞: （）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、 refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、 forget ,bother . B. 常跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語的動詞: tell, advise, show, teach

3、, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain tell sb what to do A.表示按計劃和安排將要發生的事情。 表示主語的內容，但側重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情態意義(應該, 必須)。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. A. let, have, make, get等表使役的動詞等表使役的動詞 They made us go with them. 注意注意: Let/ have/make sb. do

4、 ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them. B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求等表要求,命命 令的動詞令的動詞 The chairman requested the members to be silent. C. allow, permit, forbid等表許可或禁止等表許可或禁止 的動詞的動詞 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的等表希望的 動詞動詞(hope無此用法無此用法) Many parents expect

5、their children to study abroad. E. F. 其他動詞其他動詞 advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind Please remind me to take the raincoat. Practice 2 (09全國)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked atB. to look at C. to looking atD. look at B 3 (09

6、山東，22) We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding A 4 (09遼寧，27) _, you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner 5. (09安徽，28) The play _ next month aims mainly to re

7、flect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C.to be produced D.havingbeen produced B C 時態時態 語態語態主動語態主動語態 被動語態被動語態 一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving done having been having been done done (一一).的語法形式的語法形式 無人稱和數的變化無人稱和數的變化,但有時態和語態的但有時態和語態的 變化變化. (二二)、動名詞的句法功能、動名

8、詞的句法功能 具有名詞的特征具有名詞的特征,可充當成分可充當成分: 主語主語賓語賓語 表語表語 定語定語 1） 動名詞在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time浪費時間/ a good pleasure 等名詞 + doing”結構中作主 語，it為形式主語。例如： It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.寫信給他不妥, 他從來不回信 It is no use talking too much. 2） 動名詞在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ inter

9、esting/ worthwhile 值得的等 形容詞 + doing”結構中作主語。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper. 3） 動名詞在“There is(was) no + doing”結構中作主語。例如： There is no denyingdna that she is very efficient. 她效率高 是不容否認的 注注: 動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語,沒有太沒有太 大區別。在表示經常習慣性動作多用動名詞大區別。在表示經常習慣性動作多用動名詞; 在在 表示具體某次動作表示具體某次動作, 特別

10、是將來的動作時特別是將來的動作時,多用不多用不 定式。定式。 有些動詞短語后也要求跟動名詞作 賓語。常這樣用的動詞短語有： cant stand不能忍受 , cant help禁不住 . 介詞介詞 注意注意: 介詞后如果需要非謂語動詞作賓語介詞后如果需要非謂語動詞作賓語, 只能是動名詞只能是動名詞,不可用不定式不可用不定式 。 Are you good at playing football? 其他介詞不易錯其他介詞不易錯,重點是介詞重點是介詞to .因為不定式因為不定式 符號也是符號也是to ,所以一定要記住有關的短語。所以一定要記住有關的短語。 , Practice 返回 (1). 無人稱

11、和數的變化無人稱和數的變化,但有時態和語態的但有時態和語態的 變化變化.其時態和語態的變化形式與動名詞相同其時態和語態的變化形式與動名詞相同. 時態時態 語態語態主動語態主動語態 被動語態被動語態 一般式一般式 doingdoingbeing done being done 完成式完成式 having donehaving done having been having been done done 現在 A.作感官動詞的作感官動詞的 或方式或方式 B. 作使役動詞的 1)作時間狀語作時間狀語, 可以表示三個時間概可以表示三個時間概 念念 A.表示和謂語動作同時發生表示和謂語動作同時發生,相當

12、于相當于 “as soon as” 引導的時間狀語從引導的時間狀語從 句句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he B.謂語動詞的動作發生在分詞動作的 過程中,表示”在做某事期間”相當 于由when/while 引導的時間狀語從 句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the

13、 street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分詞的動作發生在謂語動作之前如果分詞的動作發生在謂語動作之前, 分詞就要用完成時。如分詞就要用完成時。如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework. 2)作原因狀語作原因狀語,相當于由相當于由because/as 引導的

14、原因狀語從句。引導的原因狀語從句。 A.和謂語動詞的動作同時發生 Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to B.如果分詞的動作發生在謂語動作之前, 分詞就要用完成時。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to

15、see it last night. 3)作條件狀語,相當于由 if 引導的條件狀語 從句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find 4)作讓步狀語作讓步狀語,相當于由相當于由 although/though 引導的讓步狀語從句引導的讓步狀語從句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the

16、 meeting. 5)作伴隨狀語作伴隨狀語(方式狀語方式狀語),表示同謂語的動表示同謂語的動 作同時發生作同時發生,相當于由并列連詞連接的兩個相當于由并列連詞連接的兩個 并列動作。并列動作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意注意:只有現在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀只有現在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀 語語,且常放于主句后。且常放于主句后。 6)作結果狀語,同謂 語動詞的動作幾乎同時發生。 The mothe

17、r died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two. Practice (1).的語法形式 無人稱和數的變化無人稱和數的變化,也沒有時態也沒有時態 和語態的變化。和語態的變化。(done) 1.作表語 作表語作表語,相當于一個形容詞相當于一個形容詞,說說 明主語的狀態。如，明主語的狀態。如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved. 注意注意:被動結構與系表結構的區別被動結構與系

18、表結構的區別 這兩種結構形式都是這兩種結構形式都是be+ 這兩種結構的主要區別是這兩種結構的主要區別是:被動語態被動語態 強調所發生的動作強調所發生的動作,而系表結構表示而系表結構表示 的是主語的特點或狀態。的是主語的特點或狀態。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被動結構被動結構) The cup is broken.(系表結構系表結構) 2.作定語 作定語, 它的邏輯主語就是 它所修飾的詞,有以下三個特點 : A.及物動詞的 B.不及物動詞的不及物動詞的 與它所修飾的名詞沒有與它所修飾的名詞沒有 關系。關系。 fallen leaves=l

19、eaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen C.有些表示心理活動的過去分詞作定語, 表面是修飾它后面的名詞,但實質是說 明當事者的心理狀態。所以過去分詞 與它所修飾的名詞沒有關系。 The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise) The fathers loud voi

20、ce made a frightened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.) 3. 過去分詞作賓補 過去分詞作賓補,過去分詞和賓語的關系是 被動關系,說明賓語的狀態,表示動作的完 成。常用來 作感官動詞 和使役動詞 的 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house b

21、roken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket. 1)做時間或條件狀語,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 2) 作 Deeply moved by the story, the children be

22、gan to cry. =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children. 3)作 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. =She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought. = He sat there, and was lost in thought. _ more attention

23、, the tree could have grown better. （條件狀語） A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given. 2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定語） A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written Practice 高考點擊 3. _ in thought, he almost ran in

24、to the car in front of him.（原因） A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 4. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.（條件） A. begins B. having begun B. C. beginning D. begun 一、分析句子結構一、分析句子結構 解題步驟解題步驟 1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it . A. Having be

25、en told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：分析：用連詞用連詞but 引導并列句子，引導并列句子， 因此，前面也是個獨立句子，故選因此，前面也是個獨立句子，故選 C。 2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：分析：句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞引導，句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞引導， 因此，前面不是句子結構，只是句子的一

26、因此，前面不是句子結構，只是句子的一 個成分，故選個成分，故選A，用非謂語動詞作狀語。，用非謂語動詞作狀語。 二、分析邏輯主語二、分析邏輯主語 非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動 詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執行者就叫做詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執行者就叫做 邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏 輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不 一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。 1. _no buses , we have to walk home . 2. _Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home . A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being 分析：句分析：句1. 表示表示“沒有公共汽車沒有公共汽車”， 應用應用“there be”結構，即邏輯主語是結構，即邏輯主語是 “the buses”，故選，故選A 。