學必求其心得，業必貴于專精學必求其心得，業必貴于專精學必求其心得，業必貴于專精語法解讀GrammarⅠDefiningrelativeclauses關系從句用作定語的句子叫定語從句。定語從句通常置于它所修飾的名詞（或代詞)之后,這種名詞（或代詞)被稱作先行詞,引導定語從句的關聯詞被稱為關系代詞和關系副詞.一、關系代詞1。關系代詞的一般用法列表如下:關系代詞指代在定語從句中所充當的成分人物句子主語賓語定語who√√√whom√√which√√√√that√√√√whose√√√as√√√√Themanwhowashereyesterdayisapainter.（who作主語）ThemanwhoIsawiscalledSmith。(who作賓語，亦可省略）Iknowthemanwhomyoumean。(whom作賓語）Aletterthatiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(that作主語，指物）Ishethemanthatsellseggs？（that作主語，指人）Wetoldhimtoconsultthedoctor,whoseadvicehetook。（whose作定語）Thetwopolicemenwerecompletelytrusted，whichinfact,theywere.（which作表語）Ihavethatwhichyougaveme.(which作賓語）Thisisthebookwhichhasbeenretranslatedintomanylanguages.(which作主語)2。who/whom與that的區別:指人時，在下列情況下一般選用who或whom：當先行詞為those，one,anyone，nobody等不定代詞時。如：TheonewhoknowsmewellisTom。在分隔型定語從句中，先行詞代指人時.如：AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman。先行詞為therebe結構的主語時.如：Thereisamanwhowantstoseeyou。當先行詞是泛指代詞he,they或指示代詞those等時，常用who或whom。如：Wearebadlyinneedofthosewhocanworkinrealearnest.有兩個定語從句出現在一個句子中，第一個關系代詞用that的話，第二個應用who以免重復.3.which/that區別：代指物時,一般可以互換，在下列情況下常選用that：先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數詞及all，every,no，some,any，little，much，theonly，thevery，thelast等修飾詞語時.如：Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme。先行詞為all,few，nothing，everything,little,much等不定代詞時.如：Hedidall（that）hecouldtohelpus。先行詞既表人又表物或者既表時間又表地點時。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschoolsthathehadvisited。當主句主語是以who或which開頭的疑問句時。如:Whoisthemanthatcalledonyoujustnow？4。as引導限制性定語從句時，用于such..。as,thesame。.。as和asmany/much.。。as結構中。如：Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseless。5。關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略，但作主語時不可省略。6.定語從句中關系代詞作主語時謂語動詞的單復數形式要與先行詞保持一致。但是如先行詞為復數名詞且被theoneof，theonlyoneof,theveryoneof，therightoneof或justtheoneof修飾時，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數形式.如果只是oneof修飾，謂語動詞用復數形式。如：Heisoneofthosestudentswhoneverfinishworkontime.Youhavebeentheonlyoneofthepersonswhohasreallyinfluencedme。二、關系副詞1。關系副詞的一般用法列表如下：關系副詞指代先行詞所充當的成分When時間時間名詞狀語Where地點地點名詞狀語Why原因reason狀語1)We'llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.2)Theofficewhereheworksisonthesecondfloor.3)Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcomewasnotmadeclear。2。時間名詞、地點名詞和reason后的定語從句中關系詞如果充當狀語則從句分別用when,where和why引導；如果是作主語或賓語,則用that或which引導其從句.如:1）I'llneverforgetthedaythatIspentinthecountry。（that作賓語）2)Theyworkedinafactorythatmakesradioparts.（that作主語)3）Thereasonthathegavemewhyhedidn’tattendthemeetingisthathewasbadlyill.（that作賓語）3。where引導定語從句與引導地點狀語從句的區別在于其前面有沒有先行詞。前面有先行詞則是定語從句，無先行詞則是狀語從句。如：1）Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museums，andsomeotherplaces,whereothervisitorsseldomgo。(where引導定語從句)2）Thefamousscientistgrewupwherehewasbornandin1930hecametoShanghai.(where引導狀語從句）GrammarⅡDefiningrelativeclauses:ofwhom,inwhichofwhom，inwhich等引導的關系從句1。在定語從句中作賓語的有whom，which,that三個關系代詞,但能在定語從句中作介詞的賓語的只有whom和which,可直接置于介詞之后構成“prep。+whom/which”這一結構。引導詞whom(指人），which（指物).如：Thisisthestudentofwhomweareproud。（不能用who來代替）HewenttoAustraliain1949,afterwhichIneverheardfromhim。（不能用that來代替）但是，當介詞位于定語從句末尾時,可用that/which(指物)；that/whom/who（指人）作介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關系代詞常常省略.如:Thisisthehero（that/who/whom）weareproudof.Thisisthepen（that/which）Iwrotetheletterwith。2。如何選定這一結構中的介詞呢？有下面三種情況：根據從句中動詞或形容詞的習慣搭配。如：1）The3yuanforwhichIboughtthebookwasborrowedfrommyfriend。2）Smith，fromwhomwe'velearnedagreatdeal，isanoldworker。根據先行詞與介詞的某種習慣搭配.如：Hisbag，inwhichsheputallherbooks，hasnotbeenfound。根據從句中動詞與先行詞的邏輯關系.如：1）Thiscolorlessgasiscalledoxygen,withoutwhichwecouldnotlive。2）Thiscolorlessgasiscalledoxygen，withwhichwecanrescuepatients.3。定語從句中介詞的位置:在書面語中,介詞多放在關系代詞之前,口語中多放在后面.如：1)Thisisthemantowhomyouspoke。(書面語）2）Thisisthemanwho/whomyouspoketo。(口語）在限制性定語從句中，介詞可放在關系代詞之前或之后；在非限制性定語從句中,介詞一般放在關系代詞之前。介詞如果是定語從句中短語動詞的固定部分，要放在動詞之后，多半不拆開用。如：Isthisthebookwhichhewaslookingfor?（不可將for放在which之前）如果介詞是由句中先行詞決定的，還是放在關系代詞之前為好。如：Thespeedatwhichlighttravelsis300000kmpersecond.“介詞+關系代詞"作定語時，介詞不能后置。如：Iliveinaroom,thewindowofwhichopenstothesouth。當介詞位于定語從句的末尾時,可用that替代which或whom，也可用who替代whom.且常省略關系代詞。如：1）Thisisthepen(that/which)hewrotetheletterwith。2)Thedoctor(that/who/whom)shesentherfriendtoisverywellknown。4.whose可轉換為“of+關系代詞”的結構。如:Theyliveinahousewhosedooropenstothesouth.→Theyliveinahouseofwhichthedooropenstothesouth。→Theyliveinahousethedoorofwhichopenstothesouth。5。關系副詞when,where,why