托福閱讀第一課

1.Vocabulary詞匯題

每篇文章3-5個(gè)，相當(dāng)于全部問(wèn)題的1/3

不但有詞，還有詞組

基本題型構(gòu)成：

Thewordxxxinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto...

Thephrasexxxinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto...

Caseexample

Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.

“Potholes“arcephemeralbodiesofwaterthatcanstretchanywherefromseveralmeterstoafewmillimetersin

depth.Theytypicallyaccommodateanamazingandrichvarietyofanimalandplantlife,but(heyarcproneto

wild,suddenfluctuations,particularlyiftheyarerelativelyshallow.Forexample,inhotanddryweather,thewater

inpotholescanreachscorchingtemperatures,beforecompletelyevaporating,leavingallbutthehardiest

organismsunabletosunive.

?Thewordephemeralinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.short-lived

B.valuable

C.wide

D.irregular

?Thewordaccommodateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.contain

B.oversee

C.expose

D.attract

?Thephrasearepronetointhepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Aarerepresentedby

B.tendtoexperience

Carcableto

D.havetoreflect

I.典型的托福用詞匯

c.g.sporadicintermittentoccasional

cardinalprincipalchief

dwindlediminishdecrease

2.具有多義的基本詞匯

3.短語(yǔ)表達(dá)

e.g.shedlighton;clarify

copewith;takecareof

sufferparalysis;cannotmove

smartsolution:增加詞匯量；深度理解基本詞匯

A理解詞義

B活用上下文

?確定是否和內(nèi)容一致

“Potholes“areephemeralbodiesofwaterthatcanstretchanywherefromseveralmeterstoafewmillimetersin

depth.Theytypicallyaccommodateanamazingandrichvarietyofanimalandplantlife,buttheyareproneto

wild,suddenfluctuations,particularlyif(heyarerelativelyshallow.Forexample,inhotanddryweather,the

waterinpotholescanreachscorchingtemperatures,beforecompletelyevaporating,leavingallbutthehardiest

organismsunabletosurvive.

?符合邏輯的線索

并歹Manyanimalspossesssurprisingintelligenceandsomeofthemcancommunicatewithotherorganismsin

sophisticatedways.

讓步OldremnantsofGreekpotteryarestillveryhelpful,evenwhennotentirelyintact.

對(duì)照Whereoncetherewasanapparentdistinctionbetweenliberaleducationandvocationaleducation,theline

betweenthetwohasnowbecomeblurred.

因果AllofOctavian'sdomesticenemieshadbeendefeated,soheseveredtieswithMarcAntonyandbegan

raisinghisownarmy.

?詳細(xì)說(shuō)明部分

Theirrelationshipisbasedonthemutualbenefitswhichtheyprovideeachother.

?舉例部分

ItisalegalrequirementthatroyaltiesbepaidwheneverareplicaismadeofEgyptianantiquitiessuchasthe

pyramidsortheSphinx.

做題技巧

1.認(rèn)識(shí)的詞或短語(yǔ)一-就題做題

Apotentiallyhazardousconsequenceofevenaslightincreaseinworldtempera-

turewasidentifiedintheearly1970s.Scientistspredictedanearly20-footriseinglob-

alsealevelsasaresultoftheAntarcticicesheetmelting.

Theword“slight”inline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)small

(B)light

(C)superficial

(D)considerable

Thesesurvivedasthebasiccomponentsofflagdesignwhensmallregionalking-

domswerelater“combined"intolargernationstates.TheyremainsuchformanyEuro-

peancountriestoday.

Theword“components"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)states

(B)styles

(C)parts

(D)makers

2.不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞或短語(yǔ)-----進(jìn)行推斷

2.1根據(jù)詞根詞綴推斷

Otherfaultsaresmallandproduceonlyminorandinfrequentearthquakes.How-

ever,thevastmajorityoffaultsareinactiveanddonotgenerateearthquakesatall.Nev-

ertheless,evenfaultsthathavebeeninactiveforyearscanruptureagainifthestresses

actingontheregionincreasesufficiently.

Theword“rupture"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)oscillate

(B)break

(C)vanish

(D)mature

EasterIslandisanisolatedislandinthePacificbetweenChileandTahiti.Theis-

landisroughlytriangularandcoversonly64squaremiles(165squarekilometers).

Becauseofitsimmensestatues,EasterIslandhaslongbeenthesubjectofcuriosity.

Theword“immense"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)ancient

(B)enormous

(C)ruined

(D)peculiar

2.2根據(jù)上下文推斷

A.找同義對(duì)應(yīng)

a.定義

b.同位語(yǔ)

0.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

d.Or結(jié)構(gòu)

e.例子

f.定語(yǔ)從句

11costsaspammerapproximatelyone-hundredthofacenttosendspam,which

meansthataspammercanstillmakeaprofitevenwithanabysmaQ|lowresponse

rate,aslowasonesaleper100,000E-mailssent.

Theword"abysmally"inlino2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)tragically

(B)unconsciously

(C)extremely

(D)discouragingly

Carsonarguedthattheregulationsgoverninguseofthesechemicalswereinad-

equate,thoughherpositionswerenotasextremeastheyaresometimesnowrepresent-

ed.Shedidnotsupportthecompletebanningofpesticides.Rather,shewasopposedto

“indiscriminate"use,i.e.usewithoutanyconsiderationforcautionandmoderation.

Theworduindiscriminate0inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)inefficient

(B)sponsored

(C)uncontrolled

(D)irrational

B.找反義對(duì)應(yīng)

尋找反義的線索：but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast,instead,or,whereas,unlikeetc.

MysteriesabouttheMoaiofEasterIslandcertainlyremain,butcurrentarchaeolog-

icalresearchhasmadeonelessonclear:overpopulationandoveruseofresourcessuch

asoccurredonEasterIslandcanbringaboutthedownfallofthrivingsocieties.

Theword“thriving”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)prosperous

(B)secluded

(C)disintegrating

(D)dramatic

Inspiteofitssimplicity,thenationalflagasweknowittodayisinnowayaprimi-

tiveartifact.Itis,rather,theresultofmillenniaofdevelopmentinmanycomersofthe

globe.

Theword“primitive”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)classical

(B)ancient

(C)unsophisticated

(D)identifiable

2.3短語(yǔ)意義的判斷

托福考試閱讀部分的短語(yǔ)主要包括名詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)和形容詞短語(yǔ)，其中的名詞、動(dòng)詞和形

容詞可以看成短語(yǔ)的中心詞，做題時(shí)可以先找出短語(yǔ)的中心詞，再在選項(xiàng)中尋找中心詞的同義

詞，即可得到正確答案。

Thekitchendoesnotconformtohygieneregulations.

Thephrase"conformto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)agreewith

(B)transforminto

(C)resortto

(D)strayfrom

Regardlessofconcernsovertheselectionprocess,however,itseemsthattheprize

willcontinuetosurvivebothasanindicatoroftheliteraturethatwemosthighly

praise,andasanelusivegoalthatwritersseek.

Thephrase“regardlessof*inline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)becauseof

(B)confidentof

(C)accordingto

(D)nomatterwhat

在短語(yǔ)中，副詞或介詞也有助于判斷詞義

Theword"television",derivedfromitsGreek(tele:distant)andLatin(vision:

sight)roots,canliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.

Thephrase“derivedfrom”inline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)warnedagainst

(B)destroyedby

(C)obtained

(D)basedon

?注意事項(xiàng)

1.沾邊就對(duì)

所謂“沾邊就對(duì)二是指不要求答案是被考詞精確的同義詞，只要是近義詞、在本文

中構(gòu)成同義關(guān)系即可。例如，extract(提取)與remove(清除)不是精確的同義詞，但

是在托福考試中，remove常作為extract的同義詞答案。

2.詞性一致

被考詞匯的詞性,肯定與選項(xiàng)詞匯的詞性一致。有時(shí)，考生對(duì)被考詞的一個(gè)詞性的意

思很熟悉，而對(duì)該詞做其他詞性用時(shí)的意思不太清楚。做題時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的詞確

定被考詞的同性,再由此確定詞義。例如.

Educationalexpertsprojectthatpercapitapersonalincomelevelswilldecline.

However,thiscanbereversedifstatesdoabetterjobofincreasingtheeducationofall

theirresidents,particularlythosepopulationsthataregrowingfastest.

Theword“project“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)reply

(B)estimate

(C)plan

(D)contend

3.代入驗(yàn)證

不論是哪種做題思路，都要將選定的答案代入原文驗(yàn)證，以提高準(zhǔn)確率。

練習(xí)

1.TheArtNouveaustylewasaneclecticone,bringingtogetherelementsofJapa-

neseart,motifsofancientcultures,andnaturalforms.

Theword“eclectic"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)choosingfromdiversesources

(B)beingcriticalaboutsomething

(C)refusingtoidentifyanything

(D)electedasthestyle

2.Inhisstoriesandnovels,Twaindrewonhisownexperiencesanduseddia-

lectandcommonspeechinsteadofliterarylanguage,touchingoffamajorchangein

Americanprosestyle.

Thephrase“drewonMinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)employed

(B)attracted

(C)put

(D)painted

3.Thegoalofadvertisingistoidentifyaproduct'spurposeorusefulness.Useval-

uecanbefairlyobvious;forexample,acar*susefulnessisasaformoftransportation.

Butitcanalsobemoresubtle,aswhenacarisalsousedasaformforrepresentingone's

status.

Theword“subtle"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)vague

(B)fine

(C)ambiguous

(D)apparent

4.1offeramoney-backguaranteeiftheprogramfails.Ifmytreatmentsdon'twork,

youwillgetback100%ofyourmoney.HowcanIdothis?Itismyguaranteetoyou

thatmytreatmentworks.Adoctorwilltellyouthatcancercan'tbecured,It*sthedoc-

torswhoarethefrauds.

Theword“frauds”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)therapists

(B)guarantors

(C)impostors

(D)flatterers

5?AmysteriousdecimationofbeepopulationshasGermanbeekeepersworried,

whileasimilarphenomenonintheUnitedStatesisgraduallyassumingcatastrophic

proportions.Theconsequencesforagricultureandtheeconomycouldbeenormous.

Nooneknowswhatiscausingthebeestoperish,butsomeexpertsbelievethatthe

large-scaleuseofgeneticallymodifiedplantsintheUScouldbeafactor.

Theword“decimation"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)deciding

(B)perishing

(C)exploding

(D)animating

6.AndrewWhitenofSt.AndrewsUniversityinFife,Scotland,andhiscolleagues

studiedthreegroupsofcaptivechimpanzeesandthewaysinwhichtheyassumeddif-

ferenttechniquesforobtainingfood.Thefirstgroupcontainedahigh-rankingfemale

thathadbeentaughttoretrievefoodfromanapparatusbyusingasticktopusha

blockageaway,thusfreeingthefooditem.

Theword“retrieve"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)giveback

(B)receive

(C)trail

(D)findandbringback

2.事實(shí)信息題

每段短文一般有fact類(lèi)型題3-5個(gè)，negativefact問(wèn)題一般有0-1個(gè)。

特點(diǎn)：出現(xiàn)頻率較高，但只對(duì)一段內(nèi)容而不是全文信息的考察，較容易。

基本題型構(gòu)成：

Accordingtoparagraphxxx,.......?

Accordingtoparagraphxxx,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue....?

Caseexample

Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.

TheMinoancivilizationwasaBronzeAgeculturethatisbelievedtohavethrivedontheislandofCretefrom

around2700to1450BC.Reachingsofarbackintoantiquity,itisimpossibletoverifyanexacttimelineofthe

Minoan.However,usingremainsofMinoanpottery,aswellasotherarchaeologicalevidencefoundatancient

palacesites,researchershavebeenabletotrace[hegeneraldcvclor>mcntofMinoansociety.

Theearliestknownpotterywaslargelyfunctional.Hand-made,asopposedtolaterworksthatwerecreatedwith

thehelpofapotterywheel,thesepieceswerefashionedintoroughjarandcupshapes.Theytendedtohavesimple,

linearpatterns,andtheywereoftenadullredorbrowncolor.

?accordingtoparagraph1,theruinsatMinoanpalacesitesareusedto.

Averify(helocationof(hefirsthumanseulementsonCrete.

Bcomparecommonpolterywithexpensiveworksownedbythewealthy.

ChelpsketcharoughchronologyofancientMinoanculture.

DillustratecommonthemesinMinoanartandarchitecture.

?According(oparagraph2,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutearlyMinoanpottery?

Aithadanunsophisticateddesign.

Bitwasfashionedusingamechanicalwheel.

Cithadareputationfbrbeingpractical.

Ditwasmoldedintounevenshapes.

Smartsolution:

1.找關(guān)健詞

AccordingtoparagraphI,theruinsatMinoanpalacesitesarcusedto

2.找原文中出現(xiàn)關(guān)健詞的部分

3.分析關(guān)鍵詞周邊部分的核心內(nèi)容

Paraphrasing

TracethegeneraldevelopmentofMinoansociety-C:helpsketcharoughchronologyofancientMinoan

culture整體轉(zhuǎn)述

Simple,linearpatterns,andtheywereoftenadullredorbrowncolor---A:unsophisticateddesign

Largelyfunctional—C:reputationforbeingpractical同義詞轉(zhuǎn)述

Fashionedintoroughjarandcupshapes-D:moldedintounevenshapes

單詞和短語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)述

錯(cuò)誤答案類(lèi)型和正確答案的特點(diǎn)：

?Fact題型

AverifythelocationofthefirsthumansettlementsonCrete.

Bcomparecommonpotterywithexpensiveworksownedbythewealthy.

ChelpsketcharoughchronologyofancientMinoanculture.

DillustratecommonthemesinMinoanartandarchitecture.

?Negativefact題型

Hand-made,asopposedtolaterworksthatwerecreatedwiththehelpofapotterywheel,thesepieceswere

fashionedintoroughjarandcupshapes.

-?(negativefact)Bitwasfashionedusingamechanicalwheel.

?做題技巧

細(xì)心題要求的基本閱讀技能是查讀（scanning）；即根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞定位原文包

含關(guān)鍵詞的句子.然后在選項(xiàng)中找出原文句子的同義句進(jìn)行替換。簡(jiǎn)而言之,細(xì)節(jié)題的做

題技巧是：定位原文、同義替換。與舊托福相比，現(xiàn)在的托福細(xì)節(jié)題的定位難度大大降低，

1.定位原文

細(xì)節(jié)題的定位方法如下：

1）根據(jù)問(wèn)題中給出的段落數(shù)與段落前的提示箭頭定位

2）根據(jù)問(wèn)題中的標(biāo)志詞與關(guān)鍵詞定位

a.標(biāo)志詞

標(biāo)志詞主要指問(wèn)題中的專有名詞（人名、地名等）、數(shù)字年代與特殊標(biāo)志詞（大寫(xiě)的詞、

斜體詞、帶引號(hào)的詞、專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)等）。

b.關(guān)鍵詞

關(guān)鍵詞主要指問(wèn)題中的核心名詞、名詞詞組，有時(shí)也包括動(dòng)詞或形容詞。問(wèn)題中的關(guān)

鍵詞在原文的句子中可能以原來(lái)的形式出現(xiàn)，也可能以同義詞、同根詞甚至反義詞的形式

出現(xiàn)。

3）根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的標(biāo)志詞和關(guān)鍵詞定位

問(wèn)題中沒(méi)有標(biāo)志詞或關(guān)鍵詞時(shí),可以根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的標(biāo)志詞和關(guān)鍵詞定位。

2.同義替換

在定位原文具體的句子以后，必須將選項(xiàng)與原文——進(jìn)行比較,對(duì)原文進(jìn)行同義替換

（paraphrasing）的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。同義替換是參加托福考試必備的四大學(xué)術(shù)技能之一,

主要涉及兩個(gè)方面：

1）將原文中的關(guān)鍵詞換成同義詞或同一詞匯的不同詞類(lèi)（如原文的名詞在選項(xiàng)中變

成了動(dòng)詞）;

2）改變?cè)牡木湫停缭牡谋粍?dòng)句變成主動(dòng)句。

例一

1790sawthenationenteringaneweraofroaddevelopment.Unabletofinanceroad

construction,statesturnedforhelptoprivatecompanies,organizedbymerchantsand

landspeculatorswhohadapersonalinterestinbettercommunicationswiththeinte-

rior.

Accordingtothepassage,whydidstatesneedprivatecompanies'helpinroad

building?

（A）Thestateswereunabletobuildroadsthemselvesfinancially.

（B）Privatecompaniescouldspendlesstimecompletingroads.

（C）Thestatesdidnothaveasmuchequipmentasprivatecompanies.

（D）Privatecompanieshadmoreknowledgeoftheinterior.

例二

Theflag,themostcommonsymbolofnationalidentityinthemodemworld,is

alsooneoftheoldest.Thetraditionalflagoffabricisstillusedtoindicatebuildings,ships,

anddiplomaticcaravansbynationalaffiliation,butitsvisualdesignmakesitsuitablefor

otherrolesaswell.Mostflagshaveacompact,rectangularshapeanduniquevisual

symbolism.Theirstrongcolorsandgeometricpatternsareofteninstantlyrecognizable

evenifmadeassmallaslessthanasquarecentimeter.Imagesofflagscanthusserveas

identifyingiconsonairliners,televisionbroadcasts,andcomputerdisplays.

Whatisremarkableaboutth。dnsignofthetypicalflag?

(A)Itislikelytochangeastechnologyprogresses.

(B)Itisolderthanthecountryitstandsfor.

(C)Itisnotfamiliartopeoplefromothercountries.

(D)Itisadaptableformultipledifferentuses.

例三

Thenewmodeltargetedproductstomeetthedesiresofspecificgroupsofconsum-

ers.HenryFord'sModelTfitsthefirstpattern.Ford'sefficientproduutiunmethods

broughtthepriceoftheModelTdown,andheresistedmakingchangesinhiscarso

thatitwouldremainaffordablefbrmostpeople.

WhatwaschieflyresponsibleforkeepingthepriceoftheModelTaffordable?

(A)Itwasdesignedforpeoplepoorlypaid.

(B)HenryFordhimselfwasthedesigner.

(C)Thestyleofthecardidnotchangeveryoften.

(D)Itwasequippedwithasmallengineusinglittlegas.

3.干擾選項(xiàng)

細(xì)節(jié)題的干擾選項(xiàng)具有下列特征：

1)反：選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與原文相矛盾。

2)無(wú)：

a.虛假比較：選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)原文沒(méi)有的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)(most.........est)或其他絕對(duì)化論

述(only)；

b.范圍、程度：選項(xiàng)中的限定詞表示的范圍或程度與文中所提的范圍或程度不同。

3)混：原文說(shuō)甲事物有某特征,但選項(xiàng)卻張冠李戴，挪到了乙事物身上。

練習(xí)

1.ThecaseofpizzainRussiaisaninterestingexampleofintroducingaproductin

aninternationalmarket.Beforetherestaurantcalled“Pizzeria"openedthere,thecom-

panyfirsthadtoconvinceRussianpeopletotryitsproduct.Todothis,theyexplained

thatpizzawassimilartoRussianvatrushka.TheRussianslikedit,buttherestaurant

wasnotsopopularwithforeignvisitorsbecausethepizzadidnotalwayshaveenough

tomatosauceandcheese.Anotherproblemwasthatifcustomerswantedtotakethe

pizzahomewiththem,thechefwouldnotallowit.Hedidnotwantittogetcold.

Intheparagraph,thekeytointroducingpizzainRussiawasthat

(A)itwassoldinRussia

(B)foreignvisitorslikedit

(C)customerscouldtakeithome

(D)itresembledvatrushka

2.Fortheanorexic,thementalfocusbecomesverysmall:foodandweight.Ina

way,it'seasytoseehowthishelpstheanorexicmanagethefearoflivinginthebig,

uncontrollableworldoutthere.Youmaynotbeabletocontrolhowotherpeoplefeel

aboutyou,butyoucancontrolwhatyouputinyourmouth.Youcanalsocontrolhow

manyhoursyouspendatthegym.Soonyougethookedoncontrollingyourweight.

What'stheanorexictryingtodo?

(A)Sheistryingtocontrolhowothersfeelabouther.

(B)Shewantstomanageherworld.

(C)Hermentalfocusturnsverylarge.

(D)Sheinveststoomuchtimeatthegym.

3.Representationsofhumanhandsalsoarepervasive.Thosesurroundingthe

Pech-Merlehorses,andmostpaintedhandsatotherlocations,are“negative,"namely,

theartistlaidonehandagainstthewallandthenpaintedorblewpigmentaroundit.

Sometimes,theartistpressedahandagainstthewallafterdippingitinpaint,leaving

a“positive”imprint.Thesehandprintsmusthavehadsomesignificanceaswell.Some

scholarshaveclassifiedthemas“signatures"ofcultorcommunitymembersor,less

likely,ofindividualartists.

Whywasapositiveimprintofartists,handsleftoncavepaintings?

(A)Itmighthavebeenawaytoindicatetheauthorshipofpaintings.

(B)Ittypifieshumanbeingsinthecavepaintings.

(C)Itcouldhavebeenanagreeablesymbolwithlittlesignificance.

(D)Itwasthehandprintofahunterwhomthepainteradmired.

4.Somebarriersinvolvecompetitionwithotherspecies.Adandelionseedmay

becarriedbythewindtobareground,andifenvironmentalfactorsareright,itmay

germinate.Thereisnotmuchchance,however,thatanyindividualseedlingwillsur-

vive.Mostplacesthataresuitableforthegrowthofdandelionsarealreadyoccupied

byothertypesofplantsthatarewelladaptedtothearea.Thedandelionseedlingmust

competewiththeseplantsforspace,water,light,andnutrients.Facingsuchstiffcom-

petition,thechancesofsurvivalareslim.

Fewdandelionseedlingssurviveasaresultof

(A)thethreatofstrongwinds

(B)competitionfromotherspecies

(C)thestrugglewithotherdandelions

(D)theabsenceofaproperhabitat

5.HeyerdahlgaveotherevidencefortheSouthAmericanoriginoftheHanau

Eepe.Thestoneworkofthestoneplatformscalledahuwasincrediblyintricate,unlike

anymadebyotherPacificIslanders.However,theIncapeopleofSouthAmericawere

famousforintricatestonework.AnotherpieceofevidenceHeyerdahlpresentedwas

thefactthatthestaplefoodoftheEasterIslanders,thesweetpotato,isnotfoundin

Polynesia.HebelievedthatitcamewiththeHanauEepefromSouthAmerica.

Accordingtothepassage,howdidsweetpotatoseedscometoEasterIsland?

(A)Theywerewashedupbythewaves.

(B)Theywerebroughtbywesternersin1722.

(C)Theywerecarriedacrosstheseabybirds.

(D)TheywerebroughtherefromSouthAmerica.

3.指代題

文章中指示詞所指的對(duì)象，既可以是單獨(dú)的名詞，也可以是句子、文章等。

難度不大，所以一不要丟分，二要節(jié)約時(shí)間

基本題型構(gòu)成：

Thewordxxxinthepassagerefersto...

Thephrasexxxinthepassagerefersto...

Caseexample

Readthepassageandanswerthecuestions.

Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantsandbacteriaproducethesustenancetheyneedinordertolive.

Thiscomplexphenomenoninvolvestheconversionoflightenergyderivedfromthesunintochemicalenergy.

Whenlightenergyactsonthecarbondioxideandwaterthatplantsdrawinfromtheatmosphereandsoil,it

causesareactionthatalterstheirchemicalcomposition.Oneproductofthisreactionisthecreationof

carbohydrates,includingglucoseandstarch.Anotheristhereleaseofoxygen.Animallifeontheplanetrelics

onbothoftheseproductsforsurvival.Oxygenisessentialforanimalrespiration,whilethecarbohydratesstored

inplantsprovidethebasisofthefoodchainuponwhichallanimalorganismsdepend.

?Thewordtheirinthepassagerefersto

A.plantsandbacteria

B.carbondioxideandwater

C.atmosphereandsoil

D.glucoseandstarch

?ThewordAnotherinthepassagerefersto

A.conversionoflightenergy

B.chemicalcomposition

C.creationofcarbohydrates

D.productofIhisreaction

Cliffsarelarge,verticalrockfacescommonlyfoundinmountainranges,oncoastlinesandinrivervalleys.

Manycliffsareformedeitherby(heimpactofwavesorflowingrivers,orthroughasuddenlandslidecausedby

geologicalactivity.However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMount

ThoronBaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.

?Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto

AEarthBglacialice

CMountThorDBaffinIsland

例題分析：

1.指示代詞：最常見(jiàn)的題型；所有的指示代詞都會(huì)出現(xiàn)，特別是指代人的they,their,them等和指代物的it,its

出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)比較多。

2.不定代詞：anothei7some/any/all/both

3.關(guān)系代詞：此類(lèi)題型中，先行詞就是指代對(duì)象，但在先行詞和關(guān)系代詞之間會(huì)插入一些詞句，注意不要

將二者弄混。However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoron

BaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.

Smartsolution:閱讀中理解指示詞的意義是解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵

仔細(xì)查看指示詞所在的句子或者其前面的句子

1.指代對(duì)象出現(xiàn)在指示詞句子內(nèi)部（概率很高）

Whenlightenergyactsonthecarbondioxideandwaterthatplantsdrawinfromtheatmosphereandsoil,itcauses

areactionthatalterstheirchemicalcomposition.

However,glacialicehascreatedsomeof（helargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoronBaffinIsland,

whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.

2.指代對(duì)象出現(xiàn)在前面文章中：（兩個(gè)句子是并列關(guān)系）

Oneproductofthisreactionisthecreationofcarbohydrates,includingglucoseandstarch.Anotheristhereleaseof

oxygen.

牢記多種指示詞的用法

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，指示代詞在指示詞題型中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，但是也有多種不定代詞和指示形容詞經(jīng)常構(gòu)成名詞或者句子

來(lái)使用。所以平時(shí)就要多熟記這些用法靈活的指示詞。

1.互為對(duì)立的不定代詞/不定形容詞

Some/others;one/another;thefornier/thelatter

2.多樣的不定代詞

All/some/neither/either/both/each

3.指示形容詞，定冠詞

定冠詞the前面的內(nèi)容一般都是已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的，所以和名詞一起構(gòu)成指示詞出現(xiàn)。

This/thcsee.g.thisinfluence,theseinfluences

That/thoscc.g.thatproblem,thoseproblems

Such/thce.g.suchoptions,theconclusion

熟記具有代表性的錯(cuò)誤題型

1.和指示詞距離較遠(yuǎn)的選項(xiàng)一般很可能有錯(cuò)誤

2.把選項(xiàng)放入指示詞的位置，這樣可以降低錯(cuò)誤概率（觀察句子是否流暢）

?做題技巧

1.初步判斷

1)主從復(fù)合句中的指代

在主從復(fù)合句中,第二句的代詞主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語(yǔ)(有時(shí)是賓語(yǔ)),表

示話題的延續(xù)。例如，

Collegestudentsaskedtopredicttheirownfuturecomparedtothatoftheirclassmates

believed,onaverage,thattheyweremorelikelytograduatehigherintheirclass,getabet-

terjob,earnahighersalary,haveahappiermarriage,andbearagiftedchild.

Theword"they"inline2refersto

(A)students

(B)classmates

(C)future

(D)salary

Ifyoulookatthelichenbodythroughamagnifyingglass,youwillseethatitis

madeupofatangledmassoffungalstrandscalledhyphae.

Theword"it"inthepassagerefersto

(A)amagnifyingglass

(B)thelichenbody

(C)atangledmass

(D)hyphae

如果主從復(fù)合句中一個(gè)旬子(可以是主句，也可以是從句)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，包含被動(dòng)

語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中的主語(yǔ)常指代另一句中的賓語(yǔ)。例如，

Likewise,aplantoranimalcannotwasteallitsenergyondevelopingabigbodyif

nonewouldbeleftforreproduction,forthiswillmostsurelyleadtoextinction.

Theword"none"inthepassagerefersto

(A)reproduction

(B)hugebody

(C)energy

(D)animalorplant

2)并列動(dòng)詞中的指代

如果一個(gè)句中有兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞的代詞賓語(yǔ)經(jīng)常指代前一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后的名

詞賓語(yǔ)。例如，

Artistsperceivethedistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatespaces,andtakethat

intoconsiderationwhencarryingouttheirpubliccommissions.

Theword“that”refersto

(A)space

(B)audience

(C)distinction

(D)commission

3)平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代

平彳亍結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each…，othersnotonly...butalso

theformer...thelatter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)部分的兩個(gè)代詞經(jīng)常指代同一

對(duì)象：前一句中的名詞主語(yǔ)。

例一,

AnimalslivevirtuallyinanyplacethatwelookatonEarth.Fromthetopsof

mountainstothebottomoftheoceans,wefindanimals.Theyhaveadaptedtoawide

varietyofclimatesandconditions.Sometolerateextremeheat.Othersarefoundinex-

tremecold,suchastheArticCircle.Wormshaveevenbeenfoundlivinginglacialice.

Theword“others”inthepassagerefersto

(A)mountains

(B)oceans

(C)animals

(D)worms

例二

Inthe1940s,playingchildreninSouthwestFrancefoundLascauxGrotto,ase-

riesofnarrowcavechambersthatholdhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals.Manyof

thesebeastsare16feetinsize.Somefolloweachotherinstatelyparades,butothers

twistaround,sidewardandupsidedown.

Theword"others0inthepassagerefersto

(A)parades

(B)beasts

(C)chambers

(D)animals

4)所有格的指代

所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近的名詞。例如，

Folk-madeobjectsarereplacedbytheirpopularequivalent,oftenbecausethe

popularitemismorequicklyorcheaplymanufactured,iseasiertouse,orendowsthe

ownerwithgreaterprestige.

Theword°theirHrefersto

(A