此文檔收集于網絡，如有侵權，請聯系網站刪除建筑衛生陶瓷生產SANITARY WARE PRODUCTION 1. PRECRUSHING OF RAW MATERIALS原料初碎Hard materials (硬質料) like feldspar長石，quartz (石英)，may be precrushed (初碎)，in order to reduce (減少) the grinding (研磨) time during preparation (制備).The hard materials are charged (裝) to an impact crusher (錘擊破碎機), for reducing (縮小) the grain size (粒度).A vibrating sieve (振動篩) separates oversized (過大的) grain, which is returned (返回) to the crusher (破碎機).The crushed (破碎過的) materials are stored in silos (料倉).Zircon sand(鋯英砂) has tobe ground (研磨) in a ball mill (球磨機) to a maximum (最大) size of100micron (微米) and is then ground in a vibro-energy-mill (振動磨) to the final sizes.參考譯文：1、原料初碎為了縮短原料制備過程的研磨時間，諸如長石，石英之類的硬質原料可先進行初碎。將這些硬質料放進錘擊破碎機內縮小其粒度。較大的顆粒由振動篩分離出去，返回破碎機。破碎過的原料儲存在料倉內。鋯英砂應在球磨機內研磨，使最大粒度不超過100微米，然后再放入振動磨內研磨到所需要的粒度。2. BODY PREPARATION坯料制備According to（按照）the composition （配方）, the raw materials are taken out of the boxes by a shovel loader（裝載機）, weighed（稱重）on a platform scale （臺秤）and dumped（傾倒）into a box feeder （加料箱）. The amount loaded into the box feeder is recorded by the shovel loader driver.As soon as a batch（批料）is collected in the box feeder, a ball mill （球磨機）can be charged （加料）. The materials leaving the box feeder pass a clay（粘土） slicer（切碎機）in order to cut chunks（大塊）of clay to smaller size for easy dissolving（細碎）of the clay in the ball mill. By means of（通過）conveyor belts（輸送帶）the raw materials are transported into the ball mills.After adding the right amount of water via a water meter, theyare formed to a fine slip （細漿）. Grinding time will be approx 10 to 16 hours, depending on the materials. This slip is emptied via a course screen （粗目篩）into a propeller blunger tank（螺旋槳攪拌池）. From there the slip is pumped to the mixing blunger（混合攪拌機）. The scrap （廢料） and broken pieces are put in a high speed blunger（高速攪拌機）. Water is added to get the right literweight （升重） and dissolved （溶解）. This slip will be pumped over a screen to a storage tank. From there the scrap slip （回漿）is added to the mixing blunger.The ready prepared slip is pumped over a screen into slip storage containers（泥漿罐）.參考譯文：2、坯料制備按照配方，用裝載機將原料從料倉內取出，經臺秤稱重，倒入加料箱。裝入加料箱內的數量由裝載機駕駛員負責記錄。當一批料裝入加料器之后，先通過粘土切碎機將粘土塊破碎到較小程度，以便粘土在球磨機中細碎。原料通過傳送帶送到球磨機。通過水表控制加入適量的水，形成泥漿。研磨時間視原料情況大約需要10到16小時。然后通過粗目篩將泥漿倒進螺旋攪拌池。從攪拌池用泵將泥漿打進混合攪拌機，其余的廢料和碎塊放入高速攪拌機。加入適量的水溶解后，用泵通過篩子將泥漿打到儲漿池，回漿從這里放進混合攪拌機。制好的泥漿，用泵通過篩打到泥漿罐。3. GLAZE PREPARATION釉料制備Glaze（釉） raw materials（原料） are weighed（稱重） on a platform scale（臺秤） and loaded in containers（桶） whereby a complete batch of the required formula（配方） is compiled（混合）. The loaded containers are lifted to a working platform（工作臺） above the ball mill.The glaze raw materials along with the correct amount of water added are ground（研磨） for approx. 20 to 30 hours. The ground glaze slip is discharged（倒出） from the mills into agitator tanks（攪拌池） for storage（儲存）.The glaze slip is emptied（倒） by gravity（重力） from the tanks via（經過） vibrating sieve（振動篩） into container carts（小車） in which it is transformed to the glazing cabin（噴釉間）, after the adjustment to the right propertiesliter-weight（升重）, viscosity（粘度）, with a mixer.參考譯文：3、釉 料 制 備將坯釉原料用臺秤稱重，裝入桶內，按配方所需的配料在桶內混合。然后，將桶提升到球磨機上的工作臺。將釉料加入適量的水研磨大約20 至30小時，磨好的釉料從球磨機倒進攪拌池儲存。釉漿經攪拌機調到適當的程度，利用重力由料桶經過振動篩倒進料桶車，然后運到噴釉間。4. CASTING注漿To minimize production costs and utilize floor space effectively it is proposed to use battery casting machines（立式澆注，組合澆注） for the majority of the production requirements. Simple water closets（坐便器）, all wash basins（洗面器）, tanks（水箱）， lids（水箱蓋） and pedestals（支柱） will be produced on these machines. The balance（其它） of the plant output of more complex（復雜的） water closets will be produced on manual casting benches（人工注漿臺）.The casting shop（注漿車間） will be divided into separate rows of battery casting machines and manual benches. Slip（泥漿） will be supplied to each set of machines（注漿機） or benches（注漿臺） by a separate pipe work（管道） ring main（環管） fed by one of a series of high pressure pumps（高壓泵）. The pipe work will be configured（布置） to allow slip to be taken from any ark（泥漿池） and delivered to any of the casting ring mains.On the battery casting machines the high pressure slip（高壓泥漿） supply is distributed to the multiple（各個） moulds through pipe work and control valves（控制閥） ensuring even（均等） mould filling（注漿）. After casting the waste slip（余漿） is drained（排除） from the machines into underground storage arks（儲漿池）and subsequently（隨后） pumped to the slip house（泥漿房） for reuse. The machines are supplied with mould drying（模型干燥） which ensures the moulds are conditioned（準備） sufficiently for the anticipated（預期的） double daily casting（每天兩次注漿） operation. After casting the pieces（坯子） are placed onto holders（托架） carried on motorized roller conveyors（輥式輸送機） adjacent to（靠近） each machine. The casting pieces are then moved down to the end of the conveyor where they are fettled（修坯） and holes punched（打孔） prior to be placed onto the adjacent（附近的） overhead power and free conveyor carrier（架空電動輸送機）. On the manual casting benches slip is supplied through an overhead manifold（管道） to a central position of each of the benches where the moulds are filled through a flexible pipe（軟管） and casting nozzle gun（注漿噴嘴）. After casting the waste slip is again collected in storage arks and pumped to the slip house for reuse. Mould drying is provided for mould conditioning between casts. After casting the pieces are placed onto gravity roller conveyor（重力輥式輸送機） adjacent to casting benches before being fettled, punched and placed onto the power and free conveyor system.參考譯文：4、注漿為了減少生產成本和有效地利用地面空間，建議大部分生產需要使用立式澆注設備。簡單的坐便器，所有的洗面器、水箱、水箱蓋、支柱都用這些設備生產。成型車間設置數排立式澆注設備及人工注漿臺。泥漿通過獨立管道，用高壓泵送到注漿機或注漿臺。所設計的管道能從任何泥漿池抽出泥漿并送到任何泥漿管道。在立澆線上，高壓注漿會通過管道及控制閥門分配到各個模型，以確保注漿均勻。注漿后的余漿排除機外，送到地下儲漿池，然后用泵打到泥漿房重新使用。設備配有模型干燥系統，確保模型得到充分干燥，保證每天兩次注漿使用。澆注完成后的坯件放到澆注機旁的電動輥式輸送機的托架上。然后，注件送到輸送機末端進行修坯、打孔，接著送到旁邊的電動架空輸送機。至于人工注漿，泥漿經架空管道送到每個澆注臺的中心位置，利用軟管和注漿噴嘴注模，注漿后的余漿也儲存在儲漿池，用泵打到泥漿房以備再用。注模之間有模型干燥系統來干燥模型。澆注完成的坯件放到注漿臺旁的重力輥式輸送機上，然后經修坯、打孔，放到架空輸送系統上面。5. DRYING 干燥After green fettling（生坯休整） all casting pieces（注件） from battery and manual casting are placed on to a two deck carrier（雙層輸送托架） on the overhead power free conveyor system at their respective positions. From the loading position the full carriers are automatically conveyed to the entrance of one of the rapid tunnel driers（快速隧道式干燥器）. A flag control system（信號控制系統） automatically directs each type of ware to its respective dryer. A recirculation loop（循環封閉系統） is included to store loaded carriers（滿載的托架） in the event of（防止萬一） there being no dryer entrance slot（入口位置） available（可用）.Each dryer has an individual variable speed drive（變速驅動器） which allows cycle time（時間周期） to be adjusted within a range of 3-8 hours to suit the ultimate（最大極限） drying characteristics（特性） of the ware. The conveyor drive（輸送驅動器） is provided with a reversing facility（換向裝置） which maintains linear speed（線性速度） through the dryer ensuring even（均勻） drying.Drying of the ware is carried out（完成） in the rapid tunnel dryers（快速隧道干燥器）. The ware on carriers passes through 4 dryer stages（干燥階段）. In stage 1 moisture content（含水量） is reduced from 18 to 12% by increasing temperature to 35-50 deg. C and controlling relative humidity（相對濕度） to 55-60%. Air is circulated（循環） through a series of multi directional nozzles（多向噴嘴） around the ware and is exhausted（排氣） and/or recirculated dependent on（依照） its humidity content（含濕量） through an under carrier duct（輸送管道） and fan system（風機系統）In drying stage 2 moisture content of the ware is reduces from 12 to 6% by increasing temperature from 50-80 deg. C and circulating large volumes of air through a similar nozzle/duct/fan system. In final drying stage 3 the moisture content of the ware is reduced down to 1% by increasing temperature to 90 deg. C and circulating maximum air volumes with air movement and turbulence（湍動） throughout the zone. Finally in stage 4 of the dryer the ware is cooled by introducing controlled quantities of ambient air（內部空氣） to a temperature suitable for the following（連續的） fettling and glazing operations（修坯和施釉操作）. Each stage of the cycle can be adjusted for drying time, temperature and humidity to obtain the ultimate drying conditions（干燥狀態） for each specific piece.The dried（已干的） ware carrier is picked up on exit from the dryer by the power and free conveyor circulating track（電動架空傳送循環軌道） and delivered to the fettling station（修坯臺） position where the ware is unloaded by hand, a recirculation loop（循環封閉系統） is included in the section to store loaded carriers not able to be unloaded.After unloading the empty carriers are circulated back to the battery and manual casting（組合和手工澆注車間） department for loading newly cast ware.參考譯文：5、干燥修坯之后，所有的立澆及手工注件按其相應位置放在架空電動輸送系統的雙層托架上。從裝載處滿載的托架自動輸送到其中的一個快速隧道式干燥器的入口。信號控制系統會自動指示各種坯件到達相應的干燥器。在干燥器沒有入口可供使用的情況下，設有循環封閉系統來儲存滿載的托架。每個干燥器都有一個獨立的變速驅動器，能在周期3-8小時范圍內調節，以適應坯體的干燥特性。傳送輸送器帶有換向裝置，保持干燥器的線性速度，確保均勻干燥。坯體的干燥在快速隧道式干燥器內進行。托架上的坯體經過4個干燥階段。第一階段，將溫度提高到35-50度C，并將相對濕度控制在55-60%，水分含量從18%降到12%。空氣通過多向噴嘴在坯體周圍循環，并按含濕量通過下層管道及風機系統排出和/或再循環。第二干燥階段，溫度由50度C升到80度C，并通過同樣的噴嘴/管道/風機系統使大量的空氣循環，水分含量由12%降到6%。在最后的第三干燥階段，溫度上升到90度C，大量的空氣在干燥器內湍動，坯體的含水量降到1%。最后，在第四階段，利用控制室內空氣參數來冷卻坯件，使其溫度適合于連續的修坯及施釉操作。每一周期的干燥時間、溫度及濕度皆可調節以達到每件產品的最佳干燥狀態。已干坯體的托架，由電動架空循環軌道托到干燥器出口，并送到修坯處，用手工卸下來。在此處設有一套循環封閉系統用于儲存未能卸載的托架。卸載后,空架被送回立澆及人工注漿車間裝載新的坯體。6. FETTLING AND SPRAY GLAZING修坯和噴釉After drying, the ware is transported by power and free conveyor to the fettling area. Prior to glazing（施釉） and firing（燒成）, inspection is necessary to ensure that the ware is well finished and free from cracks and pinholes（沒有裂紋和針孔）.Twelve fettling booths（修坯室） each constructed to the standard B.C.R.A（英國陶瓷研究協會）.design with air supply fan and air extraction（抽吸） system will be arranged in close proximity（靠近） to each other where individual sanitary ware（衛生潔具） pieces are inspected, dry fettled（干燥修坯）, de-dusted（除塵） and sponged（用海綿擦） smooth.The fettled product is placed onto one of eighty worktables（工作臺） fitted to a variable speed（變速） floor mounted closed loop conveyor（封閉式環形輸送機） which transports the ware through manual and electrostatic glaze spaying booths（靜電噴釉櫥）.The conveyor first passes through an open front manual spray glazing booth（人工噴釉櫥）where areas of the ware which the automatic equipment cannot coat（噴涂） are manually glaze coated. The conveyor then proceeds to（到達） the totally enclosed electrostatic spray glazing booth where the worktable are rotated（旋轉） while two stations（組） of ten spray guns（噴槍） reciprocate（相互交替） within the enclosure（在里面）, projecting atomized（霧化） spray eletrostatically charged towards the clay ware（坯件） on the conveyor. The use of high voltage（高壓） electrostatic application together with reciprocators（交替裝置） allow glaze patterns to be blended（摻和） together giving a consistent（一致） and even（均勻） surface coating. The spray glazing booths incorporate（帶有） a glaze recovering system（回收系統） to facilitate the reclamation（回收） of a high proportion of any oversprayed material.When glazed the product is manually removed from the worktable and loaded onto kiln cars（窯車）. The worktable is then automatically cleaned and dried before arriving at the loading station ready to receive fettled ware（修好的坯件）.參考譯文：6、修 坯 和 噴 釉干燥完畢后，坯體用電動架空輸送系統運到修坯處。在施釉及燒成前，必須檢查，以確保坯體完美無缺，沒有裂紋和針孔。十二個修坯室每一個都按“英國陶瓷研究協會”標準設計，并有供氣風機和排氣風機。每件產品在這里都經過檢查、干修、除塵，并用海綿擦平。修過的產品依次放到落地式變速環形傳送機上的八十個工作臺上，接著通過人工和靜電噴釉櫥。傳送機首先通過開放式人工噴釉櫥，所有自動設備不能噴到的地方用人工噴釉，然后輸送機到達全封閉的靜電噴釉櫥。櫥內有工作臺旋轉，十個噴槍在里面分成兩組相互交叉工作，霧化噴射器通過靜電噴向輸送機上的坯體。高壓靜電及相互交叉裝置的使用使釉料摻和，從而使釉層均勻一致。噴釉櫥設有釉料回收系統來收集大部分溢噴的釉料。產品施釉后，用手工搬離工作臺，放在窯車上。工作臺在抵達裝坯臺前自動清洗、干燥、準備再次接收修好的坯體。7. FIRING 燒成Single firing（一次燒成） of all production from the factory will be carried out in the latest state of the art（現代化的） skate type tunnel kiln（隧道窯）. The kiln incorporates（包括） ultra modern（最先進的） design of refractories（耐火材料）, insulation（保溫）, air movement instrumentation and computer control ensuring low energy consumption and high product yield output（產量） with minimum losses. Automatic control of temperature, pressure, combustion（燃燒）, cooling（冷卻） and draught（通風） ensure the ultimate firing conditions（最佳燒成條件）.The kiln incorporates（包括） a fully automatic kiln car（窯車） motion equipment system with kiln pusher（頂車機）, transfer cars（托車）, storage and load/ unload tracks.For refiring（重燒） of ware that was substandard（次等的） after first firing and has been subsequently repaired（修補）, a direct fired（明焰） intermittent（間歇） shuttle kiln（梭式窯） is provided. This kiln has the capacity to fire 20% of the tunnel kiln(隧道窯) output if necessary.參考譯文：7、燒成所有的產品都在最先進的“SKATE”型隧道窯內一次燒成。該窯擁有設計先進的保溫耐火材料、氣體流動儀器及計算機控制，確保能耗低，產量高，損失少。溫度、壓力、燃燒、冷卻及排氣采用自動控制，保證最佳燒成條件。窯爐還包括一套全自動窯車運轉系統，有頂車機、托車、儲存和裝卸軌道。對于一次燒成低于標準的產品，經過修補，可用明焰間歇窯重燒。如果需要，該窯可燒成隧道窯燒后20%的產品。8. FINAL INSPECTION AND TESTING最后檢驗與測試Fired products（燒成的產品） are manually transferred from the kiln car to the final inspection benches where every piece of ware is examined for cracks（裂紋）, warping（變形）, glaze appearance（釉面）, pinholes（針孔）, blemishes（斑點） and size.After inspection the ware is transported by overload monorail（單軌） conveyor to the testing, warehouse, repair, re-spray and re-fire areas.Ware having small cracks, pinholes or other surface blemishes（瑕疵） will be repaired and stopped with a suitable fired body filler（填料）. Repairs will be carried out in a suitable grinding booth equipped with the necessary air extraction system（排氣系統）.Three wet back spray booths（濕式噴釉櫥） will be utilized for manual glaze overspraying of repaired ware prior to refiring in the intermittent shuttle kiln.Where necessary the backs of washbasins（臉盆） and the feet of water closets（坐便器） will be ground flat utilizing a pantograph arm grinding machine（縮放研磨機）.Satisfactory ware（合格產品） and ware having had minor faults（缺陷） removed by polishing（拋光） would be stored in the warehouse for packaging（包裝） and dispatched（發貨）.Tests carried out on finished products would include visual inspection（視覺檢查）, flushing（沖水） tests, water absorption（吸水性）, chemical resistance, crazing resistance（耐裂性）, resistances to staining and burning. 參考譯文：8、最后檢驗與測試燒成的產品由人工從窯車送到最后的檢驗臺。每件產品都要檢查其裂紋、變形、釉面、針孔、斑點及尺寸。檢驗后的產品由架空單軌輸送機送到測試、儲存、修補、重新施釉及重燒區域。有小的裂紋、針孔或其它表面斑點的產品可以用適當的填充料修補，修補過程是在設有必要的排氣系統的研磨室內進行的。三個濕式噴櫥用于間歇式梭式窯重燒前修補件的人工噴釉。必要情況下，洗面器的背面及坐便器底部可用縮放研磨機磨平。合格的產品或經拋光沒有缺陷的產品存在倉庫等待包裝、發貨。成品的測試包括視覺檢查、沖水測試、吸水性能、化學穩定性、抗裂強度、耐侵蝕及耐氧化性Infiltration tile, brick powder, 滲花磚 polycrystalline bricks, 微粉磚 polycrystalline powder, 聚晶磚 stone-ceramics, 聚晶微粉 antique tiles, 微晶石 wood turn, 仿古磚 the Interior 木紋轉 Brick, 內墻磚 Yaoxian, 腰線 Huapian花片陶瓷英語詞匯（1）精品文檔stoneware:粗瓷 dolomite：白云土 terracotta:紅土 construction/building material :建白材料 type of glaze: matt:啞光 transparent:透明釉 opaque: 不透明釉 pigmented:色釉 crackled:裂紋釉 pearlized :珍珠釉 under glazed:釉下彩 on-glazed:釉上彩 浮雕：relief, emboss bisque firing:素燒 glost firing:釉燒 decal：貼花 gild ：鍍金 trinket box：首飾盒 silk screen printing :絲網印 窯：kiln 素彩瓷 plain porcelain 高溫陶瓷 refractory china tunnel:隧道窯 印花：stamping 陶瓷原料 Ceramic Material 陶瓷英語詞匯（2）長石feldspar 瓷泥petunse, petuntse, petuntze 瓷漆enamel paint, enamel 封泥lute 高嶺土kaolin, china clay 硅石,二氧化硅silica, SiO2 堇青石cordierite 莫來石,紅柱石andalusite 泥果,坯體clay body 泥釉slip 石灰,生石灰,氧化鈣lime, calcium oxide, CaO 氧化錫tin oxide 釉glaze 原材料raw material 云母mica 皂石,塊滑石steatite 陶瓷類型 Types of Pottery 碧玉細炻器 jasper 薄胎瓷 thin china 彩陶器,釉陶 faience 陳設瓷,擺設瓷 display china 瓷 porcelain, china (China 中國來自Chin秦,在英文中中國和瓷同一單詞) 赤陶 terracotta, terracotta, red earthenware 代爾夫精陶 delft 德化陶瓷 Te-hua porcelain, Dehua pottery 高溫陶瓷 refractory china 工業陶瓷 industrial ceramics 工藝瓷,美術瓷,藝術瓷 art porcelain, art and craft china, art pottery, artistic china 骨瓷 bone china 官瓷 mandarin porcelain 光瓷 lusterware 黑色陶器 basalt 裂變瓷 crackled porcelain 裂紋瓷 crazed china 米色陶器 creamware 青瓷 celadon 青花瓷 bule and white porcelain 輕質瓷、輕瓷 light china 日用瓷 household china, table ware 軟瓷 soft porcelain 殺菌陶瓷 antiseptic pottery 繩紋陶器 Jomon pottery 施釉陶器 slipware 炻瓷 stoneware 素彩瓷 plain porcelain 陶瓷英語詞匯（3）陶 earthenware 陶瓷 pottery 無釉陶、陶瓷素燒坯 biscuit, unglazed ware 錫釉陶 majolica 細瓷 fine china 硬瓷 hard porcelain 赭色粘土陶器 terra sigillata 紫砂 purple granulated, purple sand, terra-cotta 工藝技術 Technology 凹雕 intaglio 標記 marking 玻璃化 vitrify 車削 turning 成型 forming 沖壓,沖壓花 repousse 瓷土加工 clay processing 雕刻 carving 浮雕 relief 隔焰窯 muffle 工藝技術 technology 硅氧鍵 silicon-oxygen bond 技藝 technique, craft 間斷窯 intermittent kiln 澆鑄 casting 拉毛 sgraffito 連續窯 continuo