1、托福能力測(cè)試題 Ei匸啟悟教肓 窗學(xué)眾務(wù)o ta訓(xùn) 啟德教育TOEFL入學(xué)程度測(cè)試卷 學(xué)員姓名 TOEFL入學(xué)測(cè)試強(qiáng)化突破階段 學(xué)員年齡 測(cè)試?yán)蠋?測(cè)試時(shí)間 測(cè)試成績(jī) 建議班級(jí) 一、閱讀部分 (20 ) Types of Social Groups Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction Moreover, our humanness

2、 must be sustained throughsocial interaction and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive t

3、ies and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental

4、 ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists

5、have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; w

6、e view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as mean

7、s to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

8、A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rap

9、port with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and cont

10、inuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are i

11、ntroduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a societys cultura

12、l patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surpr

13、isingly, sociologists find that the strength of a groups primary ties has implications for the groups functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. - 2 - TOEFL入學(xué)測(cè)試強(qiáng)化突破階段 Third, primary groups are fun dame ntal because the

14、y serve as powerful in strume nts for social con trol. Their members comma nd and dispe nse many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threate ning to ostracize those who deviate from

15、 the primary groups no rms. For in sta nee, some social groups employ shunning (a pers on can rema in in the com mun ity, but others are forbidde n to in teract with the pers on) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Eve n more im

16、porta nt, primary groups defi ne social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situati ons, they elicit from us behavior that con forms to group-devised meanin gs. Primary groups, the n, serve both as carriers of social norms and as en forcers of them. Par

17、agraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relati on ships with other people. Our huma nn ess arises out of these relati on ships in the course of social interaction Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social in teract ion and fairly con sta ntly so. When an associati on con ti nues

18、long eno ugh for two people to become lin ked together by a relatively stable set of expectati ons, it is called a relati on ship. 1. The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning to Odelicate elaborate Oprivate Ocommon 2. Accord ing to paragraph 1, which of the followi ng is true of a relat

19、i on ship? Olt is a structure of associati ons with many people. Olt should be studied in the course of a social in teracti on. Olt places great dema nds on people. Olt develops gradually overtime. Paragraph 2 : People are bound with in relati on ships by two types of bon ds: expressive ties and ins

20、trumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed whe n we emoti on ally inv est ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through associatio n with people who are meanin gful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, accepta nee, compa nion ship, and pers onal worth. In strume nta

21、l ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasi on ally, this may mea n worki ng with in stead of aga inst competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relatio nship with any larger sig nifica nee. 3.

22、The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning to Oeav ing Oexpos ing Cprovidi ng Oun dersta nding 4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the authors men ti on of work ing with competitors in paragraph 2? Olnstrumental ties can develop even in situations in wh

23、ich people would no rmally not cooperate. Oln strume ntal ties require as much emoti onal in vestme nt as expressive ties. Oln strume ntal ties invo Ive security, love, and accepta nee. Oln strume ntal ties should be expected to be sig ni fica nt. Paragraph 3 : Sociologists have built on the distinc

24、tion between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and sec on dary. A primary group invo Ives two or more people who enjoy a direct, in timate, cohesive relati on ship with one ano ther. Expressive ties predo min ate in primary groups; we view the peopl

25、e as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A sec on dary group en tails two or more people who are invo lved in an impers onal relati on ship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. In strume ntal ties predo min ate in sec on dary groups; we perceive people as means t

26、o ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relati on ships evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships. This happe ns in many work sett in gs. People on the job ofte n develop close relatio nships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfa

27、ct ions. 5. According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main differe nee betwee n primary and sec on dary groups? OPrimary groups con sist of people work ing together, while sec on dary groups exist outside of work sett in gs. Oln primary groups people are see n as means, while in sec

28、on dary groups people are see n as en ds. OPrimary groups invo Ive pers onal relati on ships, while sec on dary groups are mai nly practical in purpose. OPrimary groups are gen erally small, while sec on dary groups ofte n con ta in more tha n two people. 6. Which of the following can be inferred fr

29、om the authors claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relati on ships sometimes evolve out of sec on dary group relati on ships? OSec on dary group relati on ships begi n by being primary group relati on ships. OA sec on dary group relati on ship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary gro

30、up relatio nship. OSociologists believe that only primary group relati on ships are importa nt to society. OEve n in sec on dary groups, freque nt com muni cati on serves to bring people into close relati on ships. Paragraph 4 : A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will

31、arise. First, group size is important.We find it difficult to get to know people pers on ally whe n they are milli ng about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better cha nee to in itiate con tact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face con tact allows us to size u

32、p others. Seeing and talki ng with one ano ther in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle excha nge of ideas and feeli ngs. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds in creases as we have freque nt and con ti nu ous con tact. Our ties with people ofte n deepe n as

33、 we in teract with them across time and gradually evolve in terlock ing habits and in terests. 7. The phrase size up in the passage is closest in meaning to Oenl arge Oevaluate Oimpress Oaccept Paragraph 5: Primary groups are fun dame ntal to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to

34、the socialization process. Within them, infants and childre n are in troduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breed ing grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger soc

35、iety because they tran smit, mediate, and in terpret a societys cultural patter ns and provide the sense of onen ess so critical for social solidarity. 8. Which of the senten ces below best expresses the esse ntial in formatio n in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices cha nge

36、the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Sociologists think that cultural patter ns establish conn ecti ons betwee n the in dividual and the larger society. Sociologists believe that in dividuals with a sense of onen ess bridge the gap betwee n society and primary groups. So

37、ciologists thi nk primary groups con tribute to social solidarity because they help main tai n a societys cultural patter ns. Sociologists believe that the cultural patter ns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups. 9. This passage is developed primarily by drawi ng compa

38、ris ons betwee n theory and practice Cprese nti ng two oppos ing theories defi ning importa nt con cepts and providi ng examples of them discuss ing causes and their effects Paragraph 7 : Third, primary groups are fun dame ntal because they serve as powerful in strume nts for social con trol. Their

39、members comma nd and dispe nse many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make ourlives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can freque ntly win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary groups no rms. For in sta nee, some social groups

40、 employ shu nning (a pers on can rema in in the com muni ty, but others are forbidde n to in teract with the pers on) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by struct

41、uring our experiences. By providing us with defi niti ons of situatio ns, they elicit from us behavior that con forms to group-devised meanin gs. Primary groups, the n, serve both as carriers of social norms and as en forcers of them. 10. The word deviate in the passage is closest in meaning to detr

42、act adva nee -6 - TOEFL入學(xué)測(cè)試強(qiáng)化突破階段 Oselect Odepart 11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? OTo enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group OTo discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group OTo commend and reward the behavior of the oth

43、er members of the group OTo decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation? Paragraph 6：Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an ove

44、rall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a groups primary ties has implications for the groups functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. 12. Look at the four squares that indi

45、cate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit? 13. Directions : Complete the table below by selecting

46、three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points . Primary Groups Secondary Groups Answer Choices ODeveloping socially acceptable behavior OWorking together against competitors OExperi

47、encing pressure from outside forces OViewing people as a means to an end OExisting for practical purposes OProvidi ng meaning for life situati ons Olnv olvi ng close relatio nships 二、聽(tīng)力部分 (10) 1 What is the main purpose of the lecture? A To introduce a method that can help students remember new info

48、rmation B To introduce a way to study how information passes from one person to another C To explain the differences between biological information and cultural information D To explain the differences between stories, songs, and other pieces of information 2 Why does the professor tell the story ab

49、out alligators? A To explain the difference between true and false stories B To draw an analogy between alligator reproduction and cultural transmission C To give an example of a piece of information that functions as a meme D To show how a story can gradually change into a song 3 According to the professor, which of the following are examples of meme transfer? (2 answers) A Telling familiar stories B Sharing feelings C Composing original music D Learning a scientific theory 4 What example does the professor give