第1頁/共1頁北京市朝陽區高三年級第二學期質量檢測一英語試卷（考試時間90分鐘滿分100分）本試卷共10頁。考生務必在答題卡指定區域作答，在試卷上作答無效。第一部分知識運用（共兩節，30分）第一節（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。New-bornbabiesaren’tafraidofthedark.Theydon’thavea___1___ofthedarkyet;thatcomeslater.Oneday,my2-year-olddaughtersuddenlysaid,“Toodark!”afterweturnedoutthelight.Shebelievedsomethingwasunderthebed.To___2___hertears,Ipluggedinthedesklamptoprovetherewerenomonsters.WhenIfirststartedwriting,Ididn’tworryaboutthedarkasIcouldcreateallkindsofstories.Aftergraduation,Ibecameabusyparent.Mywriting___3___.NightsthatIwouldspendreadingorthinkingweregone.Iwroteat5ambeforethe___4___oftheeverydayhousework—laundry,playdatesandfeedings—butsoonnoddedoff.Iwasso___5___.Writinganxietygrewslowly.Wornout,Iforgottobuyanightlight.Thedesklampwastoobright.Anightlightwasenoughtohelpmydaughterseetheoutlineofthebed.Itwouldburnthroughthenight,calmingherfears.Shedidn’tneedittosee;sheneededittofeel___6___.InthebasementIfoundanoldplasticChristmastreeandtookituptoherroom.Mydaughtersawitandclapped___7___,“Light!Mylight!”Itsitsthereyear-round.AChristmastreeinJulyisodd,butperfectdoesn’t___8___,andbesides,itcaststheidealamountoflight.Inbeingaparentandawriter,thereisnofixed___9___,noonewayofdoingthingsthatisright;somethingsthatwemustdoareodd.Manythingsbringthelight.Somebringjustenoughlightthatyouarenolongerafraid.Theshadowylightthatsays,Don’tbescared,writeit!Itisalightto____10____you,tokeepyougoing.Anditburnsthroughthenight,keepingthemonstersatbay.1.A.secret B.hope C.fear D.habit2.A.wipe B.hide C.stop D.draw3.A.slowed B.ceased C.improved D.increased4.A.training B.division C.movement D.repetition5.A.lonely B.tired C.focused D.energetic6.A.safe B.quiet C.proud D.confident7.A.shyly B.softly C.politely D.excitedly8.A.last B.exist C.work D.arrive9.A.need B.term C.bond D.routine10.A.guide B.blind C.attract D.follow【答案】1.C2.C3.A4.D5.B6.A7.D8.B9.D10.A【解析】【導語】本文是篇夾敘夾議文。作者通過對自身經歷的敘述，鼓勵人們要勇于追尋生命中的能指引你前行的那束光。【1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他們還不害怕黑暗。A.secret秘密；B.hope希望；C.fear害怕；D.habit習慣。根據上句“New-bornbabiesaren’tafraidofthedark.(剛出生的嬰兒不怕黑。)”可知，這里指剛出生的嬰兒對黑不害怕，以后才會有恐懼感。故選C。【2題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：為了止住她的眼淚，我插上了臺燈的插頭，以證明沒有怪物。A.wipe擦掉；B.hide隱藏；C.stop停止；D.draw繪畫。根據“toprovetherewerenomonsters”可知，女兒因為害怕有怪物所以哭泣，作者插上了臺燈的插頭是為了證明沒有怪物，從而止住女兒的眼淚。故選C。【3題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我的寫作慢了下來。A.slowed放慢速度；B.ceased終止；C.improved提高；D.increased增加。根據下文“Iwroteat5ambeforethe4oftheeverydayhousework—laundry,playdatesandfeedings—butsoonnoddedoff.(我在早上5點寫作，然后開始重復每天的家務——洗衣服、玩伴和喂飯——但很快就睡著了。)”可知，作者每日忙于家務，非常疲憊，所以寫作速度也變慢了。故選A。【4題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我在早上5點寫作，然后開始重復每天的家務——洗衣服、玩伴和喂飯——但很快就睡著了。A.training訓練；B.division分歧；C.movement運動；D.repetition重復。根據上文“Ibecameabusyparent.(我成了一個忙碌的家長。)”和句中的“everydayhousework”及常識可知，作者成為家長后非常忙碌，每天都要重復做瑣碎的家務活。故選D。【5題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我太累了。A.lonely孤獨的；B.tired累的；C.focused專注的；D.energetic精力充沛的。根據上句“Iwroteat5ambeforethe4oftheeverydayhousework—laundry,playdatesandfeedings—butsoonnoddedoff.(我在早上5點寫作，然后開始重復每天的家務——洗衣服、玩伴和喂飯——但很快就睡著了。)”及下文“Wornout(感到筋疲力盡)”可知，作者每天都很忙碌及疲憊。故選B。【6題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：她需要它來感到安全。A.safe安全的；B.quiet安靜的；C.proud自豪的；D.confident自信的。根據上文“Itwouldburnthroughthenight,calmingherfears.(它會整夜亮著，安撫她的恐懼。)”可知，女兒需要這盞小夜燈安撫她的恐懼，讓她不再害怕，有安全感。故選A。【7題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：我女兒看到了，興奮地拍手：“光！我的光!”A.shyly害羞地；B.softly溫柔地；C.politely禮貌地；D.excitedly興奮地。根據女兒的歡呼““Light!Mylight!””可知，女兒看見圣誕樹時是非常興奮的。故選D。【8題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：七月的圣誕樹是奇怪的，但完美是不存在的，而且，它投下了理想數量的光。A.last持續；B.exist存在；C.work工作；D.arrive到達。根據常識可知，世上沒有完美的東西，所以完美是不存在的。故選B。【9題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：作為父母和作家，沒有固定的慣例，沒有一種正確的做事方法。A.need需要；B.term學期；C.bond聯系；D.routine慣例。根據句中“noonewayofdoingthingsthatisright”和常識可知，作為父母和作家，沒有什么正確的做事方法，可見也沒有固定的生活方式和日常習慣。故選D。【10題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：它是一束指引你前進的光。A.guide引導、指引；B.blind蒙蔽；C.attract吸引；D.follow跟隨。根據上句“Theshadowylightthatsays,Don’tbescared,writeit!(陰影的光說，不要害怕，寫下來！)”和本句中“tokeepyougoing”可知，這是一束指引你前行的光。故選A。第二節（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）A閱讀下列短文，根據短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當的單詞，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。ZhuMengdan,a15-year-oldfromtheLiethnic(少數民族的)group,grewupclimbingcoconuttrees.However,shehadneverimaginedherchildhoodgame____11____(become)anofficialeventatanationalcompetitiononeday.In2024,astheyoungestcompetitoronHainan’steam,Zhu____12____(participate)inthecoconuttreeclimbingcompetitionattheNationalTraditionalGamesofEthnicMinorities.“____13____makestheeventsospecialisthatitshowcasesHainan’suniqueculturalidentity.Ihopethiseventcontinuestogrow,”sheremarked.【答案】11.wouldbecome12.participated13.What【解析】【導語】本文是篇說明文。文章主要介紹了今年15歲黎族姑娘朱夢丹是攀椰競速項目海南代表隊年齡最小的選手，參加了全國少數民族傳統運動會。【11題詳解】考查動詞時態。句意：然而，她從來沒有想到，她童年的游戲有一天會成為全國比賽的正式項目。become為動詞，表示“變成”，在句中作謂語；根據“hadneverimagined”和“oneday”及句意可知，空處表示在過去某時看來將要發生的動作，應用過去將來時。故填wouldbecome。【12題詳解】考查動詞時態。句意：2024年，作為海南隊最年輕的選手，參加了全國少數民族傳統運動會爬椰樹比賽。participate為動詞，表示“參加”，在句中作謂語，與主語“Zhu”之間為主動關系；根據“In2024”可知，該句為一般過去時，表示過去發生的動作。故填participated。【13題詳解】考查主語從句。句意：這次活動的特別之處在于它展示了海南獨特的文化特征。空處引導主語從句，在從句中作主語，表示“使活動特別的東西”，故應用連接代詞what；句首字母大寫。故填What。B閱讀下列短文，根據短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當的單詞，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。DeepSeek-R1,____14____coretechnologiesarebuiltuponanext-generationlargelanguagemodelarchitecture,highlightsChina’sgrowingstrengthinAIinnovation.Thissmartassistantcananswercomplexquestions,createdigitalartandevenwritecomputercode.DeepSeek-R1learnsbyrepeatedly____15____(try),unlikeotherAIsthatrelyonlargeamountsofpreparedexamples.Itpractisesmanytimesandgets____16____(good),muchlikehowstudentsmastermaths.____17____thedevelopmentofDeepSeek-R1,Chinashowstheworldthatgreatthingscomefromnewideasandhardwork,notjustmoney.【答案】14.whose15.trying16.better17.With【解析】【導語】本文是篇說明文。文章主要介紹了人工智能應用DeepSeek-R1。【14題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：DeepSeek-R1的核心技術建立在下一代大型語言模型架構之上，凸顯了中國在人工智能創新方面日益增長的實力。空處引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞“DeepSeek-R1”，在從句中作定語，故應用關系代詞whose。故填whose。【15題詳解】考查動名詞。句意：DeepSeek-R1通過反復嘗試來學習，不像其他人工智能依賴于大量準備好的例子。動詞try用在介詞“by”后面，應用動名詞形式，作賓語，表示“通過反復嘗試”。故填trying。【16題詳解】考查形容詞比較級。句意：它反復練習，然后變得越來越好，就像學生如何掌握數學一樣。空處應用形容詞作表語；根據“practisesmanytimes”可知，空處指多次練習作對比，變得更好，應用比較級形式。故填better。【17題詳解】考查介詞。句意：隨著DeepSeek-R1的發展，中國向世界展示了偉大的事物來自新想法和努力工作，而不僅僅是金錢。空處應用介詞，后接名詞短語“thedevelopmentofDeepSeek-R1”作賓語，表示“隨著”，應用介詞with；句首字母大寫。故填With。C閱讀下列短文，根據短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當的單詞，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。It’sdifficult____18____(understand)jargon-filled(充滿行話的)writingthatacademicshavelongbeenaccusedof.Totrackacademicwritingovertime,TheEconomistanalyzed347,000PhDabstracts____19____(publish)between1812and2023.Theyfoundthattheabstractshavebecomehardertoread.Thoughspecializationandadvancesintechnologyrequiremorepreciseterms,thetrendofunreadableacademicwriting____20____(grow)stronger.Clearandsimplewritingwouldbeabreathoffreshair.【答案】18.tounderstand19.published20.isgrowing【解析】【導語】本文是篇說明文。文章主要敘述了難以讀懂的學術寫作趨勢越來越強的現狀。【18題詳解】考查動詞不定式。句意：學者們長期以來被指責的充滿行話的文章很難理解。understand為動詞，表示“理解”，根據句中謂語動詞“is”可知，應用其非謂語動詞形式；固定句式It’sdifficulttodo表示“做某事很困難”，It為形式主語，動詞不定式todo為真正的主語。故填tounderstand。【19題詳解】考查過去分詞。句意：《經濟學人》分析了1812年至2023年間發表的347,000篇博士論文摘要。publish為動詞表示“出版、發表”，根據謂語動詞“analyzed”可知，應用其非謂語動詞形式，作定語，修飾“abstracts”，并與其之間為被動關系，表示“發表的摘要”，故應用過去分詞形式。故填published。【20題詳解】考查動詞時態。句意：雖然專業化和技術的進步需要更精確的術語，但難以讀懂的學術寫作趨勢越來越強。grow為動詞，表示“成長、發展”，在句中作謂語，根據句意，該句應用現在進行時，表示目前“正在發生的動作”，主語是“thetrend”，謂語為單數。故填isgrowing。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節，38分）第一節（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。AUNESCOisinvitingteamsandindividualsfromAsiaandthePacifictosubmitcasestudiesontherolesandrisksofintangibleculturalheritage(ICH)(非物質文化遺產)inthecontextofclimatechange.ThegoalistosafeguardICHwhileadvancingsustainabledevelopment.ThesecasestudieswilldeepentheunderstandingofthelinksbetweenICHandenvironmentalsustainability,andinformfuturepoliciesandpracticesinheritageprotectionandclimateaction.FocusoftheCaseStudies:Submittedcasestudiesshouldaddressoneormoreofthefollowingquestionsindetail:●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinidentifying,assessingandmonitoringclimatechange?●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinpromotingcommunities’adaptationandsafeguardingagainstclimatechange?●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinreducingcarbonemissions(排放)anddisasterrisk?●Whatarethecultural,socialandeconomicimpactsandriskstoICHpractice,transmission(傳承)andsafeguardingduetoclimatechange?●WhatchangestoICHarerequiredforadaptationtoclimatechange?●WhatarelocalandregionalstrategiesforsafeguardingICHinthecontextofclimatechange?Thecasestudiesshouldbegroundedinevidence-basedresearchandinvolvethewidestpossibleparticipationofthecommunity,groupsorindividuals.Theyshouldhighlightthelinksbetweenculturaldiversityandenvironmentalsustainabilityandofferlocally-suitedsolutionsforsustainabledevelopment.SubmissionDetails:ThecasestudiesshouldbewritteninEnglishandbetween3,000and5,000wordsinlength.Allsubmissionsaretobesenttobeijing.culture@beforeApril15th,2025.Authorsofselectedcasestudiesmayhavetheopportunitytoparticipateinpublicationsorinternationalconferences.21.WhyisUNESCOcallingforcasestudies?A.Toshowtheriskofclimatechange. B.ToprotectICHinasustainableway.C.TostressUNESCO’simportance. D.ToraisefundsforICHprotection.22.Whichofthefollowingisafocusofthecasestudies?A.ICH’sroleinevaluatingclimatechange.B.ICH’seconomicvalueforcommunities.C.GlobalstrategiestosafeguardICH.D.Carbonemissions’effectsonICH.23.Thecasestudiestobesubmittedshould________.A.coverallthelistedquestionsB.maximizepublicparticipationC.bebasedonpersonalopinionsD.bewritteninChineseorEnglish【答案】21.B22.A23.B【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了聯合國教科文組織征集關于非物質文化遺產在氣候變化中的角色與風險案例研究的背景、焦點及提交詳情。【21題詳解】細節理解題。根據第一段中“ThegoalistosafeguardICHwhileadvancingsustainabledevelopment.(目的是在促進可持續發展的同時保護非物質文化遺產)”可知，聯合國教科文組織呼吁進行案例研究是為了以可持續的方式保護非物質文化遺產。故選B。【22題詳解】細節理解題。根據“FocusoftheCaseStudies(案例研究重點)”中的第一個問題“●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinidentifying,assessingandmonitoringclimatechange?(●非物質文化遺產在識別、評估和監測氣候變化方面發揮什么作用？)”可知，非物質文化遺產在評估氣候變化方面的作用是案例研究的一個重點。故選A。【23題詳解】細節理解題。根據倒數第二段“Thecasestudiesshouldbegroundedinevidence-basedresearchandinvolvethewidestpossibleparticipationofthecommunity,groupsorindividuals.(案例研究應以基于證據的研究為基礎，并使社區、團體或個人盡可能廣泛地參與)”可知，提交的案例研究應該使公眾參與范圍最大化。故選B。BLutherGerlach’simagesenrichthepermanentcollectionsoftheJ.PaulGettyMuseuminLosAngelesandtheNationalPortraitGalleryinLondon,amongotherinstitutions.Whilestudyinghiswork,onecannothelpbutrevisitthejourneyheundertookinpursuitofart.Gerlachhasdyslexia,aconditionthatmakesitdifficultforhimtoreadandspell,andinmiddleschool,itbegantoaffecthisstudies.AttheUniversityofMinnesota,whereGerlachstudiedbiology,hisstrugglewithwritingreachedatippingpoint.Gerlachlefttheuniversityandenteredartschool.“Arthasneverbeensomethingthatslowedmedown,incontrasttothewrittenword,”Gerlachsays.Aftergraduatingfromartschool,GerlachtookwhathelearnedandtraveledacrosstheUnitedStatessellinghisprintsatartfairs.Itwasthelate1980s,andGerlachtraveledroughly90,000milesayear,takingphotosalongtheway.Hewasmaking$100,000ayeardoingwhatheloved.Buttheemergenceofdigitalphotographychangedeverything.PhotographersbegantousePhotoshoptocreatethehand-brushedqualityofGerlach’sphotographsandtoldcustomerstheywereusingthesameprocessGerlachwasusing.“Iwouldhearthemtalking—completelies,”hesays.Ratherthandiveintodigital,Gerlachmovedintoaphotographicprocessthatwasquiteunusual:thewetcollodion(火棉膠)process,inventedin1851.Theprocessinvolvescoatingaplateofglassormetalwithcollodion,followedbyusingasilvernitrate(硝酸銀)bathtomaketheplatesensitivetolight.Theplateisthenplacedinalight-tightfilmholder,withthephotomadealmostimmediatelywhiletheplateisstillwet.Itwasn’teasywhenhefirststarted,butGerlachhasalwaysconsidered“constantproblemsolving”tobepartofthecreativeprocess.ItmadeGerlachfeel“presentasanartist”.“Isawthefinalproductrightthereinfrontofme.ThesameleavesonthetreethatI’mstandinginfrontofareontheimage,”Gerlachexplains.“TheprocessallowedmetofeelmorelikeaphotographerinsteadofamachinethatprintedprintstosellsoIcouldmakemoney.Andwhenthefinalproductworks,nothingelsecomparestoit.”24.LutherGerlach’sdyslexia________.A.forcedhimtochangehismajorB.drovehimtogointobusinessC.madehimdropoutofmiddleschoolD.affectedhisartisticperformance25.Asdigitalphotographyemerged,LutherGerlach________.A.adoptedauniquephotographictechniqueBsetofffornewplacestotakephotographsC.praisedphotographersforusingPhotoshopD.improvedthehand-brushedqualityofhisphotos26.WhydidLutherGerlachpreferthewetcollodionprocess?A.Itwascheapandreliable.B.Itwaseasyandefficient.C.Itgavehimartisticsatisfaction.D.Ithelpedhimsellprintsforprofit.27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Necessityinspiresinvention.B.Everythingcomestothosewhowait.CHopeforthebest;preparefortheworst.D.Daretobedifferentinaworldofcopycats.【答案】24.A25.A26.C27.D【解析】【導語】本文是篇記敘文。文章主要講述了患有閱讀障礙癥的LutherGerlach追求藝術生涯的歷程。【24題詳解】細節理解題。根據第二段“AttheUniversityofMinnesota,whereGerlachstudiedbiology,hisstrugglewithwritingreachedatippingpoint.Gerlachlefttheuniversityandenteredartschool.(在Gerlach學習生物學的明尼蘇達大學，他在寫作上的困難達到了一個臨界點。Gerlach離開大學，進入了藝術學院)”可知，閱讀障礙癥迫使Gerlach放棄了生物專業，改學藝術專業。故選A。【25題詳解】細節理解題。根據第四段“Ratherthandiveintodigital,Gerlachmovedintoaphotographicprocessthatwasquiteunusual:thewetcollodion(火棉膠)process,inventedin1851.(Gerlach沒有深入研究數碼技術，而是轉向了一種相當不同尋常的攝影方法：1851年發明的濕膠法)”可知，當數碼攝影出現時，Gerlach沒有跟風研究它，而是采用了一種獨特的攝影技術。故選A。【26題詳解】細節理解題。根據最后一段“Itwasn’teasywhenhefirststarted,butGerlachhasalwaysconsidered“constantproblemsolving”tobepartofthecreativeprocess.ItmadeGerlachfeel“presentasanartist”.(剛開始的時候并不容易，但Gerlach一直認為“不斷解決問題”是創作過程的一部分，這讓Gerlach感到“作為一名藝術家的存在”)”和“TheprocessallowedmetofeelmorelikeaphotographerinsteadofamachinethatprintedprintstosellsoIcouldmakemoney.Andwhenthefinalproductworks,nothingelsecomparestoit.(這個過程讓我覺得自己更像是一個攝影師，而不是一臺打印印刷品出售的機器，這樣我就可以賺錢。當最終產品成功時，沒有什么能與之相比)”可知，Gerlach更喜歡這種濕膠法的過程，是因為這個創作過程讓他感受到自己是一名藝術家，最終的作品也是無與倫比的，從而能夠獲得藝術上的滿足感。故選C。【27題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第四段“Ratherthandiveintodigital,Gerlachmovedintoaphotographicprocessthatwasquiteunusual:thewetcollodion(火棉膠)process,inventedin1851.(Gerlach沒有深入研究數碼技術，而是轉向了一種相當不同尋常的攝影方法：1851年發明的濕膠法)”和最后一段“TheprocessallowedmetofeelmorelikeaphotographerinsteadofamachinethatprintedprintstosellsoIcouldmakemoney.Andwhenthefinalproductworks,nothingelsecomparestoit.(這個過程讓我覺得自己更像是一個攝影師，而不是一臺打印印刷品出售的機器，這樣我就可以賺錢。當最終作品成功時，沒有什么能與之相比)”及全文內容可知，在數碼攝影技術興起的時候，Gerlach并不盲目跟隨潮流、模仿他人，而是敢于探索不同的方法，并不斷學習和研究，最終創造出無與倫比的作品，可見在一個充斥著模仿者的世界里，他敢于與眾不同。故選D。CWhenpeopleviewphotographsoffrighteningspiders,scientistsusuallyobserveincreasedelectricalactivitydeepintheirbrain,inaregioncalledtheperiaqueductalgray(PAG).TheobviousconclusionisthatthePAGcontrolsfight-or-flightresponsesinthreateningsituations.Butwhatifbrainsdon’thavededicatedcircuitsforfightingandflighting?Isthreatdetectionreallyaprimarymodeofthebrainwithitsownneuralcircuitry(神經回路)?Thisideaoffight-or-flightcircuitsoriginatesfromthe“triunebrain”modeldividingbrainsintotheso-calledlizardbrain,includingthePAG,forsurvivalfunctions,the“limbicsystem”foremotions,andthe“neocortex”forhigher-orderreasoning.Ifyouknowanythingaboutevolution,youmightknowthatsomethingisspurious.Theonlyanimalonthisplanetwithalizardbrainisalizard.Also,there’snounifiedlimbic“system”orthe“neocortex”foremotionsorrationality(理性)respectively.Sowheredoesthisleavethefight-or-flightstory?Recently,changesinPAGactivityhavebeenobservedinnonthreateningtasks,suchasreadingafascinatingarticleaboutthebrain.ThePAGhasalsobeenprovedtoregulatebodilysystemscontinuously.Incidentally,thisexplainswhyantianxietymedicationsmanageanxietydisorderswithouthealingthem.Theytargetbraincircuitsthataren’tdedicatedtoanxietyorfight-or-flightbutthatsimplyregulatethebody.Researchesonthebrain’spowersalsocastnewlightonourunderstandings.Indailylife,individualsmightfeelliketheyperceiveandreacttovariousstimuliaseitherthreateningorsafe.Actually,thebrain,usingpastexperiences,skillfullypredictsandformulatesactionplansinanticipationofeventsbeforestimulioccur.Thebrain’spreparatorymechanism,metabolically(新陳代謝地)expensive,involvescomplicatedneuronalactivitiesforsustainingmultiplepredictionsandcorrespondingactionplansoverextendedperiods.Buttheexperiencesinfight-or-flightresponsescraftedbyyourbraindon’trevealhowitworks.Moreover,yourbrain,whichdoesmuchmorethanavoidthreats,handlesacomplexsocialworldfullofuncertainty.That’sarecipeforstress.Andwhatisstress?Itreflectsenergypreparationforanticipatedchallenges.Yourbrainoftenmakessenseofmetaboliccostofuncertainty,ifitdragsonforlongenough,asanxiety,butthat’snotamust.Peopleseekuncertaintyout—anditspositivecousin,novelty—whentheytrynewfoodsorlearnnewskills.Uncertaintyiscommon,butthesedays,withsocialmediaandround-the-clocknewscoverage,itsometimesbombardsusandleavesusanxiousandexhausted.Butthesefeelingsdon’temergefromfight-or-flightcircuits.Theymayjustmean,inaneverchangingandonlypartlypredictableworld,thatyou’redoingsomethinghard.28.TheauthorasksthequestionsinParagraph1to________.A.evaluateastatement B.justifyanassumptionC.challengeanargument D.introduceanewconcept29.Whichdoestheunderlinedword“spurious”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Rare. B.Wrong. C.Limited. D.Unexpected.30.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A.Huntingfornoveltyreducesstressandanxiety.B.MedicinetargetingPAGcuresanxietydisorders.C.Uncertaintyisaproductofmodernmediaandnewscycles.D.The“FightorFlight”ideaoverlooksthebrain’spredictivepower.【答案】28C29.B30.D【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了對“戰斗或逃跑”這一大腦反應模式的質疑與新的理解。【28題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第一段“TheobviousconclusionisthatthePAGcontrolsfight-or-flightresponsesinthreateningsituations.Butwhatifbrainsdon’thavededicatedcircuitsforfightingandflighting?Isthreatdetectionreallyaprimarymodeofthebrainwithitsownneuralcircuitry(神經回路)?(顯而易見的結論是，中腦導水管周圍灰質（PAG）在威脅情況下控制著戰斗或逃跑反應。但是，如果大腦并沒有專門用于戰斗或逃跑的回路呢？威脅探測真的只是大腦自身神經回路的一種主要模式嗎？)”可知，作者在第一段提出問題是為了挑戰一個論點，即“戰斗或逃跑”反應是否由大腦中的特定回路控制。故選C。【29題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據第二段“Theonlyanimalonthisplanetwithalizardbrainisalizard.Also,there’snounifiedlimbic‘system’orthe‘neocortex’foremotionsorrationality(理性)respectively.(這個星球上唯一擁有“蜥蜴腦”的動物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分別負責情感或理性的統一“邊緣系統”或“新皮層”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴腦，也沒有分別用于情感或理性的統一的邊緣“系統”或“新皮質”。說明前面提到的“三位一體腦”模型是錯誤的，所以“spurious”意思是“錯誤的”。故選B。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第四段“Indailylife,individualsmightfeelliketheyperceiveandreacttovariousstimuliaseitherthreateningorsafe.Actually,thebrain,usingpastexperiences,skillfullypredictsandformulatesactionplansinanticipationofeventsbeforestimulioccur.(在日常生活中，人們可能會覺得他們對各種刺激的認知和反應，要么是將其視為威脅，要么是視為安全。實際上，大腦會利用過往的經驗，在刺激發生之前，巧妙地預測并制定行動計劃，以應對即將發生的事件)”可知，“戰斗或逃跑”這一觀念忽視了大腦的預測能力。大腦利用過去的經驗，在刺激發生之前就能熟練地預測并制定行動計劃。故選D。DInthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直覺的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsacomplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.Fromaphilosophicalstandpoint,thedebatearoundfreewillhascontinuedintenselyforcenturies.Compatibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.Incontrast,incompatibilistsmaintainfreewillanddeterminismaremutuallyexclusive.Harddeterministsviewtheuniverseasaclosedsystemgovernedbystrictlawsofnature,whereeveryevent,includinghumanactions,ispredetermined.Inthisview,theideaoffreewillisanillusion(幻覺).Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.Studiesonthebrain’srewardsystemandneurotransmitters,particularlydopamine(多巴胺),furtherchallengethenatureoffreewill.Addictivebehaviors,forinstance,canbestronglyinfluencedbythebrain’sresponsetodopamine.Apersonstrugglingwithaddictionmayfeeltheylackthefreewilltoresistit,astheirbrainchemistryhasbeenalteredinawaythatforcesthemintoacting.Thescientificevidenceisnotconclusive,though.Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.Additionally,thecomplexityofthehumanbrainandthefactthatmuchofitsfunctioningisstillnotfullyunderstoodleaveroomforthepossibilityoffreewill.Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.31.Whichofthefollowingsituationsreflectsthecompatibilists’view?A.Drivenbydopamine,Timkeepscheckinghissocialmedia.B.Lucyspeaksfirstafterbeingrandomlyselectedbysoftware.C.Exposedtoasuddenblindinglight,Lilyquicklyshutshereyes.D.Jerryshiftsbetweencompaniesofsharedbikesbasedondiscounts.32.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Thealteredbrainchemistryenhancesfreewill.BConsciousdecisionsareindependentofneuralactivities.C.Harddeterministsseefreewillvitaltomoralaccountability.D.Neuroscientists’viewsonthecausesofhumanactionsdiffer.33.Asfortheexistenceoffreewill,theauthoris________.A.neutral B.disapproving C.positive D.doubtful34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DoesNeuroscienceThreatenFreeWill?B.WhytheArgumentsAgainstFreeWillFailC.ExplorationintotheComplexityofFreeWillD.FreeWill:BridgingNeuroscienceandPhilosophy【答案】31.D32.D33.C34.C【解析】【導語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要探討了自由意志在哲學與神經科學領域的復雜性與爭議。【31題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第二段的“Compatibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.(相容論者認為，自由意志可以與決定論共存，只要我們的行為是出于我們自己的欲望和動機。例如，出于熱情而選擇音樂事業，在這個框架下就被視為一種自由的選擇)”可知，兼容論者認為只要我們的行為是自身欲望和動機的結果，自由意志就可以與決定論共存。D選項“Jerry根據折扣在共享單車公司之間轉換”符合相容論者的觀點，即行為是基于個人欲望和動機的自由選擇。故選D。【32題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第三段“Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.(神經科學在解碼大腦方面取得了顯著進展，揭示出許多行為在發生之前都會有神經活動)”和第四段的“Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.(有些人認為，在做出有意識的決定之前觀察到的神經活動可能并非該行為的原因，而是仍為自由做出的決定所做的準備過程的一部分)”可知，神經科學表明很多行為先有神經活動，但有些人認為有意識的決定之前觀察到的神經活動可能不是行為的原因，而是自由做出決定的準備過程的一部分。這說明神經科學家對于人類行為的原因存在不同的觀點。故選D。【33題詳解】推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.(如果自由意志是一種幻覺，那么它就會挑戰我們關于道德責任的基本觀念。我們贊揚或責備他人的行為，是因為我們相信他們本可以做出不同的選擇。如果他們從未真正擁有自由選擇其他行為的能力，我們又如何能讓個人對自己的行為負責呢？沒有自由意志，我們社會的基本道德框架將會崩塌，陷入混亂與冷漠。只有當你也認為自由意志是幻覺時，它才真正是幻覺)”可知，作者認為如果自由意志是幻覺，會挑戰我們的道德責任觀念，沒有自由意志社會的道德框架會崩潰，最后說“自由意志只有在你也是幻覺時才是幻覺”，暗示作者認為自由意志是存在的，態度是積極的。故選C。【34題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段的“Inthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直覺的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsacomplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.(在哲學與神經科學相交匯的領域，幾乎沒有哪個問題能像自由意志這一概念那樣，既深深吸引著人類，又讓人類感到困惑。乍一看，我們擁有做出非預定選擇的能力這一想法似乎是直覺上的。然而，更深入的探究揭示了一個由哲學論點和科學發現交織而成的復雜網絡，這些論點和發現挑戰了這一看似簡單的概念)”可知，文章主要探討了自由意志在哲學與神經科學領域的復雜性與爭議，包括相容論者與不相容論者的觀點、神經科學對自由意志的挑戰以及科學證據的不確定性等。C選項“對自由意志復雜性的探索”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故選C。第二節（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據短文內容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。WhenIthinkofmyfriends,Iammostlyfilledwithloveandwarmth:Isimplycan’twaittoseethemagainfortheiraffectionandsupport.____35____Intherightmood,theseindividualscandeliverafun-filledevening,butatthewrongmoment,theycandrain(耗盡)allmygoodwill.Ifthissoundsfamiliar,thenyoutoohavefrenemies,whopsychologistscall“ambivalentrelationships”.Theselove-haterelationshipscouldincludeafriend,aparent,acolleagueorevenahusbandorwife.Theirambivalencecancomeinmanyforms.____36____Itcouldbeapartnerlove-bombingyouoneday,butfiercelycriticalth