損傷與修復Hypertrophy 肥大Hyperplasia 增生Atrophy 萎縮Metaplasia 化生Degeneration 變性Cellular swelling （Hydropic Degeneration ） 水變性Fatty change （steatosis） 脂肪變性Hyaline degeneration 玻璃樣變/透明變Necrosis 壞死Pyknosis 核固縮Karyorrhexis 核碎裂Karyolysis 核溶解Coagulative necrosis 凝固性壞死Caseous necrosis / caseation 干酪樣壞死Liquefactive necrosis 液化性壞死Fat necrosis 脂肪壞死Fibrinoid necrosis 纖維素樣壞死Gangrene 壞疽Sinus 竇道Fistula 瘺管Organization 機化Apoptosis 凋亡Regeneration 再生granulation tissue 肉芽組織scar tissue 瘢痕組織Bony callus 骨痂局部血液循環障礙Hyperemia充血Congestion 淤血Arterial hyperemia動脈性充血Venous hyperemia靜脈性充血Cyanosis發紺Hemosiderin 含鐵血黃素Heart failure cells心衰細胞Brown duration 褐色硬化Nutmeg liver 檳榔肝Hemorrhage出血Disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC)彌漫性血管內凝血Thrombosis血栓形成Thrombus 血栓Pale thrombus白色血栓Mixed thrombus混合血栓Mural thrombus附壁血栓Red thrombus紅色血栓Hyaline thrombus透明血栓Microthrombus微血栓Fibrinous thrombus纖維素性血栓Recanalization 再通Calcification鈣化Phlebolith靜脈石Arteriolith動脈石Embolism 栓塞Embolus栓子Thromboembolism血栓栓塞Pulmonary embolism肺動脈栓塞Saddle embolism騎跨性栓塞Fat embolism脂肪栓塞Gas/air embolism氣體/空氣栓塞Decompression sickness減壓病Amniotic fluid embolism羊水栓塞Infarction梗死Anemic/white infarct貧血性/白色梗死Hemorrhagic/red infarct出血性/紅色梗死Septic infarct敗血性梗死Edema 水腫Pitting edema凹陷性水腫炎癥Inflammation 炎癥Alteration 變質Exudation 滲出Proliferation增生Exudate 滲出液Transudate漏出液Acute inflammation急性炎癥Chronic inflammation慢性炎癥Stasis血流停滯Margination邊集Rolling滾動Emigration 游出Chemotaxis趨化作用Inflammation mediator炎癥介質Serous inflammation漿液性炎癥Catarrh卡他Fibrinous inflammation纖維素性炎癥Suppurative / purulent inflammation化膿性炎癥Pus膿液Empyema積膿Phlegmonous inflammation蜂窩織炎Abscess 膿腫Hemorrhagic inflammation出血性炎Bacteremia 菌血癥Toxemia 毒血癥Septicemia 敗血癥Pyemia 膿毒血癥Metastatic abscess轉移性膿腫Chronic granulomatous inflammation 慢性肉芽腫性炎Granuloma肉芽腫Epithelioid cell 上皮樣細胞Langhans-type giant cell朗罕氏巨細胞Foreign body giant cell異物巨細胞腫瘤Neoplasm腫瘤Neoplasia 腫瘤形成Benign tumor良性腫瘤Malignant tumor惡性腫瘤Neoplastic proliferation腫瘤性增生Mass腫塊Carcinogen致癌物Parenchyma實質Stroma間質Differentiarion分化Angiogenesis血管生成Atypia異型性Pleomorphism多形性Tumor giant cell腫瘤巨細胞Hyperchromasia核深染Mitotic figure核分裂像Anaplasia 間變Anaplastic tumor間變性腫瘤Nomenclature命名Classification分類Grade分級Stage分期Carcinoma癌Undifferentiated carcinoma未分化癌Sarcoma肉瘤Carcinosarcoma癌肉瘤Teratoma畸胎瘤Invasion浸潤Metastasis轉移Expansive growth膨脹性生長Exophytic growth外生性生長Invasive growth浸潤性生長Capsule被膜Encapsulated 有被膜的Well-cirtcumscribed分界清楚Progression演進Heterogeneity異質性Direct spreading直接蔓延Primary tumor原發性腫瘤Secondary / metastatic tumor繼發性/轉移性腫瘤Lymphatic metastasis淋巴道轉移Hematogenous metastasis血道轉移Implantation metastasis種植性轉移Borderline tumor交界性腫瘤Malignant potential惡性潛能Papilloma乳頭狀瘤Adenoma腺瘤Cystadenoma囊腺瘤Squamous cell carcinoma鱗狀細胞癌Keratin pearl角化珠Adenocarcinoma腺癌Mucinous adenocarcinoma粘液腺癌Signet-ring carcinoma印戒細胞癌Lipoma脂肪瘤Hemangioma血管瘤Leiomyoma平滑肌瘤Liposarcoma 脂肪肉瘤Lieomyosarcoma平滑肌肉瘤Osteosarcoma骨肉瘤Retinoblastoma視網膜母細胞瘤Malignant melanoma惡性黑色素瘤Lymphoma淋巴瘤Precancerous disease/ lesion癌前疾病/ 病變Dysplasia 非典型增生/ 異型增生Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia宮頸上皮內瘤變Oncogene 癌基因Proto-oncogene原癌基因Tumor suppressor gene腫瘤抑制基因Cancer癌癥Cancer stem cell癌癥干細胞心血管系統疾病Atherosclerosis 動脈粥樣硬化Coronary atherosclerosis 冠狀動脈粥樣硬化Myocardial infarction 心肌梗死Hypertension 高血壓Rheumatism 風濕病Infective endocarditis 感染性心內膜炎Valvular vutium of the heart 心瓣膜病呼吸系統疾病Pneumonia 肺炎Chronic bronchitis 慢支Pulmonary emphysema 肺氣腫Bronchial asthma 支氣管哮喘Bronchiectasis 支氣管擴張癥Chronis pulmonary hypertension 慢性肺動脈高壓消化系統疾病Intestinal metaplasia腸上皮化生Chronic atrophic gastritis慢性萎縮性胃炎Chronic superficial gastritis慢性淺表性胃炎 Perforation 穿孔Penetration 穿孔Obstruction 梗阻Malignant transformation 惡性轉化Appendicitis 闌尾炎Acute appendicitis 急性闌尾炎Acute suppurative appendicitis 急性化膿性闌尾炎Acute gangrenous appendicitis 急性壞疽性闌尾炎Peritonitis 腹膜炎Sepsis 敗血癥Idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases 非特異性腸病Diarrhea 腹瀉Intermittent attacks 間歇性Perianal abscesses 肛門周圍膿腫Segmental distribution 節段性Skip areas 跳躍性Cobblestone 鵝卵石Linear narrow deep ulcers-fissures 裂隙狀深潰瘍Noncaseating granuloma 非干酪性肉芽腫Ulcerative colitis 潰瘍性結腸炎Pseudopolyps 假性息肉Gastric carcinoma 胃癌Early stage gastric carcinoma 早期胃癌Advanced gastric carcinoma 進展期胃癌Linitis plastica 革囊胃Left supraclavicular node 左鎖骨上窩淋巴結Krukenberg tumor 克魯勃根瘤Colorectal carcinoma 結直腸癌Esophageal carcinoma 食管癌Polypoid 息肉狀 Fungating 蕈傘狀 Raised everted edges 邊緣隆起 Traheoesophageal fistula 氣管食管瘺Dysphagia 吞咽困難Crypt abscess 隱窩膿腫Anemia 貧血Hematemesis 嘔血Melena 黑便Endoscopic visualization 內窺鏡Mucosa 粘膜Submucosa 粘膜下Serosa 漿膜Lesser curvature 小彎Greater curvature 大彎Helicobacter pylori (HP) 幽門螺旋桿菌Antrum 胃竇 Peptic ulcer 消化性潰瘍肝臟疾病Hepatic lobule 肝小葉Central vein 中央靜脈Hepatic cord 肝索Portal tract 匯管區Limiting plate 界板Viral hepatitis 病毒性肝炎Jaundice 黃疸Fecal oral infection 糞口傳播Asymptomatic carrier state 無癥狀攜帶者Acute&chronic hepatitis急性/慢性肝炎Fulminant hepatitis 暴發性肝炎Liver cirrhosis & cancer possibility exists肝硬化/肝癌Ballooning change 氣球樣變Lytic necrosis 溶解壞死Councilman body 嗜酸性小體Focal necrosis 局灶性壞死Piecemeal necrosis 碎片狀壞死Bridging necrosis 橋接壞死Submassive necrosis 亞大塊壞死Massive necrosis 大塊壞死Cholestasis 瘀膽Ground-glass hepatocyte 毛玻璃樣肝細胞Serum transaminase 血清轉氨酶Spotty necrosis 點狀壞死Mild type chronic hepatitis 輕度慢性肝炎Severe type chronic hepatitis 中度慢性肝炎Fulminant viral hepatitis 重型肝炎Acute yellow atrophy 急性黃色肝萎縮Nodular regeneration 結節狀再生Alcoholic liver disease 酒精性肝病Alcoholism 酒精中毒Hepatic steatosis 脂肪肝Alcoholic hepatitis 酒精性肝炎Liver cirrhosis 肝硬化Mallory bodyAlcoholic cirrhosis 酒精性肝硬化Pseudo-lobule 假小葉Micronodular cirrhosis 小結節性肝硬化Macronodular cirrhosis 大結節性肝硬化Chronic liver failure 慢性肝功能衰竭Portal hypertension 門脈高壓Ascites 腹水Spider nevi 蜘蛛痣Gynaecomastia 男性乳房發育癥Hepatic encephalopathy 肝性腦病Portosystemic shunts 門-體靜脈分流Hyperestrongenemia 高雌激素血癥Congestive splenomagly 脾淤血腫大Hypersplenism 脾功能亢進 Splenomegaly 脾腫大Esophageal varices 食管靜脈曲張Palmer erythema 肝掌Postviral cirrhosis 肝炎后肝硬化Biliary cirrhosis 膽汁性肝硬化Hepatocellular carcinoma 肝細胞癌Cholangiocarcinoma 膽管細胞癌Angiosarcoma 血管肉瘤Hepatoblastoma 肝母細胞瘤Aflatoxin B1 黃曲霉毒素Solitary massive type 巨塊形Multiple nodules type 多結節型Diffuse infiltrative 彌漫型Umbilication 癌臍Trabeculae 小梁Intrahepatic extension 肝內播散Satellite nodules 衛星結節淋巴造血系統疾病Lymphoid neoplasms 淋巴組織腫瘤Hodgkin lymphoma HODGKIN淋巴瘤Burkitt lymphoma BURKITT 淋巴瘤泌尿系統疾病Glomerulonephritis 腎小球腎炎Pyelonephritis 腎盂腎炎Glomerulus 腎小管Capillary tufts 血管球Parietal cell 壁層上皮Visceral cell 臟層上皮Mesangial cell 系膜細胞Podocyte 足突細胞Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) 腎小球基底膜Anuria 無尿Oliguria 少尿Uremia 尿毒癥Azotemia 氮質血癥Nocturia 夜尿Hematuria 血尿Proteinuria 蛋白尿Cast 管型Immunofluorescence 免疫熒光Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis 急性增生性腎小球腎炎Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 快速進行性腎小球腎炎Minimal changes disease 微小病變性腎炎Membranous glomerulonephritis 膜性腎小球腎炎Immune complex 免疫復合物b-hemolytic streptococci 乙型溶血性鏈球菌hypercellular 細胞增生humps 駝峰狀granular fluorescent 顆粒狀熒光linear pattern fluorescent 線性熒光Crescent 新月體Nephritic syndrome 腎炎綜合征Sclerosis 硬化Colloid cast 膠質管型Ascending infection 上行性感染Bloodstream infection 血源性感染 Uneven scarring 不規則疤痕Asymmetric 不對稱Thyroidization 甲狀腺樣Transitional cell carcinoma 移形細胞癌生殖系統和乳腺疾病Carcinoma of cervix 子宮頸癌Cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia 子宮頸上皮內瘤變Fibroadenoma 纖維腺瘤Hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎Invasive mole 侵襲性葡萄胎Choriocarcinoma 絨毛膜癌Carcinoma in situ 原位癌Exophatic 外生性Ulcerating 潰瘍型Infiltrating 浸潤型Gestational trophoblastic disease 滋養葉細胞疾病Lobular carcinoma in situ 小葉原位癌Ductal carcinoma in situ 導管原位癌Infiltrating ductal carcinoma 浸潤性導管癌Infiltrating lobular carcinoma 浸潤性小葉癌Colloid carcinoma 膠樣癌Chorionic epithelium 絨毛上皮Cytotrophoblast 細胞滋養層細胞Syncytiotrophoblast 合體滋養層細胞Placental chorionic villi 胎盤絨毛Fibrocystic changes 纖維囊性變Apocrine metaplasia of breast 乳腺大汗腺樣化生Micropapillae 微乳頭Cribriform 篩狀Comedo carcinoma 粉刺樣癌Upper outer quadrant 外上象限Scirrhous carcinoma硬癌Mucinous (colloid) carcinoma 粘液癌（膠樣癌）Tubular carcinoma 小管癌Anxillary nodes 腋窩淋巴結Estrogen receptor 雌激素受體內分泌系統疾病Diffuse nontoxic Goiter 彌漫性非毒性甲狀腺腫Diffuse hyperplastic goiter 彌漫性增生性甲狀腺腫Diffuse colloid goiter 彌漫性膠樣甲狀腺腫Nodular goiter 結節性甲狀腺腫Diffuse toxic Goiter 彌漫性毒性甲狀腺腫 thyroiditis 甲狀腺炎s