Chapter2MorphologicalStructureandWord Formation I ThecomponentpartsofawordAmorphemeistheminimalsignificantelement Itisalsothesmallestunitofgrammaticalanalysis books doors computers plural movement establishment nounform worked shouted added pasttense Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes Someareformedbyonemorpheme e g dog big andothersbytwoormoremorphemes lovely love ly unacceptable un accept able II Contentmorphemes 實義形位 grammaticalmorphemesandallomorphs 形位變體 P307Contentmorphemesknownasfreemorphemesorrootsarethosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves e g big take kind teach Grammaticalmorpheme 語法形位Grammaticalmorphemesarethosethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme Theyarealsocalledboundmorphemes e g dig s take s un kind teach ing Notice sometimeswordsconsistoftwocontentmorphemes housework classroom blackboardIII Methodsofword formation1 AffixationP308 Amorph形素isthephoneticrealization representation ofamorpheme Thesamemorphememayberepresentedinseveraldifferentphonologicalforms e g hunted id fished t buzzed d Thepasttensemorpheme ed isrealizedinthreedifferentmorphs d t id So d t id arethevariantsofthesamemorpheme ed andarecalledallomorphs Anallomorph形位變體isoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalenvironments Allomorphsarevariantsofamorpheme e g thepluralmarkerinEnglishissometimesrealizedas z s or iz 自由詞根 自由形式詞根粘著詞根形位前綴派生詞綴粘附形式后綴詞綴屈折詞綴 III Methodsofword formation詞的構成方式 Word formationistheprocessofcreatingnewwordsfromthematerialavailableinthelanguageaccordingtocertainstructuralandsemanticformulasandpatterns Sixmethodsofword formation 1 Affixation 詞綴法 2 Conversion 轉類法 3 Compoundingorcomposition 合成法 4 Blending 拼綴法 5 Back formation 逆成法 6 Shorteningorabbreviation 縮略法 Affixationistheprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyaddingaffixestoaroot stem prefixes comebeforetheroot unable dislike affixessuffixes comeaftertheroot careful hopeless 1 NegativePrefixesa meaning not without oppositeto apolitical havingnointerestinorassociationwithpolitics不關心政治的 對政治不感興趣或與政治無關的asexual 無性的 無性生殖的asexualreproductionatypical 非典型的 不規則的asocial notsociable孤僻的 不善社交的antisocial反社會的e g crime riots druguseandotherasocialbehavior犯罪 暴行 吸毒及其它反社會行為 amoral 與道德無關的 非道德性的 沒有是非觀念e g Youngchildrenareamoral dis meaning not theconverseof disgrace tobringshameordishonoron使羞辱 使蒙羞e g disgracedtheentirecommunity使整個社區蒙羞 grace tohonororfavor使 增光 使 榮耀Finepaintingsgracedthewallsoftheroom 這些精美的畫是四壁生輝 disarm 解除武裝 繳械 裁減軍備e g Thepolicedisarmedthecriminals disloyal lackingloyalty不忠實的 不忠誠的distasteful unpleasant disagreeable使人不愉快的 令人反感的 討厭的dissimilar unlike different不一樣的 不同的 dispossess todeprive another ofthepossessionofsomething suchasrealproperty奪取 霸占 剝奪 另一個人 的財產 如不動產disprove toprovetobefalse invalid orinerror refute證明 不真實 證明 虛假或不正確 反駁disuse v n 廢止 停止使用e g wordsthathavefallenintodisuse廢止不用的詞dishonest dissatisfaction displeased in il ir im 加在p b m前 meaning not lackof inaudible impossibletohear聽不見的e g aninaudibleconversation聽不到的談話injustice insensitive illogical illiterate illegitimate irresistible irresponsibility irrelevant immoral imbalance improbable immature non meaning not nonage 未成年 age 成年 法定年齡 nonprofit 非贏利的 不以贏利為目的的e g anonprofitorganization非盈利組織nonsmoker 不抽煙的人 禁止吸煙列車車廂nonviolenceP15 un averyproductiveaffixunsmiling 不笑的 面無笑容的 嚴肅的undemocratic 不民主的unambitious 無野心的 無大志的unfeeling 冷酷的 無情的uneatable unfortunate unthinkable untouchable unusable unlockthedoor untietherope unzipthejacket unplugtherecorder uncurlthehair undressthebaby uncorkthebottle unbuttonthecoat unrollthemap undothewrongs unearththespy unwraptheparcel unmask 脫去假面具unhorse tocausetofallfromahorse使從馬上落下 de meaning reversingtheaction deprivingof deform tospoilthenaturalformof misshape使失原形 使成畸形Agedeformsthespine deice tomakeorkeepfreeofice melticefrom除冰 防止 上結冰 融化 上的冰e g deicetheplane swingsbeforetakeoff起飛前除去機翼上的冰 demoralize di toweakenthecourage confidence etc 使沮喪 使無信心 使意志消沉Losingseveralmatchesinsuccessionhadcompletelydemoralizedtheteam decentralize 分散 行政權 demystify tomakelessmysterious tomakesomethingeasiertounderstand使非神秘化 減少神秘性WhatIneedisabookthatwilldemystifytheworkingsofacarengineforme debug 尋出并拆除 內的竊聽器e g debugaconferenceroom拆除會議室內的竊聽器descale 除去水垢 scale 鍋垢 水垢 deforest di v 砍伐森林 去掉樹木Deforestationisdestroyinglargeareasoftropicalrainforest 2 PejorativePrefixesmal meaning badly bad addedtoverbs participles adjectives andabstractnouns maltreat malformed畸形的 malnourished malpractice professionalmisconduct瀆職 不當的診治malabsorption m l b s p n 吸收不良malfunction n 故障v 發生故障運轉不正常 mis wrongly astray addedtoverbs participles andabstractnounsmisinterpret misleading misunderstandingmisbehave vi tobehavebadly舉止不端vt tobehave oneself inaninappropriateway行為不端 舉止不當Thechildrenmisbehavedthemselvesatdinner 孩子們在晚餐上舉止不當Theboywasalwaysgettingintroubleformisbehavingatschool mismanage 把 辦錯 管理不善 處理不當mistrust n v 不信任 猜疑e g mistrustsb sabilitytodoathing懷疑某人辦事能力mistime 使 言行等 不合時宜 搞錯 的時間e g Thegeneralmistimedtheattack whichshouldhavebeenmadeanhourearlier e g mistimedremarks不合時宜的話 pseudo false imitation productivewithnounsandadjectivespseudonym假名 筆名 pseudo friend pseudoscience pseudo metal pseudo democratic pseudo fact 3 PrefixesofDegreeorSizearch ofhighestrank chief supreme archangel archbishop archduke大公 arch capitalist archenemy大敵 首敵arch rival主要競爭對手 extra very productivewithadj extra large extra strong extra bright extra fine extra special異常優秀的hyper extreme hypercautious謹小慎微的 hypercritical苛求的 吹毛求疵的hypersensitive過度敏感的hyperactive活動過度的 極度活躍的 macro large formingtechnicaltermsmacroeconomics宏觀經濟學 macrostructure宏觀結構 macrocosm theentireworld theuniverse整個世界 宏觀世界 宇宙 micro verysmall formingmostlyscientificortechnicaltermsmicrosurgery顯微外科手術 microwave microfilm microcomputer microbiology microelectronics microeconomics 微觀經濟學microenvironment theenvironmentofaverysmall specificarea微環境 小環境 mini little minibus minicab微型出租車 mini camera小型照相機 mini skirtminibikini超短兩截式女minibreak短暫停頓 休息 out surpassing withverbs nounsandadjectivestoformnewtransitiveverbsoutlive outrun outlast outrideoutjump比 跳得高 或遠 outsell賣得比 多outplay todefeatinagameoutdo todoorbebetterthan優于 勝過Sheoutdidhiminrunningandswimming outweigh tobemoreimportantthanThemedicalbenefitsofX raysfaroutweightheriskofhavingthem outwit todefeatbybehavingmorecleverly以機智取勝 智取outnumber 數目超過 比 多outfox todefeatbybeingcleverer以計謀取勝 比 更狡猾outbrave tofightbravelyagainst usu withsuccess以勇敢戰勝 over excessive toomuch addedtoadjectives verbsandnounsover react反應過度強烈 overcharge對 要價過高 overestimate overprotect over anxious Youmustlearnnottooverreacttocriticism Overeatingissurelythemaincauseofobesity Insurancecompaniesarealreadyoverburdenedwithsimilarclaims索賠 sub secondary lessimportant productiveinthissensewithnounstoformnewnounssubsystem次要系統 子系統 subheading副標題 subcontractor轉包商 subcommittee委員會的附屬委員會 小組委員會 subculture亞文化群 一種文化內具有獨特性的一群人 subplot aplotsubordinatetothemainplotofaliteraryworkorfilm次要情節sub notquite beneath inadjectivesandnounssubfreezing低于冰點的 subnormal低于正常的 substandard標準以下的 不合規格的e g Asubstandardserviceorproductisunacceptablebecauseitisbelowarequiredstandard super morethan beyond veryspecial superhero supernatural superconductor supersimplification superspeed superhuman supersophiscated superbomb超級炸彈 氫彈 ultra extreme productivewithadjectivesultra fashionable ultra intelligent ultraleft極左的 ultra pious ultramilitant極端好戰的 under insufficient beneath underpay topayinsufficientlyorlessthanisdeserved少付工資 支付工資不足或少于應得的undervalue低估 評價過低 underdeveloped underused未充分利用的 underfinanced資金短缺的 財力不足的 4 PrefixesofOrientationandAttitudeanti against opposed productivewithnounsandadjectivesanti abortion antinuclear反對使用或生產核武器的 antiwar anticolonial preventing destroying anti aging防衰老的antifreeze 汽車水箱 防凍液antibacterial抗菌的 抗菌藥 counter against inoppositionto counteroffer anoffermadeinreturnbyonewhorejectsanunsatis factoryoffer反出價 還價counterespionage反間諜 活動 counteraccusation反控 counterstrike counterclockwise反時針方的counterattackn v 反攻 反擊 ChinawarnedoftoughcountermeasuresafteraJapanesecourtonSundayextendedthedetentionofaChinesetrawlercaptain illegallyheldinJapanaftercollisionsinwatersoffChina sDiaoyuIslandsonSept7 pro for infavorof proabortion贊成人工流產合法化的pro American親美的 5 LocativePrefixesextra outside withadjectivesextra curricular課外的 extramarital私通的 婚外的extrasolar 天 存在于或來自于 太陽系以外的extraterritorial 治外法權的 在疆界以外的 不受管轄的 extragovernmental政府管轄之外的fore thefrontpartof placedatthefront forehead forearm foreleg forefoot inter between among interpersonal interstate州際的 intermarriage聯姻 異族結婚interplay相互影響 interdependence interline toinsertbetweenprintedorwrittenlines在字行間寫入 插入 Theteacherinterlinedcorrectionsonthestudent sthemes 在學生作文的字里行間 教師加進了修改的文字 intra within productivewithnounsandadjectivestoformadjectivesintra party政黨內的 intrageneration intranasal鼻內的intranational國內的 民族內的intravenous 醫 靜脈內的 靜脈注射的e g intravenousdrip靜脈滴注 intravenousinjection靜脈注射 venous靜脈血管的 靜脈的 trans across fromoneplacetoanother transcontinental橫貫大陸的 transpacific太平洋彼岸的 橫渡太平洋的transworld環球旅游的 遍及全球的 世界范圍的 6 PrefixesofTimeandOrderex former productivewithnounsex husband ex professor exconvict有前科者post laterthan after productivewithnounsandadjectivespostgraduate post independence postdate toputadateon acheck forexample thatislaterthantheactualdate填遲日期 fore before foreknowledge knowledgeorawarenessofsomethingbeforeitsexistenceoroccurrence預知 先見之明foreword前言 序言 forethought事先的考慮 預謀 深謀遠慮 forefather祖先 祖宗 pre before inadvance predetermine todetermine decideinadvance預先決定 預先斷定Thesefactorspredeterminetoalargeextenttheoutcome這些因素在很大程度上預先決定了其結果 pretrial pretrialimprisonment審前監禁 pretrialhearings審判前聽證會 preview preschool學齡前的 入學前的 preschoolerprerequisite先決 必要 條件 前提 to Goodself esteemisaprerequisitetoahappylife premature早熟的 不成熟的 re again back reconsider redecoration remarriage reread refresh 使 精神振作 使 精力恢復 7 NumberPrefixesmono one single monotone awayofspeakingorsinginginwhichthevoiceneitherrisesnorfalls單調tospeakinamonotone用單調聲音說monotonous monoplane monologue monocycle monorail monosyllabic uni one unilateral單方面 單邊的unicellular單細胞uniform統一的 相同的unicolored單色的unify使統一bi two bicycle bilingual biplane bisexualbilateral 兩邊的 雙方的e g abilateralagreement雙邊協定 bimonthly兩月一次的 雙月的e g abimonthlymagazine雙月刊biweekly 雙周的 半月刊 biangular雙角的 angular having forming orconsistingofanangleorangles 有角的 形成角的或由角組成的 tri three threetimes triangle tricycle trisyllabic triunity trinity 三位一體 tripartite composedofordividedintothreeparts三部分的 由三部分組成的或可分為三部分的relatingtoorexecutedbythreeparties三方的 與三方有關的或有關的或由三方執行的e g atripartiteagreement三方協議 quadri four quadrisyllabic quadrangular quadricycle quadrilateral penta five pentathlon五項全能pentagon五角形 五邊形pentagram五角星形pentasyllable五音節pentameter五韻步詩hexa six 在元音前作hex hexagon六角形hexode六極管hexameter六韻步詩hexagram六角星形 sex 六 亦作sexi sexangle hexagon 數 六角形 六邊形sexdigitism六指 趾 狀態sexcentenary六百年的 六百周年紀念 centenary n 一百年adj 一百年的 semi hemi half semi automatic semi naked semifinal semi colony半殖民地semi transparent半透明的 semiconductor 物 半導體hemispherehemialgia 醫 偏頭疼 8 ConversionPrefixestraditionallya addedtoverbstoproducepredicativeadjectivesasleep atremble alive aglow發紅的 發亮的 興奮的awash levelwithandwashedoverbywaves與海潮齊平的 淹沒的 地 e g Theriveroverfloweduntilthestreetswereawash be withnounstoformtransitiveverbsbewail因 而悲嘆 哀悼 痛哭bewailone sbadluck悲嘆自己的命苦 begrudge 嫉妒 羨慕e g Shebegrudgedhisyouth 她羨慕他的青春 grudge n 懷恨 怨恨 妒忌Ialwaysfeelshehasagrudgeagainstme 我總覺得她對我懷恨在心 withnounsplus edtoyieldadjectivesbeloved被深愛的 bejeweled