MEASURINGANATION'S

INCOME

WHAT'SNEWINTHEFIFTHEDITION:

ThereismoreclarificationontheGDPdeflator.TheCaseStudyon“WhoWinsatthe

01ympics?”isnowanFYIbox.

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES:

Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:

whyaneconomy'stotalincomeequalsitstotalexpenditure.

howgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)isdefinedandcalculated.

thebreakdownofGDPintoitsfourmajorcomponents.

thedistinctionbetweenrealGDPandnominalGDP.

whetherGDPisagoodmeasureofeconomicwell-being.

CONTEXTANDPURPOSE:

Chapter23isthefirstchapterinthemacroeconomicsectionofthetext.Itisthefirstofa

two-chaptersequencethatintroducesstudentstotwovitalstatisticsthateconomistsusetomonitor

themacroeconomy—GDPandtheconsumerpriceindex.Chapter10developshoweconomists

measureproductionandincomeinthemacroeconomy.Thefollowingchapter,Chapter11,

developshoweconomistsmeasurethelevelofpricesinthemacroeconomy.Takentogether,

Chapter10concentratesonthequantityofoutputinthemacroeconomywhileChapter11

concentratesonthepriceofoutputinthemacroeconomy.

Thepurposeofthischapteristoprovidestudentswithanunderstandingofthe

measurementandtheuseofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).GDPisthesinglemostimportant

measureofthehealthofthemacroeconomy.Indeed,itisthemostwidelyreportedstatisticin

everydevelopedeconomy.

KEYPOINTS:

?Becauseeverytransactionhasabuyerandaseller,thetotalexpenditureintheeconomymust

equalthetotalincomeintheeconomy.

?Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)measuresaneconomy'stotalexpenditureonnewlyproduced

goodsandservicesandthetotalincomeearnedfromtheproductionofthesegoodsand

services.Moreprecisely,GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproduced

withinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.

?GDPisdividedamongfourcomponentsofexpenditure:consumption,investment,

governmentpurchases,andnetexports.Consumptionincludesspendingongoodsand

servicesbyhouseholds,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing.Investmentincludes

spendingonnewequipmentandstructures,includinghouseholds,purchasesofnewhousing.

Governmentpurchasesincludespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederal

governments.Netexportsequalthevalueofgoodsandservicesproduceddomesticallyand

soldabroad(exports)minusthevalueofgoodsandservicesproducedabroadandsold

domestically(imports).

?NominalGDPusescurrentpricestovaluetheeconomy'sproductionofgoodsandservices.

RealGDPusesconstantbase-yearpricestovaluetheeconomy'sproductionofgoodsand

services.TheGDPdeflator-calculatedfromtheratioofnominaltorealGDP—measuresthe

levelofpricesintheeconomy.

?GDPisagoodmeasureofeconomicwell-beingbecausepeoplepreferhigherincomesto

lowerincomes.Butitisnotaperfectmeasureofwell-being.Forexample,GDPexcludesthe

valueofleisureandthevalueofacleanenvironment.

CHAPTEROUTLINE:

Regardlessofwhethermicroeconomicsistaughtbeforemacroeconomicsorviceversa,

studentsneedtoberemindedofthedifferencesbetweenthetwoareasofstudy.Beginby

rlAfininrrthatwetArmcandertntracfinrrandccm八arin。fXr?nc

I.ReviewoftheDefinitionsofMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics

A.Definitionofmicroeconomics:thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmake

decisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets.

StudentshaveheardofGDPandtheyaregenuinelyinterestedinlearningmoreabout

whatitis.ThebasicpointthatyoumustgetacrossisthatGDPisameasureofboth

aggregateproductionandaggregateincomeinanationoveraperiodofoneyear.Youcan

demonstratethisbyusingthecircular-flowdiagramandexplainingthatproduction

generatesincome,whichprovidesthepurchasingpowerthatgeneratesthedemandforthe

A.Tojudgewhetherornotaneconomyisdoingwell,itisusefultolookatGrossDomestic

Product(GDP).

1.GDPmeasuresthetotalincomeofeveryoneintheeconomy.

2.GDPmeasurestotalexpenditureonaneconomy'soutputofgoodsandservices.

B.Foraneconomyasawhole,totalincomemustequaltotalexpenditure.

1.Ifsomeonepayssomeoneelse$100tomowalawn,theexpenditureonthelawn

service($100)isexactlyequaltotheincomeearnedfromtheproductionofthe

lawnservice($100).

2.Wecanalsousethecircular-flowdiagramfromChapter2toshowwhytotal

incomeandtotalexpendituremustbeequal.

Fiaure1

MARKETS

FIRMS

Produceandsell?Buyandconsume

goodsandservicesgoodsandservices

Hireandusefactors?Ownandsellfactors

ofproductionofproduction

MARKETS

FOR

FACTORSOFPRODUCTION

?Householdssell

andprofit?Firmsbuy

—=Flowofinputsandoutputs

—=Flowofdollars

a.Householdsbuygoodsandservicesfromfirms;firmsusethismoneytopayfor

resourcespurchasedfromhouseholds.

b.Inthesimpleeconomydescribedbythiscircular-flowdiagram,calculatingGDP

couldbedonebyaddingupthetotalpurchasesofhouseholdsorsumming

totalincomeearnedbyhouseholds.

c.Notethatthissimplediagramissomewhatunrealisticasitomitssaving,taxes,

governmentpurchases,andinvestmentpurchasesbyfirms.However,because

atransactionalwayshasabuyerandaseller,totalexpenditureintheeconomy

mustbeequaltototalincome.

III.TheMeasurementofGrossDomesticProduct

A.Definitionofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP):themarketvalueofallfinal

goodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.

ToputGDPintermsthestudentmayunderstandbetter,explaintothemthatGDP

representstheamountofmoneyonewouldneedtopurchaseoneyear'sworthofthe

HaveacontestandseewhichstudentcancomeclosestinguessingthelevelofGDPfor

theUnitedStateslastyear.

B.''GDPIstheMarketValue

1.Toaddtogetherdifferentitems,marketvaluesareused.

2.Marketvaluesarecalculatedbyusingmarketprices.

C.''...OfAll..."

1.GDPincludesallitemsproducedandsoldlegallyintheeconomy.

2.Thevalueofhousingservicesissomewhatdifficulttomeasure.

a.Ifhousingisrented,thevalueoftherentisusedtomeasurethevalueofthe

housingservices.

b.Forhousingthatisowned(ormortgaged),thegovernmentestimatesthe

rentalvalueandusesthisfiguretovaluethehousingservices.

3.GDPdoesnotincludeillegalgoodsorservicesoritemsthatarenotsoldinmarkets.

a.Whenyouhiresomeonetomowyourlawn,thatproductionisincludedinGDP.

b.Ifyoumowyourownlawn,thatproductionisnotincludedinGDP.

D..Final..

1.IntermediategoodsarenotincludedinGDP.

"Makesurethatstudentsrealizethatinvestmentgoods(suchasstructuresandvehicles

^P(sedinproduction)arenotintermediategoods.Investmentgoodsrepresentproducts

good.

3.Goodsthatareplacedintoinventoryareconsideredtobe"final“andincludedin

GDPasafirm'sinventoryinvestment.

a.Goodsthataresoldoutofinventoryarecountedasadecreaseininventory

investment.

b.Thegoalistocounttheproductionwhenthegoodisfinished,whichisnot

necessarilythesametimethattheproductissold.

E..GoodsandServices.?

1.GDPincludesbothtangiblegoodsandintangibleservices.

F..Produced...zz

1.Onlycurrentproductioniscounted.

2.UsedgoodsthataresolddonotcountaspartofGDP.

G..WithinaCountry

1.GDPmeasurestheproductionthattakesplacewithinthegeographicalboundaries

ofaparticularcountry.

2.IfaCanadiancitizenworkstemporarilyintheUnitedStates,thevalueofhisoutput

isincludedinGDPfortheUnitedStates.IfanAmericanownsafactoryinHaiti,the

valueoftheproductionofthatfactoryisnotincludedinU.S.GDP.

Studentssometimeshavetroubleunderstandingthattheproductionofaforeignfirm

operatingintheUnitedStatesispartofU.S.GDP.Helpthemmaketheconnectionby

lusingthecircular-flowdiagram.Showthemthat,evenifitisaforeignfirm,thefirm's

workersarelivingintheUnitedStatesandbuyingclothes,groceries,andothergoodsin

theUnitedStates.Thus,theworkersintheforeignfinnoperatingintheUnitedStatesare

H...inaGivenPeriodofTime//

1.TheusualintervaloftimeusedtomeasureGDPisaquarter(threemonths).

2.WhenthegovernmentreportsGDP,thedataaregenerallyreportedonanannual

basis.

3.Inaddition,dataaregenerallyadjustedforregularseasonalchanges(suchas

Christmas).

I.Inadditiontosummingexpenditure,thegovernmentalsocalculatesGDPbyaddingup

totalincomeintheeconomy.

1.ThetwowaysofcalculatingGDPalmostexactlygivethesameanswer.

2.ThedifferencebetweenthetwocalculationsofGDPiscalledthestatistical

discrepancy.

J.FYI:OtherMeasuresofIncome

xltcanbeachallengetoteachallofthesedefinitionswithoutputtingyourstudentsto

,sleep.Concentrateonthemeasuresthatwillmeanthemosttostudentsasthesemester

A.GrossNationalProduct(GNP)isthetotalincomeearnedbyanation'spermanent

residents.

1.GNPincludesincomethatAmericancitizensearnabroad.

2.GNPexcludesincomethatforeignersearnintheUnitedStates.

B.NetNationalProduct(NNP)isthetotalincomeofanation'sresidents(GNP)minus

lossesfromdepreciation(wearandtearonaneconomy'sstockofequipmentand

structures).

C.Nationalincomeisthetotalincomeearnedbyanation'sresidentsintheproductionof

goodsandservices.

1.NationalincomediffersfromNNPbyexcludingindirectbusinesstaxesand

includingbusinesssubsidies.

2.NNPandnationalincomealsodifferdueto''statisticaldiscrepancy."

D.Personalincomeistheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.

E.Disposablepersonalincomeistheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporate

businesseshaveleftaftertaxesandotherobligationstothegovernment.

IV.TheComponentsofGDP

A.GDP(K)canbedividedintofourcomponents:consumption(C)zinvestment(/),

governmentpurchases(G),andnetexports(NX).

嗅C+/+G+/UY

StudentswillaskwhyGDPiscalled"Y."RemindthemthatinequilibriumGDP

-expendituresmustbeequaltoincome.The"Y"standsforincomebecausetheletterT

icUCAHfor

B.Definitionofconsumption:spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,

withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing.

C.Definitionofinvestment:spendingoncapitalequipment,inventories,and

structures,includinghouseholdpurchasesofnewhousing.

1.GDPaccountingusestheword"investment"differentlyfromhowweusetheterm

ineverydayconversation.

2.Whenastudenthearstheword''investment/'heorshethinksoffinancial

instrumentssuchasstocksandbonds.

3.InGDPaccounting,investmentmeanspurchasesofinvestmentgoodssuchas

capitalequipment,inventories,orstructures.

D.Definitionofgovernmentpurchases:spendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,

state,andfederalgovernments.

1.Salariesofgovernmentworkersarecountedaspartofthegovernmentpurchases

componentofGDP.

2.Transferpaymentsarenotincludedaspartofthegovernmentpurchases

componentofGDP.

Spendsometimeinclassdistinguishingbetweengovernmentpurchasesandtransfer

payments.Pointoutthattransferpaymentsareactuallynegativetaxesrepresenting

.paymentsfromthegovernmenttoindividuals(withnogoodorserviceprovidedin

return)ratherthanpaymentsfromindividualstothegovernment.Definenettaxesasthe

E.Definitionofnetexports:spendingondomesticallyproducedgoodsby

foreigners(exports)minusspendingonforeigngoodsbydomestic

residents(imports).

Table1

F.CaseStudy:TheComponentsofU.S.GDP

1.Table1showsthesefourcomponentsofGDPfor2007.

2.ThedataforGDPcomefromtheBureauofEconomicAnalysis,whichispartofthe

DepartmentofCommerce.

MakesurethatyoupointoutTable1.Callattentiontotheimportanceofconsumption

.andthenegativenumberinthenetexportscolumn.

V.RealVersusNominalGDP

A.Therearetwopossiblereasonsfortotalspendingtorisefromoneyeartothenext.

1.Theeconomymaybeproducingalargeroutputofgoodsandservices.

2.Goodsandservicescouldbesellingathigherprices.

B.WhenstudyingGDPovertime,economistswouldliketoknowifoutputhaschanged

(notprices).

C.Thus,economistsmeasurerealGDPbyvaluingoutputusingafixedsetofprices.

D.ANumericalExample

Makesurethatyoudothisexampleorasimilarnumericalexampleinclass.Ifyoufeel

_comfortableimprovising,letthestudentspicktwogoodsandthenmakeupanexample

Table2

1.Twogoodsarebeingproduced:hotdogsandhamburgers.

YearPriceofQuantityofPriceofQuantityof

HotDogsHotDogsHamburgersHamburgers

2008$1100$250

2009$2150$3100

2010$3200$4150

2.DefinitionofnominalGDP:theproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedat

currentprices.

NominalGDPfor2008=($1x100)+($2x50)=$200.

NominalGDPfor2009=($2x150)+($3x100)=S600.

NominalGDPfor2010=($3x200)+($4x150)=$1,200.

3.DefinitionofrealGDP:theproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedat

constantprices.

Lefsassumethatthebaseyearis2008.

RealGDPfor2008=($1x100)+($2x50)=$200.

RealGDPfor2009=($1x150)+(S2x100)=$350.

RealGDPfor2010=($1x200)+($2x150)=$500.

Makesurethatitiscleartostudentshowtocalculatethesenumberssothattheycan

.computenominalGDPandrealGDPontheirown.

E.BecauserealGDPisunaffectedbychangesinpricesovertime,changesinrealGDP

reflectchangesintheamountofgoodsandservicesproduced.

Emphasizethatwhenthereisinflation,nominalGDPcanincreasewhilerealGDP

actuallydeclines.MakesurethatstudentsunderstandthatrealGDPwillbeusedasa

nrev、,,frxrartcrrdTa+QerdifkrciirrhciifcmiroQ

ALTERNATIVECLASSROOMEXAMPLE:

Thecountryof(insertnamebasedonschoolmascotsuchas“PantherviHe”or

“Owlstown")producestwogoods:footballsandbasketballs.Belowisatableshowingpricesand

quantitiesofoutputforthreeyears:

YearPriceofQuantityofPriceofQuantityof

FootballsFootballsBasketballsBasketballs

Year1$10120$12200

Year21220015300

Year31418018275

NominalGDPinYear1=($10x120)+($12x200)=$3,600

NominalGDPinYear2=($12x200)+($15x300)=$6,900

NominalGDPinYear3=($14x180)+($18x275)=$7,470

UsingYear1astheBaseYear:

RealGDPinYear1=($10x120)+($12x200)=$3,600

RealGDPinYear2=($10x200)+($12x300)=$5,600

RealGDPinYear3=($10x180)+($12x275)=$5,100

F.TheGDPDeflator

1.DefinitionofGDPdeflator:ameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedasthe

ratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100.

re,r.NominalGDP

GDPdeflator=x100

RealGDP

2.ExampleCalculations

GDPDeflatorfor2008=($200/$200)x100=100.

GDPDeflatorfor2009=($600/S350)x100=171.

GDPDeflatorfor2010=($1200/$500)x100=240.

MakesurethatyoupointoutthatnominalGDPandrealGDPwillbeequalinthebase

year.ThisimpliesthattheGDPdeflatorforthebaseyearwillalwaysbeequalto100.

G.CaseStudy:Rea!GDPoverRecentHistory

Fiaure2

1.Figure2showsquarterlydataonrealGDPfortheUnitedStatessince1965.

2.WecanseethatrealGDPhasincreasedovertime.

3.WecanalsoseethattherearetimeswhenrealGDPdeclines.Theseperiodsare

calledrecessions.

VI.IsGDPaGoodMeasureofEconomicWell-Being?

Getstudentsinvolvedinadiscussionofthemeritsandproblemsinvolvedwithusing

GDPasameasureofwell-being.Studentsareoftenasinterestedinwhatisnotincluded

inGDPastheyareinwhatisincluded.Havethestudentsbreakintosmallgroupsandlist

thethingsthatmightbemissingifweuseGDPasameasureofwell-being.Then,have

eachgroupreporttheirresultsandsummarizethemontheboard.

A.GDPmeasuresbothaneconomy'stotalincomeanditstotalexpenditureongoodsand

services.

B.GDPperpersontellsustheincomeandexpenditureleveloftheaveragepersoninthe

economy.

C.GDP,however,maynotbeaverygoodmeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofan

individual.

1.GDPomitsimportantfactorsinthequalityoflifeincludingleisure,thequalityofthe

environment,andthevalueofgoodsproducedbutnotsoldinformalmarkets.

2.GDPalsosaysnothingaboutthedistributionofincome.

3.However,ahigherGDPdoeshelpusachieveagoodlife.NationswithlargerGDP

generallyhavebettereducationandbetterhealthcare.

D.IntheNews:TheUndergroundEconomy

1.ThemeasurementofGDPmissesmanytransactionsthattakeplaceinthe

undergroundeconomy.

2.ThisarticlecomparestheundergroundeconomiesoftheUnitedStatesandseveral

othercountries.

E.CaseStudy:InternationalDifferencesinGDPandtheQualityofLife

Table3

1.Table3showsrealGDPperperson,lifeexpectancy,adultliteracyrates,and

Internetusagefor12countries.

2.Inrichcountries,lifeexpectancyishigherandadultliteracyandInternetusage

ratesarealsohigh.

3.Inpoorcountries,peopletypicallyliveonlyintotheir50s,onlyabouthalfofthe

adultpopulationisliterate,andInternetusageisveryrare.

Activity1―GDPandWell-Being

Type:In-classdemonstration

Topics:PercapitaGDP

Materialsneeded:None

Time:15minutes

Classlimitations:Worksinanysizeclass

Purpose

ThisactivityexaminestheusefulnessandlimitsofmeasuresofGDP.Studentsoftenhave

difficultyacceptingtheuseofGDPasaproxyforwell-being.PercapitaGDPdoesnotdirectly

measurewell-beingbutitishighlycorrelatedwithdirectmeasures.Makingthiscorrelation

explicithelpsstudentsunderstandtheemphasisonGDPinmacroeconomics.

Instructions

Askstudentsthefollowingquestions.Discusseachbeforemovingtothenextquestion.

1.IfGDPisagoodmeasureofwell-being,whyisSwitzerland'sGDPsomuchlowerthan

India'sGDPorChina'sGDP?

2.Whatmeasureswouldbebettertocomparethewell-beingofdifferentcountries?

3.HowdoyouexpectthesedirectmeasurestocorrelatewithpercapitaGDP?

CommonAnswersandPointsforDiscussion

1.GDPitselftellsverylittle;Switzerland'sGDPismuchlowerthanthatofIndiaorChina,yet

Swisscitizenshaveoneofthehigheststandardsoflivingintheworld.Thedifference,of

course,ispopulation.Switzerlandisasmallcountry,soitsGDPisrelativelysmall,despite

itswealth.TheappropriatecomparisonispercapitaGDP.

Amoreinterestingquestionis''IspercapitaGDPagoodmeasureofwell-being?"Or

wordedanotherway:''Whatconstituteswell-being?"

2.Well-beinacanbemeasureddirectlvinavarietyofwavs.Studentsoftensuaaestthese:

E.FYI:WhoWinsattheOlympics?

1.WhentheOlympicsend,commentatorsusethenumberofmedalseachnation

takesasameasureofsuccess.

2.InstudyingthedeterminantsofsuccessattheOlympics,twoeconomistshave

foundthattheleveloftotalGDPmatters.Itdoesnotmatterifthehightotalcomes

fromahighlevelofGDPperpersonorfromalargepopulation.

3.InadditiontoGDP,twootherfactorsinfluencethenumberofmedalswon.

a.Thehostcountryusuallyearnsextramedals.

b.TheformercommunistcountriesofEasternEuropeearnmoremedalsthan

othercountrieswithsimilarlevelsofGDP.

SOLUTIONSTOTEXTPROBLEMS:

QuickQuizzes:

1.Grossdomesticproductmeasurestwothingsatonce:(1)thetotalincomeof

everyoneintheeconomyand(2)thetotalexpenditureontheeconomy'soutputof

finalgoodsandservices.Itcanmeasurebothofthesethingsatoncebecauseall

expenditureintheeconomyendsupassomeone'sincome.

2.TheproductionofapoundofcaviarcontributesmoretoGDPthantheproduction

ofapoundofhamburgerbecausethecontributiontoGDPismeasuredbymarket

valueandthepriceofapoundofcaviarismuchhigherthanthepriceofapoundof

hamburger.

3.Thefourcomponentsofexpenditureare:(1)consumption;(2)investment;(3)

governmentpurchases;and(4)netexports.Thelargestcomponentis

consumption,whichaccountsformorethantwo-thirdsoftotalexpenditure.

4.RealGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatconstantprices.

NominalGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatcurrentprices.Real

GDPisabettermeasureofeconomicwell-beingbecausechangesinrealGDP

reflectchangesintheamountofoutputbeingproduced.Thus,ariseinrealGDP

meanspeoplehaveproducedmoregoodsandservices,butariseinnominalGDP

couldoccureitherbecauseofincreasedproductionorbecauseofhigherprices.

5.AlthoughGDPisnotaperfectmeasureofwell-being,policymakersshouldcare

aboutitbecausealargerGDPmeansthatanationcanaffordbetterhealthcare,

bettereducationalsystems,andmoreofthematerialnecessitiesoflife.

QuestionsforReview:

1.Aneconomy'sincomemustequalitsexpenditure,becauseeverytransactionhasa

buyerandaseller.Thus,expenditurebybuyersmustequalincomebysellers.

2.TheproductionofaluxurycarcontributesmoretoGDPthantheproductionofan

economycarbecausetheluxurycarhasahighermarketvalue.

3.ThecontributiontoGDPis$3,themarketvalueofthebread,whichisthefinal

goodthatissold.

4.ThesaleofusedrecordsdoesnotaffectGDPatallbecauseitinvolvesnocurrent

production.

5.ThefourcomponentsofGDPareconsumption,suchasthepurchaseofamusicCD;

investment,suchasthepurchaseofacomputerbyabusiness;government

purchases,suchasanorderformilitaryaircraft;andnetexports,suchasthesale

ofAmericanwheattoRussia.(Manyotherexamplesarepossible.)

6.EconomistsuserealGDPratherthannominalGDPtogaugeeconomicwell-being

becauserealGDPisnotaffectedbychangesinprices,soitreflectsonlychangesin

theamountsbeingproduced.YoucannotdetermineifariseinnominalGDPhas

beencausedbyincreasedproductionorhigherprices.

7.

YearNominalGDPRealGDPGDPDeflator

2010100X$2=$200100X$2=$200($200/$200)X100=100

2011200X$3=$600200X$2=$400(S600/S400)X100=150

ThepercentagechangeinnominalGDPis(600-200)/200x100=200%,The

percentagechangeinrealGDPis(400-200)/200x100=100%.Thepercentagechange

inthedeflatoris(150-100)/100x100=50%.

8.ItisdesirableforacountrytohavealargeGDPbecausepeoplecouldenjoymore

goodsandservices.ButGDPisnottheonlyimportantmeasureofwell-being.For

example,lawsthatrestrictpollutioncauseGDPtobelower.Iflawsagainst

pollutionwereeliminated,GDPwouldbehigherbutthepollutionmightmakeus

worseoff.Or,forexample,anearthquakewouldraiseGDP,asexpenditureson

cleanup,repair,andrebuildingincrease.Butanearthquakeisanundesirableevent

thatlowersourwelfare.

ProblemsandApplications

1.a.Consumptionincreasesbecausearefrigeratorisagoodpurchasedbya

household.