Research

Progress

on

Fuel

Cell

and

Hydrogen

Energy

inSingapore

燃料電池和氫能的研究進(jìn)展

H2FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料電池和氫能發(fā)展CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氫/氨作為能量載體Safetyconcerns安全問(wèn)題Contents

/報(bào)告內(nèi)容Motivation動(dòng)力*LocalcommitmentReduceemissions’intensity

by

36%from

2005levels

by2030Climate

changeChangein

temperature,

precipitation,extreme

events,etc.

patternsGlobalcommitmentLimitthetemperature

rise

to

1.5

°C*Source:.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/impact-of-climate-change-on-singapore*FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料電池和氫能發(fā)展CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氫/氨作為能量載體Safetyconcerns安全問(wèn)題Contents

/報(bào)告內(nèi)容Motivation動(dòng)力*Singapore0.350.000.000.4612.2587.053.411.796.603.604.41*

2017

EnergyConsumptionStructure/2017能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)Source:

BPStatistical

ReviewofWorld

Energy2018

BP2018年世界能源統(tǒng)計(jì)評(píng)論*

Inthisreview,primaryenergycomprisescommercially-tradedfuels,

including

modern

renewables

usedto

generate

electricity.20168.611.10%20158.525.24%20148.09-4.31%20138.46-0.62%20128.51-1.84%20118.67-3.68%201095.62%20098.52-6.48%20089.11-1.02%20079.211.24%20069.090.88%Others其他Transportation

交通Industry工業(yè)Electricity

and

heat

production電力和熱能SingaporeCO2

emissions

percapitaDate

ValueChange,%*

CO2

Emissions

inSingapore2005

9.01

Total

emissions

=

45.7

MtSource:/atlas/Singapore/CO2-emissions-per-

capita.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profileOthers:

Residential,commercial,

publicservicesandothers:TheWorld

Bank

(2012)碳排放(來(lái)自燃料燃燒)每美元GDP人均碳排放(來(lái)自燃料燃燒)Source:.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profile**Solar

PV

system

onanHDB

building政府組屋樓頂Other

Application蓄水池表面校園建筑屋頂*FindingWaysto

IncreaseSolarPowerGeneration太陽(yáng)能應(yīng)用實(shí)例Floating

Solar

Plant

-

Singapore

NTU

campus

overlooking

map太陽(yáng)能實(shí)時(shí)發(fā)電量*

FindingWaysto

IncreaseSolarPowerGenerationEst.

PVoutput:

Estimatedsolarphoto-voltaic(PV)

output

Installed

PVcap:

InstalledsolarPV

capacityMWac:

Nominal

poweroutput

in

megawatts(MW),convertedtoalternatingcurrentSource:.sg/solarmap.aspx網(wǎng)格連接太陽(yáng)能光伏裝置的數(shù)量*Limitation

of

Solar

Energy

太陽(yáng)能的缺陷FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料電池和氫能發(fā)展Safetyconcerns安全問(wèn)題Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氫/氨作為能量載體CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Contents

/報(bào)告內(nèi)容Motivation動(dòng)力*Singapore*

Timelineofmajor

FuelCelland

HydrogenTechnologyActivities

in新加坡主要燃料電池和氫技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程

Fue

l

Ce

l

l

andHydrogenTechno

logyActivitiesGreen

Building

Systems

綠色建筑系統(tǒng)Flagship

Programme旗艦項(xiàng)

目EcoCampus生態(tài)校園1

RE

Integration&Smart

Grids再生能源集成和智慧電網(wǎng)High

Impact

Energy

Efficiencyand

SustainabilityAccentuating

Innovationand

GreenGrowth4Energy

InformationAnalytics能源信息分析Urban

Mobility城市流動(dòng)User

Behavior用戶行為sie

ensEnvelope,

Facades&

Lighting

Innovativetropicalcooling5phHlL

lps2*315園16太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電量增加一倍：將提供9.9兆瓦的太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電，是現(xiàn)有5MW系統(tǒng)輸出功率的兩倍。將滿足大學(xué)7％至10％的能源需求。Eco

Campus

生態(tài)校*17Flagship

Programme旗艦項(xiàng)

目Renewable

Energy

Integration

DemonstratorSingapore

(REIDS)RD&D

at

a

large-scale

-新pro

g可rati

o生fab能road源ran集geo成fre

leen(eRrg

pI

d

c)tion

-

onshore

andoffshore,energystorageand

rationalenergyend-use

technologies.*FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料電池和氫能發(fā)展CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氫/氨作為能量載體Safetyconcerns安全問(wèn)題Contents

/報(bào)告內(nèi)容Motivation動(dòng)力*HeatFC-CHCP*

Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量畫(huà)

H

Storage/Dispenser

FCV2H

H2Electrolyzer載體

zlHythane/HZ-richFuel

processorElectricityCoo

l

ingLNG*

Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量載體EnergyShiTypicalLithium

IonStorageH2

+

Li

IonBattery

StorageLoad

in

HDB1

day–

18

kWhLi

Ion

BatteryStorageLoad–

HDB2.5

daysSolar

PVSolar

PVHydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量可再生能源的儲(chǔ)存和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)微網(wǎng)和分布式電源多余的電能儲(chǔ)存模式氫氣+氧氣電力模式放電模式充電模式循環(huán)水載體Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量載體*2223Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量載體Theproposedhigh-temperaturewaterelectrolysissystembasedon

1

m2YSZ|YSZ-GDC|BCFNcell.基于工作面積為1

m2的

Ni-YSZ

|YSZ-GDC

|

BCFN設(shè)計(jì)的高溫水電解系統(tǒng)Ni-*(a)(b)Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an載體24Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量Flowchartof

LSCMpowdersynthesisviasol-gelmethod.*25Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量載體OrganicMonomer,Cross-Linker(AM,MBAM)Fig.1Processflowchartforapatitepowderssynthesized

by

gel-castingtechniqueRolling/Ball-Milling(SlurryFormation)WaterDispersant(PMAA)CalciningPrecursorOxideCastingInitiator(APS)GelationDrying*Synthesis

methodfor

LSCMpowderLSCM粉末的合成方法Gel-casting凝膠注法Solid-statereaction固相反應(yīng)法Sol-gel溶膠-凝膠法Glycinecombustion

甘氨酸燃燒法Co-precipitation

共沉淀法Wide

rangeof

raw

materials

原料來(lái)源廣√√xxxLowcostof

raw

materials

原料成本低√√xxxShortsynthesis

cycle合成周期短√√xxxLesstoxicexhaust廢氣少√√xxxLowenergyconsumption

能耗低√√xxxNarrow

particlesizedistribution

粒徑分布窄√x√√√Excellentelectrochemicalactivity優(yōu)良的電化學(xué)活性√x√√√Easily

bescaled

up易產(chǎn)業(yè)化√√xxxHydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量載體*26Stability

in

wet

CH4

and0.5%H2

S+

99.5%CH4

at

850oC.27Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量載體*28*Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量Conc載ep體tof

renewable

Haber-Bosch

process?Green

process?

Highenergy

efficiency?Similar

productivity

likeconventionalSolidOxide

Electrolyser

CellH2

+

N2Renewable

power?

Mature

process?

Large

CO2

emissionsH-B

reactorH-B

reactorAirseparationSteam

reformingNH3NH3Conventional

Haber-Bosch

processH2OAirRenewable

Haber-Bosch

processH2N2NGAirprocess載體I-V

cure

of

wetair

co-electrolysisTransitionfrom

air

splitingtowater

splitingGascomposition

analysisWaterspliting

begins

afteralmost

all

O2

in

air

are

being

removedCell

info:SSZ

electrolyte,

250umLSCM-GDCfuelelectrodeLSCF-GDCair

electrodeAir:

5sccmBalance:N2At

1.2A/cm2,theenergyconversionefficiency

isestimatedto

be33.6%.Feedstock:wet

air,

70%

H2OTemperature:900oCAirflow

rate:5

sccmH2O2?Almostzeroconcentrationof

H2andO2was

detected

at

0.6A/cm2

,very

close

to

the

current,

0.58

A/cm2

,which

is

equivalent

to

the

O2

amount

in

5

sccm

air.?At1.2A/cm2,a

H2/N2

ratioof

1:2.7

was

achieved,

far

from

the

required

ratio

for

ammonia

feedstock.

With

smaller

air

flow

rate

in

the

feedstock,

thl

ti

f

H2/N2ill

b

idHydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氫/氨作為能量0

.0

0

.4

0

.8

1

.2

1

.6

2

.0Currentdensity

(A/cm2

)Gascontent(vo

l

%)

Ce

l

l

vo

ltage

(V)1

.81

.6

1

.4

1

.21

.0

0

.8

0

.6

0

.4

0

.2

0

.00

.0

0

.4

0

.8

1

.2

1

.6

2

.02824201612840*29Solidoxide

cell固體氧化物電池Novel

nickel-free

SOC新型無(wú)鎳固體氧化物電池Traditional

Ni-based

SOC傳統(tǒng)鎳基固體氧化物電池Powerdensity

>1w?cm-2

電池功率密度

>1w?cm-2x√Impuritygastolerance

雜質(zhì)氣體高容忍度√xAnti-sulfur

poisoning

抗硫性能√xAnti-carbondeposit

抗積碳性能√xElectrolyzewater

電解純水√xElectrol