DiscoveringUsefulStructures—— 限制性定語從句(2)內(nèi)容索引·圖解·語法脈絡(luò)·感知·語法規(guī)律·精講·語法知識(shí)1.Itwasatimewhenpeopleweredividedgeographically.2.EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountrywheretheChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection.3.Therearemanyreasonswhythishasbeenpossible,butoneofthemainfactorshasbeentheChinesewritingsystem.4.ThesewereanimalbonesandshellsonwhichsymbolswerecarvedbyancientChinesepeople.5.Itwasin1952andMandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.一、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作狀語，即定語從句不缺主語、賓語或者表語時(shí)，通常要用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。常用的關(guān)系副詞有where，when，why等。關(guān)系副詞的指代及功能如下：關(guān)系副詞先行詞功能

when表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)間狀語

where表示地點(diǎn)的名詞地點(diǎn)狀語

whyreason原因狀語

1.關(guān)系副詞wherewhere引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞往往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞(如place，room，house，spot，school，country等)，關(guān)系副詞where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，相當(dāng)于“介詞in/at/on...＋which”。Thestadiumwhere/inwhichtheathletesworkoutisnotfarfromhere.運(yùn)動(dòng)員們鍛煉的體育館離這里不遠(yuǎn)。AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltownwhere/inwhichhegrewupasachild.在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了兒時(shí)成長的那個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)。[名師點(diǎn)津]

當(dāng)先行詞為situation,case,stage,point,activity,atmosphere等抽象名詞，且引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中表示事情發(fā)生的情況、階段等時(shí)，常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。2.關(guān)系副詞whenwhen引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間的名詞(如time，day，week，month，year等)，關(guān)系副詞when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于“介詞in/at/on/during...＋which”結(jié)構(gòu)。Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstsawyou.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見到你的日子。I’llneverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichIwastrappedinaburninghouse.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我被困在燃燒著的房子里的時(shí)候。3.關(guān)系副詞whywhy引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，先行詞常為reason，關(guān)系副詞why在從句中作原因狀語。相當(dāng)于“for＋which”結(jié)構(gòu)。Doyouknowthereasonwhy/forwhichsheisundergreatstress?你知道她壓力很大的原因嗎？[即時(shí)練1]用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空①Istillrememberthedays____________wechattedwitheachotherallnight.②Istillrememberthedays____________wespenttogetheronthefarm.③Idon’tknowthereason____________hedroppedoutofcollege.④Iwon’tlistentothereason____________youhavegivenus.⑤Thisistheplace____________weheldapartylastweek.⑥Thisistheplace____________wevisitedlastweek.whenthat/whichwhythat/whichwherethat/which二、“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語時(shí)，為了使關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的關(guān)系更加緊湊，可以將從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，形成“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞可用which，whom或whose。1.介詞的選用：可以遵循“一名二動(dòng)三邏輯”的原則。(1)“一名”——依據(jù)與先行詞搭配的具體意義而定。I’llneverforgetthefarmonwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.(onthefarm“在農(nóng)場上”)我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過童年時(shí)光的那個(gè)農(nóng)場。Thisisthecamerawithwhichheoftentakesphotos.(withthecamera“用照相機(jī)”)這就是他經(jīng)常用來拍照的相機(jī)。(2)“二動(dòng)”——依據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞等所需要的某種習(xí)慣搭配來確定。Hebroughttheresultwithwhichthebosswassatisfied.(besatisfiedwith“對……滿意”)他帶來了令老板滿意的結(jié)果。YesterdaywevisitedtheWestLakeforwhichHangzhouisknown.(beknownfor“因……而出名”)昨天我們游覽了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(3)“三邏輯”——根據(jù)從句表達(dá)的意義和先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系來確定。Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.這就是救了我兒子的那位飛行員。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.這種無色的、離開它我們就無法生存的氣體叫作氧氣。[名師點(diǎn)津]

有些“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”短語如lookfor，lookafter，callon等，如果介詞提前將會(huì)失去動(dòng)詞短語的意義，所以不可把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前。Isthisthebrochurewhichsheislookingfor?這就是她在找的那本冊子嗎？Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterarehealthy.護(hù)士們在照看的嬰兒都很健康。2.“名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞等＋介詞of＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。有時(shí)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”前還會(huì)有名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞等，表示部分、整體、數(shù)量等概念。Theriver，thebanksofwhicharecoveredwithtrees，flowstothesea.這條河流入大海，河的兩岸都是樹。Intheclassthereare50students，mostofwhomareveryhard－working.這個(gè)班里有50個(gè)學(xué)生，其中大多數(shù)都很勤奮。[即時(shí)練2]介詞填空①Isthisthecar____________whichyoupaidahighprice?②Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson____________whomshecouldturnforhelp.③Thehouse____________whichIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.④Ican’tremembertheage____________whichhewontheprize.⑤Thisisthepilot____________whommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.forto inatwithThebestclassroomintheworldisatthefeetofanelderlyperson.世界上最好的課堂在老人的腳下.Havingachildfallasleepinyourarmsisoneofthemostpeacefulfeelingintheworld.讓一個(gè)孩子在你的臂彎入睡,你會(huì)體會(huì)到世間最安寧的感覺.Beingkindismoreimportantthanbeingright.善良比真理更重要.Youshouldneversaynotoagiftfromachild.永遠(yuǎn)不要拒絕孩子送