2006年6月

Therearegoodreasonstobetroubledbytheviolencethatspreadsthroughoutthemedia.Movies,Televisionandvideogamesarefullofgunplayandbloodshed,andonemightreasonablyaskwhat’swrongwithasocietythatpresentsvideosofdomesticviolenceasentertainment.

Mostresearchersagreethatthecausesofreal-worldviolencearecomplex.A1993studybytheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceslisted“biological,individual,family,peer,school,andcommunityfactors”asallplayingtheirparts.

Viewingabnormallylargeamountsofviolenttelevisionandvideogamesmaywellcontributetoviolentbehaviorincertainindividuals.Thetroublecomeswhenresearchersdownplayuncertaintiesintheirstudiesoroverstatethecaseforcausality(因果關系).SkepticsweredismayedseveralyearsagowhenagroupofsocietiesincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationtriedtoendthedebatebyissuingajointstatement:“Atthistime,wellover1,000studies...pointoverwhelminglytoacausalconnectionbetweenmediaviolenceandaggressivebehaviorinsomechildren.”

Freedom-of-speechadvocatesaccusedthesocietiesofcateringtopoliticians,andevendisputedthenumberofstudies(mostwerereviewarticlesandessays,theysaid).WhenJonathanFreedman,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofToronto,reviewedtheliterature,hefoundonly200orsostudiesoftelevision-watchingandaggression.Andwhenheweededout“themostdoubtfulmeasuresofaggression”,only28%supportedaconnection.

Thecriticalpointhereiscausality.Thealarmistssaytheyhaveprovedthatviolentmediacauseaggression.Buttheassumptionsbehindtheirobservationsneedtobeexamined.Whenlabelinggamesasviolentornon-violent,shouldaheroeatingaghostreallybecountedasaviolentevent?Andwhenexperimentersrecordthetimeittakesgameplayerstoread‘aggressive’or‘non-aggressive’wordsfromalist,canwebesurewhattheyareactuallymeasuring?TheintentofthenewHarvardCenteronMediaandChildHealthtocollectandstandardizestudiesofmediaviolenceinordertocomparetheirmethodologies,assumptionsandconclusionsisanimportantstepintherightdirection.

Anotherappropriatestepwouldbetotonedownthecriticismuntilweknowmore.Severalresearcherswrite,speakandtestifyquitealotonthethreatposedbyviolenceinthemedia.Thatis,ofcourse,theirprivilege.Butwhendoingso,theyoftencomeoutwithstatementsthatthematterhasnowbeensettled,drawingcriticismfromcolleagues.Inresponse,thealarmistsaccusecriticsandnewsreportersofbeingdeceivedbytheentertainmentindustry.Suchclasheshelpneithersciencenorsociety.

21.Whyistheresomuchviolenceshowninmovies,TVandvideogames?

A)Thereisalotofviolenceintherealworldtoday.

B)Somethinghasgonewrongwithtoday’ssociety.

C)Manypeoplearefondofgunplayandbloodshed.

D)Showingviolenceisthoughttobeentertaining.

22.Whatistheskeptics(Line3.Para.3)viewofmediaviolence?

A)Violenceontelevisionisafairlyaccuratereflectionofreal-worldlife.

B)Moststudiesexaggeratetheeffectofmediaviolenceontheviewers.

C)Acausalrelationshipexistsbetweenmediaandreal-worldviolence.

D)Theinfluenceofmediaviolenceonchildrenhasbeenunderestimated.

23.Theauthorusestheterm“alarmists”(Line1.Para.5)torefertothosewho________.

A)usestandardizedmeasurementsinthestudiesofmediaviolence

B)initiatedthedebateovertheinfluenceofviolentmediaonreality

C)assertadirectlinkbetweenviolentmediaandaggressivebehavior

D)useappropriatemethodologyinexaminingaggressivebehavior

24.Inrefutingthealarmists,theauthoradvanceshisargumentbyfirstchallenging________.

A)thesourceandamountoftheirdata

B)thetargetsoftheirobservation

C)theirsystemofmeasurement

D)theirdefinitionofviolence

25.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedebateconcerningtherelationshipbetweenthemediaandviolence?

A)Morestudiesshouldbeconductedbeforeconclusionsaredrawn.

B)Itshouldcometoanendsincethematterhasnowbeensettled.

C)Thepaststudiesinthisfieldhaveprovedtobemisleading.

D)Hemorethanagreeswiththeviewsheldbythealarmists.

PassageTwo

You’reintroubleifyouhavetobuyyourownbrand-nameprescriptiondrugs.Overthepastdecade,pricesleapedbymorethandoubletheinflationrate.Treatmentsforchronicconditionscaneasilytop$2,000amonth-nowonderthatoneinfourAmericanscan’saffordtofilltheirprescriptions.Thesolution?Aheartychorusof“OCanada.”Northoftheborder,wherepricecontrolsreign,thosesamebrand-namedrugscost50%to80%less.

TheCanadianoptionisfastbecomingapoliticalwake-upcall,“Ifourneighborscanbuydrugsatreasonableprices,whycan’twe?Eventowhisperthatthoughtprovokesanger.“Un-American!”And-thepropagandists’trumpcard(王牌)—“Wreckourbrillianthealth-caresystem.”Supersizedrugprices,theyclaim,fundtheresearchthatsparksthenextgenerationofwonderdrugs.Nosky-highdrugpricetoday,nocureforcancertomorrow.Soshutupandpayup.

Commonsensetellsyouthat’safalsealternative.Therewardforfinding,say,acancercureissohugethatnoone’sgoingtohangitup.Nevertheless,ifCanada-levelpricingcametotheUnitedStates,theindustry’sprofitmarginswoulddropandthepaceofnew-drugdevelopmentwouldslow.HereliestheAmericandilemma.Whoisallthissplendidmedicinefor?Shouldourhealth-caresystemcontinueitsdrivetowardthebestofthebest,eventhoughrisingnumbersofpatientscan’taffordit?Orshouldwedirectourwealthtowardlettingeveryoneinontoday’slevelofcare?Measuredbysavedlives,thelatterisalmostcertainlythebettercourse.

Todefendtheirprofits,thedrugcompanieshavewarnedCanadianwholesalersandpharmacies(藥房)nottoselltoAmericansbymail,andarecuttingbacksuppliestothosewhodare.

Meanwhile,theadministrationisplayingthefearcard.OfficialsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationwillarguethatCanadiandrugsmightbefake,mishandled,orevenapotentialthreattolife.

DobaddrugsflyaroundtheInternet?Sure-andthemorewelook,themorewe’llfind,ButIhaven’theardofanyragingepidemicsamongthehundredsofthousandsofpeoplebuyingcrossborder.

Mostusersofprescriptiondrugsdon’tworryaboutcostsalot.They’reshelteredbyemployeeinsurance,owingjusta$20co-pay.Thefinancialblowsrain,instead,ontheuninsured,especiallythechronicallyillwhoneedexpensivedrugstolive,Thisgroupwillstillincludemiddle-incomeseniorsonMedicare,who’llhavetodigdeeplyintotheirpocketsbeforegettingmuchfromthenewdrugbenefitthatstartsin2006.

26.WhatissaidabouttheconsequenceoftherocketingdrugpricesintheU.S.?

A)AquarterofAmericanscan’taffordtheirprescriptiondrugs.

B)ManyAmericanscan’taffordtoseeadoctorwhentheyfallill.

C)ManyAmericanshavetogotoCanadatogetmedicaltreatment.

D)Theinflationratehasbeenmorethandoubledovertheyears.

27.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericacanfollowtheCanadianmodelandcurbitssoaringdrugpricesby________.

A)encouragingpeopletobuyprescriptiondrugsonline

B)extendingmedicalinsurancetoallitscitizens

C)importinglow-priceprescriptiondrugsfromCanada

D)exercisingpricecontrolonbrand-namedrugs

28.HowdopropagandistsarguefortheU.S.drugpricingpolicy?

A)LowpriceswillaffectthequalityofmedicinesinAmerica.

B)Highpricesareessentialtofundingresearchonnewdrugs.

C)Lowpriceswillbringabouttheangerofdrugmanufacturers.

D)High-pricedrugsareindispensableincuringchronicdiseases.

29.WhatshouldbethepriorityofAmerica’shealth-caresystemaccordingtotheauthor?

A)Toresolvethedilemmainthehealth-caresystem.

B)TomaintainAmerica’sleadinthedrugindustry.

C)Toallowthevastmajoritytoenjoyitsbenefits.

D)Toquickenthepaceofnewdrugdevelopment.

30.WhatareAmericandrugcompaniesdoingtoprotecttheirhighprofits?

A)LabelingdrugsboughtfromCanadaasbeingfakes.

B)Threateningtocutbackfundingfornewdrugresearch.

C)ReducingsuppliestouncooperativeCanadianpharmacies.

D)AttributingtheragingepidemicstotheineffectivenessofCanadiandrugs.

2006年12月

Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-or-flightresponse.“Ananimalthatcan’tdetectdangercan’tstayalive,”saysJosephLeDoux.Likeanimals,humansevolvedwithanelaboratemechanismforprocessinginformationaboutpotentialthreats.Atitscoreisaclusterofneurons(神經元)deepinthebrainknownastheamygdale(扁桃核).

LeDouxstudiesthewayanimalsandhumansrespondtothreatstounderstandhowweformmemoriesofsignificanteventsinourlives.Theamygdalereceivesinputfrommanypartsofthebrain,includingregionsresponsibleforretrievingmemories.Usingthisinformation,theamygdaleappraisedasituation-Ithinkthischargingdogwantstobiteme-andtriggersaresponsebyradiatingnervesignalsthroughoutthebody.Thesesignalsproducethefamiliarsignsofdistress:trembling,perspirationandfast-movingfeet,justtonamethree.

Thisfearmechanismiscriticaltothesurvivalofallanimals,butnoonecansayforsurewhetherbeastsotherthanhumansknowthey’reafraid.Thatis,asLeDouxsays,“ifyouputthatsystemintoabrainthathasconsciousness,thenyougetthefeelingoffear.”

Humans,saysEdwardM.Hallowell,havetheabilitytocallupimagesofbadthingsthathappenedinthepastandtoanticipatefutureevents.Combinethesehigherthoughtprocesseswithourhardwireddanger-detectionsystems,andyougetanear-universalhumanphenomenon:worry.

That’snotnecessarilyabadthing,saysHallowell.“Whenusedproperly,worryisanincredibledevice,”hesays.Afterall,alittlehealthyworryingisokayifitleadstoconstructiveaction-likehavingadoctorlookatthatweirdspotonyourback.

Hallowellinsists,though,thatthere’sarightwaytoworry.“Neverdoitalone,getthefactsandthenmakeaplan,”hesays.Mostofushavesurvivedarecession,sowe’refamiliarwiththebelt-tighteningstrategiesneededtosurviveaslump.

Unfortunately,fewofushavemuchexperiencedealingwiththethreatofterrorism,soit’sbeendifficulttogetfactsabouthowweshouldrespond.That’swhyHallowellbelievesitwasokayforpeopletoindulgesomeextremeworrieslastfallbyaskingdoctorsforCipro(抗炭疽菌的藥物)andbuyinggasmasks.

52.The“so-calledfight-or-flightresponse”(Line2,Para.1)refersto“________”.

A)thebiologicalprocessinwhichhumanbeings’senseofself-defenseevolves

B)theinstinctivefearhumanbeingsfeelwhenfacedwithpotentialdanger

C)theactofevaluatingadangeroussituationandmakingaquickdecision

D)theelaboratemechanisminthehumanbrainforretrievinginformation

53.FormthestudiesconductedbyLcDouxwelearnthat__________.

A)reactionsofhumansandanimalstodangeroussituationsareoftenunpredictable

B)memoriesofsignificanteventsenablepeopletocontrolfearanddistress

C)people’sunpleasantmemoriesarederivedfromtheirfeelingsoffear

D)theamygdaleplaysavitalpartinhumanandanimalresponsestopotentialdanger

54.Formthepassageweknowthat________.

A)alittleworrywilldousgoodifhandledproperly

B)alittleworrywillenableustosurvivearecession

C)fearstrengthensthehumandesiretosurvivedanger

D)fearhelpspeopletoanticipatecertainfutureevents

55.WhichofthefollowingisthebestwaytodealwithyourworriesaccordingtoHallowell?

A)Askforhelp-fromthepeoplearoundyou.

B)Usethebelt-tighteningstrategiesforsurvival.

C)Seekprofessionaladviceandtakeaction.

D)Understandthesituationandbefullyprepared.

56.InHallowell’sview,people’sreactiontotheterroristthreatlastfallwas_________.

A)ridiculous

C)over-cautious

PassageTwo

AmitaiEtzioniisnotsurprisedbythelatestheadingsaboutschemingcorporatecrooks(騙子).AsavisitingprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchoolin1989,heendedhisworktheredisgustedwithhisstudents’overwhelminglustformoney.“They’retaughtthatprofitisallthatmatters”hesays.“Manyschooldon’tevenofferethics(倫理學)coursesatall.”

Etzioniexpressedhisfrustrationabouttheinterestsofhisgraduatestudents.“Byandlarge,IclearlyhadnotfoundawaytohelpclassesfullofMBAsseethatthereismoretolifethanmoney,power,fameandself-interest,”heworeatthetime.Todayhestilltakestheblamefornoteducatingthese“business-leaders-to-be.”“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem,”hesays.“IfIwasabetterteachermaybeIcouldhavereachedthem.”

EtzioniwasarespectedethicsexpertwhenhearrivedatHarvard.Hehopedhisworkattheuniversitywouldgivehiminsightintohowquestionsofmoralitycouldbeappliedtoplaceswhereself-interestflourished.Whathefoundwasn’tencouraging.Thosewould-beexecutiveshad,saysEtzioni,littleinterestinconceptofethicsandmoralityB)understandableD)sensible

intheboardroom-andtheirprofessorwasmetwithblankstareswhenheurgedhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.

EtzioniseestheexperienceatHarvardasaneye-openingoneandsaysthere’smuchaboutbusinessschoolsthathe’dliketochange.“Alotofthefacultyteachingbusinessarebadnewsthemselves,toreinforcingthenotionofprofitovercommunityinterests,Etzionihasseenalotthat’slefthimshakinghishead.Andbecauseofwhathe’sseentaughtinbusinessschools,he’snotsurprisedbythelatestrashofcorporatescandals.“Inmanywaysthingshavegotalotworseatbusinessschools.Isuspect,”saysEtzioni.

Etzioniisstillteachingthesociologyofrightandwrongandstillcallingforethicalbusinessleadership.“Peoplewithpoormotiveswillalwaysexist,”hesays.“Sometimesenvironmentsconstrainthosepeopleandsometimesenvironmentsgivethosepeopleopportunity.”Etzionisaystheboomingeconomyofthelastdecadeenabledthoseindividualswithpoormotivestogetrichbeforegettingintrouble.Hishopenow:thatthecriesforreformwillprovidemorefertilesoilforhislong-standingmessagesaboutbusinessethics.

57.WhatimpressedAmitaiEtzionimostaboutHarvardMBAstudents?

A)Theirkeeninterestinbusinesscourses.

B)Theirintensedesireformoney.

C)Theirtacticsformakingprofits.

D)Theirpotentialtobecomebusinessleaders.

58.WhydidAmitaiEtzionisay“IreallyfeellikeIfailedthem”(Line4,Para.2)?

A)Hewasunabletoalerthisstudentstocorporatemalpractice.

B)Hedidn’tteachhisstudentstoseebusinessinnewanddifferentways.

C)Hecouldnotgethisstudentstounderstandtheimportanceofethicsinbusiness.

D)Hedidn’toffercoursesthatwouldmeettheexpectationsofthebusiness-leaders-to-be.

59.Mostwould-beexecutivesattheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievedthat_______.

A)questionsofmoralitywereofutmostimportanceinbusinessaffairs

B)self-interestshouldnotbethetoppriorityinbusinessdealings

C)newanddifferentprinciplesshouldbetaughtatbusinessschools

D)therewasnoplaceforethicsandmoralityinbusinessdealings

60.InEtzioni’sview,thelatestrashofcorporatescandalscouldbeattributedto____.

A)thetendencyinbusinessschoolstostressself-interestoverbusinessethics

B)theexecutives’lackofknowledgeinlegallymanipulatingcontracts

C)theincreasinglyfiercecompetitioninthemodernbusinessworld

D)themoralcorruptionofbusinessschoolgraduates

61.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.

A)thecallsforreformwillhelppromotebusinessethics

B)businessmenwithpoormotiveswillgaintheupperhand

C)businessethicscoursesshouldbetaughtinallbusinessschools

D)reforminbusinessmanagementcontributestoeconomicgrowth

2007年6月

Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.

TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.

ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”

It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.

Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.

Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(烏托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.

Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖癥).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.

Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.

52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?

A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.

B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.

C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.

D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.

53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.

A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpected

B)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil

C)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression

D)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety

54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?

A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.

C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.

D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.

55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?

A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.

B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.

C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.

D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.

56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.

B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.

C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.

D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.

PassageTwo

Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(謹言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.

Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(語言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.

YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.

ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.

57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.

A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapan

C)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow

58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?

A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.

C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.

59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?

A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.

C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.

60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.

A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerations

C)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress

61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.

A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchange

C)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsociety

D)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday

2007年12月

Likemostpeople,I’velongunderstoodthatIwillbejudgedbymyoccupation,thatmyprofessionisagaugepeopleusetoseehowsmartortalentedIam.Recently,however,IwasdisappointedtoseethatitalsodecideshowI’mtreatedasaperson.

LastyearIleftaprofessionalpositionasasmall-townreporterandtookajobwaitingtables.Assomeonepaidtoservefoodtopeople.IhadcustomerssayanddothingstomeIsuspectthey’dneversayordototheirmostcasualacquaintances.Onenightamantalkingonhiscellphonewavedmeaway,thenbeckoned(示意)mebackwithhisfingerminutelater,complaininghewasreadytoorderandaskingwhereI’dbeen.

Ihadwaitedtablesduringsummersincollegeandwastreatedlikeapeon(勤雜工)plentyofpeople.Butat19yearsold,IbelievedIdeservedinferiortreatmentfromprofessionaladults.Besides,peoplerespondedtomedifferentlyafterItoldthemIwasincollege.CustomerswouldjokethatonedayI’dbesittingattheirtable,waitingtobeserved.

OnceIgraduatedItookajobatacommunitynewspaper.Frommyfirstday,Iheardarespectfultonefromeveryonewhocalledme.Iassumedthiswasthewaytheprofessionalworldworked—cordially.

Isoonfoundoutdifferently.Isatseveralfeetawayfromanadvertisingsalesrepresentativewithasimilarname.OurcallswouldoftengetmixedupandsomeoneaskingforKristenwouldbetransferredtoChristie.Themistakewasimmediatelyevident.Perhapsitwasbecausemoneywasinvolved,butpeopleusedatonewithKristenthattheyneverusedwithme.

Myjobtitlemadepeopletreatmewithcourtesy.Soitwasashocktoreturntotherestaurantindustry.

It’snosecretthatthere’salottoputupwithwhenwaitingtables,andfortunately,muchofitcanbeeasilyforgottenwhenyoupocketthetips.Theserviceindustry,bydefinition,existstocatertoothers’needs.Still,itseemedthatmanyofmycustomersdidn’tgetthediff