DevelopmentStatusandTrendOutlookofNext-GenerationSmartTransportation

ChinaCenterforInternationalEconomicExchanges

ChinaEconomicConsultingCorporation

December6,2023

Projectsupervisor:

ZhangDawei,ViceChairmanandSecretary-GeneralofCCIEE,FormerViceGovernorofHenanProvince

Deputyprojectsupervisor:

HanYihu,DeputyChiefEconomistofCCIEE,PresidentofChinaEconomicConsultingCorporation

Projectteamleader:

MeiGuanqun,Researcher,Ph.D.,DirectorofInnovationDevelopmentResearchDepartment,CCIEE

TangLin,DirectorofStrategicPlanningDepartment,ChinaEconomicConsultingCorporation

Projectteammembers:

HeXinru,AssistantResearcherofInnovationDevelopmentResearchDepartment,CCIEE

ZhangXianguo,DirectorofIndustryManagementResearchatChinaAutomotiveStrategyandPolicyResearchCenter,ChinaAutomotiveTechnologyandResearchCenter(CATARC)

LuoShuting,SeniorBusinessManageratStrategicPlanningDepartment,ChinaEconomicConsultingCorporation

I

Contents

I.Whatisnext-generationsmarttransportation 1

(i)Themainconnotationofnext-generationsmarttransportation 1

(ii)Theindustrialchainofnext-generationsmarttransportation 4

(iii)Theimportanceofdevelopingnext-generationsmarttransportation.5

II.Globaldevelopmentofnext-generationsmarttransportation 12

(i)Overallsituation 13

(ii)Developmentsinmajorcountriesorregions 18

III.DevelopmentofChina’snext-generationsmarttransportation 27

(i)Marketsize 27

(ii)Policysupport 29

(iii)Pilotpractices 41

(iv)Applicationscenarios 50

(v)Infrastructure 60

(vi)Conclusions 61

IV.Developmenttrendsandcharacteristicsofnext-generationsmart

transportation 64

(i)Promotethediversifieddevelopmentofparticipatingentities 64

(ii)Orientedtowardselectrification,intelligentization,andconnectivity64

(iii)Decouplingofsoftwareandhardwaretoachieve“software-defined

vehicles” 65

II

(iv)Theindustryfocusesonthebalancebetweentechnologyandcost 67

(v)ArtificialIntelligenceempowersautonomousdriving 69

(vi)Explorationanddevelopmentofdiversifiedbusinessmodels 70

V.OutstandingshortcomingsandbottlenecksrestrictingChina’snext-

generationsmarttransportationsystem 73

(i)Thetop-levellegalsystemisnotwell-established 73

(ii)Policysystemdesignstillneedstomakebreakthroughsininnovation

75

(iii)Thebusinessmodelhasnotyetformedaclosedloop 78

(iv)Automateddrivingisnotyettechnicallyabletosolvethelong-tail

problem 80

(v)Theopennessofthetestroadnetworkisnotsufficient 81

(vi)Lackofclearandunifiedrulesandstandards 82

(vii)Someautomateddrivingbusinessmodelsfacemanydevelopment

constraints 83

(viii)Adatacirculationsystemthatbalancessecurityandutilizationhas

notyetbeenformed 85

VI.Theimportanttaskofadvancingtheconstructionofanext-generation

smarttransportationsystem 88

(i)Supportenterprisestobevigorouslyengagedinintelligentconnected

technologyinnovation 88

(ii)Improvetheorganizationalleadershipmechanismfortheconstruction

III

ofintelligentconnectedinfrastructure 90

(iii)Promotetherevisionofrelevantlawsandregulations 90

(iv)Continuetoincreasetheintensityofpilotpromotion 92

(v)Exploretheeffectiveapplicationofsmarttransformationdata 93

(vi)Strengtheninternationalcooperationinintelligentconnected

transportation 97

(vii)Strengthenpublicityandguidanceonintelligentconnected

transportation 98

Acknowledgements 99

1

I.Whatisnext-generationsmarttransportation

(i)Themainconnotationofnext-generationsmarttransportation

Currently,thereisathrivingglobalwaveoftechnologicalrevolutionandindustrialtransformation.Theautomotiveindustryiswitnessingtherapidintegrationoftechnologiesrelatedtonewenergy,informationcommunication,andotherfields.Electrification,intelligentization,andconnectivityhavebecometheprevailingtrendsandtendenciesintheautomotiveindustry.Thisintegrationoftransformativetechnologiessuchasnewenergysources,newmaterials,Internet,theInternetofThings,bigdata,andartificialintelligenceisreshapingautomotivesfromsimpletransportationvehiclestomobileintelligentterminals,energystorageunits,anddigitalspaces.

Withadvancementsintechnologieslikeautomateddrivingandvehicle-infrastructurecooperation,transportationmodes,includingautomotives,areprogressivelyevolvingtowardsintelligentization,pavingthewayfornext-generationsmarttransportation.Next-generationsmarttransportationisanovelmodeoftransportationcharacterizedbyintelligentizationandconnectivity.Intheautomotivedomain,withtherapiddevelopmentofintelligentandinternettechnologies,IntelligentconnectedvehiclesaretransitioningfromtheR&Dstagetotestingandapplication,andarepoisedtoenterthestageofcommercialdeployment.Thisresearchmainlyfocusesonthefieldofintelligentconnectedvehiclesinthecontextofnext-generationsmarttransportation.

-Intelligentization.Intelligentvehiclesrefertotheapplicationofnewtechnologiessuchasbigdataandartificialintelligencetotransformtraditionalvehiclesintothenextgenerationofautomotives,whichserveasintelligentmobilespacesandapplicationterminals.Fromatechnologicalperspective,automotivesaregraduallyshiftingfrommechanicallyoperatedproductscontrolledbyhumanbeingstointelligentproductscontrolledbyelectronicinformationsystems.Fromanindustryperspective,automotivesareundergoingcomprehensiveintegrationwithdigitalandotherindustries,displayingcharacteristicsofdigitizationandintelligence.Froman

2

applicationperspective,automotivesaregraduallytransformingfromsimpletransportationvehiclesintointelligentmobilespacesandapplicationterminals,becomingimportantcarriersforvariousemergingeconomicformatsandmodels.Intelligentautomotivesencompassvariousaspectssuchassmartcockpits,intelligentnavigation,automatedparking,andassisteddriving.Fromtheperspectiveoffuturedevelopmenttrends,themostsignificantdirectionforintelligentautomotivesisautomateddriving.Automateddrivingtechnologycanbeclassifiedintosixlevels,rangingfromL0toL5:L1toL2aredriverassistance,L3servesasthedividinglineforautomateddriving,L4enablesautomateddrivinginthemajorityofscenarioswithouthumanintervention,andL5representsfullautomation.Basedonthecurrentindustrydevelopmenttrends,assisteddrivingandautomateddrivingtechnologiesareprogressivelyevolvingfromL2,withiterativeadvancementsleadingtowardL3andL4.

Figure1-1Schematicdiagramofautomateddrivinglevels

Datasource:SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers

3

Figure1-2Schematicdiagramoffunctionalclassificationofautomateddriving

humandriverandautomateddrivingsystem

Datasource:SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers

-Connectivity.Connectedvehiclesrefertothenextgenerationofautomotivesthatincorporateadvancedvehiclesensors,controllers,andactuators,integratemoderncommunication,networking,InternetofThings,andcloudcomputingtechnologiestoenableintelligentinformationexchangeandsharingbetweenthevehicleandvariousentities,includingvehicles,roads,drivers,andthecloud.Connectedvehiclesareequippedwithsophisticatedfeaturessuchascomplexenvironmentperception,intelligentdecision-making,andcollaborativecontrol.Thecoreofconnectedvehiclesliesinconsideringboththevehicleandroadsideinfrastructureasdataterminals.Bycollectingandexchangingdata,theyfacilitateefficientcollaborationamongdrivers,vehicles,roads,andthecloud,providingvitaldatasupportforapplicationslikeautomateddrivingandotherintelligentfunctionalities.

4

Figure1-3Schematicdiagramofconnectedvehiclearchitecture

Datasource:NationalInnovationCenterofIntelligentandConnectedVehicles

(ii)Theindustrialchainofnext-generationsmarttransportation

Theindustrialchainofnext-generationsmarttransportationencompassesvariousrelatedfields,includingautomotivemanufacturing,automateddriving,vehicle-infrastructurecooperation,dataservices,etc.Thisindustrialchainischaracterizedbyitsconsiderablelengthandamultitudeofparticipants.

-Upstreamkeytechnologies.Thesetechnologiesincludethreelevels:vehicle,road,andnetwork.Theymanifestas“smartvehicles”,“smartroads”,and“flexiblenetworks”.Specifically,thevehiclelevelinvolvesautomotiveexecutionandcontrolsystems,terminalsandchips,in-vehiclesoftwareandalgorithms,andenvironmentperceptionsystems,whicharethecoreelementsforrealizingautomateddrivingtechnology.Theroadlevelinvolvesnewsmarttransportationsystems,newenergyandchargingfacilities,andnewinfrastructuresystems,whichprovidesignificantsupportforachievingvehicle-infrastructurecooperation.Thenetworklevelincludeshigh-precisionpositioningandmapping,communicationnetworks,applicationsoftware,andinformationservices,whichserveasvitalguaranteesforimplementingvehicle-infrastructurecooperationtechnology.

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-Midstreammanufacturingintegration.Thisincludesintelligentmanufacturing,transportationenterprises,componentsuppliers,vehiclemanufacturers,systemintegrators,informationsecuritysuppliers,etc.

-Downstreamserviceapplications.Thisincludesvariousapplicationscenariossuchasports,miningareas,trunklogistics,unmanneddelivery,unmannedsanitation,Robotaxis,Robobuses,andmore.

Figure1-4:Thefullindustrychainofnext-generationsmarttransportationSource:Mappingbytheresearchteam

(iii)Theimportanceofdevelopingnext-generationsmarttransportation

Thedevelopmentofnext-generationsmarttransportationholdssignificantstrategicvalueinpromotinghigh-qualityandsustainabledevelopmentwhilemeetingtheaspirationsofthepeopleforabetterlife.Ithasaprofoundimpactonshapingtheindustrialecosystem,drivingnationalinnovation,enhancingtrafficsafety,andachievingenergyefficiencyandemissionreduction.Atthestrategiclevel,smarttransportationleadsthetechnologicalrevolutionandindustrialtransformationinthetransportationsector,reflectingacountry’sstrengthinbasictechnology,manufacturing,andtechnologyinnovation.Ithasbecomeoneofthecoreareasof

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globaltechnologicalcompetition.Economically,smarttransportationnotonlyelevatestheautomotiveindustrybutalsocatalyzesthetransformationofrelatedindustriesandcreatesnewbusinessopportunities.Socially,itrevolutionizesthemobilitysystem,deliveringsubstantialsocialbenefitssuchasimprovedtrafficflow,reducedaccidents,enhancedtravelefficiency,andlowergreenhousegasemissions.TheMadeinChina2025KeyAreaTechnologyRoadmappredictsthatby2025,information-basedandintelligentvehiclescanimprovetrafficefficiencyby80%,reduceaccidentsby90%,decreasefatalitiesby90%,andcutroadtrafficCO2emissionsandenergyconsumptionbyover25%.

Figure1-5Thesignificanceandvalueofdevelopingnext-generationsmart

transportation

Source:Mappingbytheresearchteam

-Oneoftheimportantareasofcompetitionamongmajorcountries.Smarttransportationservesasacriticaldomainforglobalstrategicandtechnologicalcompetition,representingthecomprehensivestrengthofcountriesintermsofbasictechnology,manufacturingcapability,andtechnologicalinnovation.Thetrendtowardsintelligentandconnectedtransportationisaninevitabletrajectoryinautomotivedevelopment.Majorcountriesaroundtheworldhaveembarkedon

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strategicinitiatives,aimingtosecurecutting-edgecoretechnologiesandstriveforleadershipintheglobalsmarttransportationsector.Chinapossessescertainadvantagesinintelligentconnectedvehicles,particularlyinareassuchasC-V2X,cloudplatforms,andintegratedvehiclemanufacturing.Itmaintainsacompetitivepositioninkeyareassuchascriticalsensors,softwarealgorithms,mappositioning,andinformationsecurity.Moreover,Chinahasalreadydevelopedenterprise-levelautomateddrivingsystemsbasedonopen-sourcekernels,encompassingoperatingsystems,toolchainsoftware,andsimulationsystems.Furthermore,Chinaexhibitsclearadvantagesininfrastructuredevelopment,leadinggloballyin5Gcommunicationcoverage,roadnetworkscale,andtheBeiDounavigationsatellitepositioningsystem.ThesestrengthspositionChinafavorablyintheglobalcompetitionofnext-generationsmarttransportationtechnologiesandindustries.

Figure1-6Top25nationalintelligentconnectedvehicleindustrydevelopmentindex

(2020)

Datasource:CCID

-Promotingtheindustrytowardshigherqualityandadvancement.Thenext-generationsmarttransportationrepresentsa“disruptiveinnovation”intravelpatterns.Underthe

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impetusofeconomiesofscale,itwilldrivetheautomotiveindustrytowardshigherqualityandtransformativedevelopment.AccordingtoMcKinsey’sestimates,by2030,thepotentialannualrevenuegrowthforbasicconnectedvehicles(L1andL2)isprojectedtobebetween$130and$210pervehicle,whileforadvancedconnectedvehicles(L4andL5)itisestimatedtobebetween$400and$610.Potentialcostreductionsareforecastedtobebetween$100and$170,and$120to$210,respectively.Simultaneously,smarttransportationwilldemonstrateeconomicvaluethroughreducedlaborcosts,increasedoperationaltime,andenhancedfuelefficiency,addressingnumerouspainpointsinthetransportsectorsuchasdrivershortages,risinglaborcosts,andtrafficsafety.Inappropriatedrivinghabits,frequentbraking,andprolongedidlingcanincreaseavehicle’sfuelconsumption,whereasautomateddrivingcanmimicthelogicaloperationsofskilleddrivers,therebyreducingfuelconsumption.Takingtheexampleofautomatedcontainertrucksatports,calculationssuggestthateachautomatedcontainertruckcansavetheportapproximatelyRMB200,000annuallyinlaborcosts,andaboutRMB180,000inenergycosts,whileoperatingcontinuouslyfor24hours.AreporttitledFuelEconomyTestingofAutonomousVehiclespublishedbyCarnegieMellonUniversityintheUnitedStatesindicatesthatthefueleconomyofautonomousvehicleswillimproveby10%,andtheirenergy-savingefficiencywillfurtherincreasewiththepopularizationofautomateddrivingandadvancementsintechnology.

Table1-1Improvementoffuelefficiencyunderdifferentdrivingspeedsinautomated

driving

Speed(miles/hour)

0-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

Automateddriving

system(kilometers/liter)

3.49

5.43

5.91

5.56

Humandriving

(kilometers/liter)

3.14

4.56

5.46

5.46

Increaseinfuelefficiency

21%

17%

8%

3%

Datasource:CITICSecurities

-Strongspillovereffectsdrivethedevelopmentofrelatedindustries.Next-generation

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smarttransportationwilldrivethetraditionalautomotiveindustrytoinnovateandwillhavewide-rangingspillovereffectsonindustriessuchaselectronicinformation,componentequipment,andvehicle-endservices.Ontheonehand,itwillenhancethesoftwareandhardwarecapabilitiesofsupportingproductsandsignificantlyimprovetheperformanceofhardwarecomponentssuchasmillimeter-waveradar,ultrasonicradar,andcameras.Takingmillimeter-waveradarasanexample,accordingtopreliminarycalculationsbytheAIOTResearchInstitute,thetotalmarketsizeofmillimeter-waveradarinChinaisprojectedtoincreasefromRMB3.1billionin2018toRMB8.6billionin2022,withthemarketsizeofautomotivemillimeter-waveradarreachingRMB7billion.Ontheotherhand,smarttransportationwillcontributetoexpandingtheaftermarketcapabilitiesoftheautomotiveindustry,meetingpeople’sdiverseneeds,andtransformingvehiclesintomobileserviceterminalsratherthanjustmeansoftransportation.Furthermore,smarttransportationwillgeneratesynergisticeffectsonareassuchastransportation,travel,andinformationservices,promotingthedevelopmentofnewconsumptionsuchasnewmodels,newformats,andneweconomies,etc.

-Promotingbusinessmodelinnovationandcreatingnewapplicationscenarios.Smarttransportationwilldisruptthetraditionalautomotivesalesmodel,extendingtheprofitcycletotheentirelifecycleofvehicleswhilegreatlyexpandingcommercialapplicationscenarios.Itcreatesanewecosystembyofferingservicessuchassoftwaresubscriptions,intelligentdrivingoperationsanddataanalysis.Theconceptof“SoftwareDefinedVehicles(SDV)”isemergingasacrucialtrendintheindustry.AccordingtoMcKinsey’spredictions,by2030,automotivecompanieswillgenerateanincrementalvalueof$450-750billionannuallythroughserviceanddatasales.Simultaneously,asautomotiveintelligencecontinuestoadvance,itwillgeneratevastanddiversetypesofdata,includingexternalenvironmentaldata,vehicleoperatingdata,vehicleusagedata,personaldataofvehicleowners,communication,paymentdata,etc.Thiswillcreatesignificantmarketopportunitiesfordata-drivenbusinesseswithintheindustry.

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-Betterguaranteetrafficsafety.Driverviolations,lackofdrivingexperience,andpersonallimitationsorperceptualconstraintsaresignificantfactorscontributingtoroadtrafficaccidents.AccordingtotheCIDAS(ChinaIn-depthAccidentStudy)database,whichcovers5664accidentsinvolvingpassengercarsfrom2011to2021,driver-relatedfactorsaccountedforapproximately81.5%ofthecases.Amongthem,accidentscausedbydrivers’inabilitytoidentifyandperceivehazardsinadvanceaccountedfor79.9%.Accidentscausedbyfailuretoyieldaccountedfor43.4%,followedbyspeeding,improperlaneusage,drunkdriving,violationoftrafficsignals,andfatiguedriving.Theeliminationofhumandriversinsmarttransportationscenariosplaysasignificantroleinreducingroadtrafficrisks.Statisticsshowthatassisteddrivingsystems,partialautomation,andconditionalautomationcanreducecaraccidentsby50-80%.Inahighlyautomateddrivingenvironment,ontheonehand,autonomousvehiclesrelyoncomprehensiveperceptionsystems,intelligentdecision-makingsystems,andpreciseexecutionsystems,resultinginmorestableandreliablevehicleoperations.Ontheotherhand,automateddrivingcanutilizesensorfusionandvehicle-infrastructurecooperationtechnologytohaveaholisticpre-perceptionofthesurroundingenvironment,enablingproactiveriskavoidanceandeffectivelyreducingaccidentrates.Takinglong-haultrucksasanexample,theaveragereactiontimeforaregulardriverisaround2,500milliseconds,withlateralcontrolaccuracyofabout10centimeters.Incontrast,anautonomoustruckonlyrequires100millisecondswithanaccuracyof3centimeters,significantlyreducingtheriskofaccidentscausedbylongbrakingdistancesinheavytrucks.

Table1-2Advantagesofautonomoustrucksovertraditionaldrivers

Drivingbehavior

Autonomous

truck

Traditionaldriver

Magnitudeof

decline

Responsetime(ms)

100

2500

96%

Basicbrakingfrequency(perhour)

<1

30

97%

Lateralcontrolaccuracy(cm)

3

10

70%

Datasource:CITICSecurities

-Solving“urbandiseases”toimprovetransportationefficiency.Trafficcongestionhas

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becomeaglobalchallenge,causingannualproductivitylossesandresourceconsumptionworthtrillionsofdollarsworldwide.AccordingtodatafromMinistryofTransportofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theeconomiclossescausedbytrafficcongestionaccountfor20%ofurbanresidents’disposableincome,equivalenttoanannualGDPlossof5-8%.Next-generationsmarttransportationaimstoenhancetrafficefficiencyandalleviatecongestionthroughsingle-vehicleintelligenceandintelligenttrafficdispatching.TakingtheUnitedStatesasanexample,aMcKinseyreportindicatesthatby2030,automateddrivingisexpectedtoreducecommutetimeby40%forUStravelers.Smarttransportationplatformscanpreemptivelypredictandmanagepotentialtrafficcongestionbyoptimizingtrafficflowanddispatchingvehicleseffectively.Forinstance,ontheShanghai-Hangzhou-NingboExpressway,accordingtodatafromZhejiangCommunicationsInvestmentGroupCo.,Ltd.,smarttransportationhasincreasedroadcapacityby20%,reducedcongestiontimeby10%,accuratelypredictedcongestiontimewitha90%accuracyrate,andreducedtrafficaccidentsandrescuetimeby10%.Inadditiontocongestionavoidance,automateddrivingcanalsoimproveroadutilization.Intermsofindividualvehicles,intelligentsystemscanmaintainsmallersafedistancesbetweentwovehicles,therebyincreasingthethroughputofroadsperunitoftime.StatisticsshowthatwhenthepenetrationrateofCooperativeAdaptiveCruiseControl(CACC)communicationbetweenvehiclesreaches50%(meaning50%ofvehiclesinthetrafficstreamequippedwithCACC),highwaytrafficcapacitycanincreasebyanaverageof22%.WhenCACCisfullyadopted,trafficcapacitycanincreaseby50-80%.Moreover,whenautomateddrivingbecomesmainstream,roadspaceswillundergorestructuring.Forexample,theneedformiddleisolationlanesforsafetypurposeswoulddiminish,andindividuallanespacescouldbecomenarrower,allowingmoreefficientuseofurbanroadspaces.

-Promotingenergysavingandemissionreductionintransportationtowardsthe“dualcarbon”goals.Transportationisaprominentcontributortocarbonemissions.Accordingtostatistics,carbonemissionsfromthetransportationsectoraccountforapproximately10%ofthetotalsocietalcarbonemissions.Amongvariousmodesof

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transportation,theroadsectorexhibitsthehighestcarbonemissions,representingasignificantportionof86.8%.Smarttransportationhasthepotentialtomitigatecarbonemissionsthroughoptimizingtravelroutes,reducingthefrequencyoflow-speedvehicleoperations,enhancingroadutilizationefficiency,andminimizingmotorvehicleenergyconsumption.Thesemeasurescanleadtoareductionof28%infuelconsumptionandnearly20%incarbondioxideemissions.

-Promotingfairandconvenienttravelfortransportationequity.Smarttransportationwillbringconveniencetothegeneralpublicandgreatlyenhancetransportationequity.Itwillmakesharedmobilitythemainstreammodeoftransportation,shiftingthefocusofautomotiveusagefromownershiptolifecyclevalue.Statisticsrevealthatacarremainsidleinparkingspaceforapproximately95%ofitstime.Sharedmobilitynotonlysignificantlyimprovestheefficiencyofcarutilizationbutalsoextendsequitabletransportationaccesstoabroaderpopulation.Particularlyforvulnerablegroupssuchastheelderlyanddisabledindividuals,theleveloftransportationconveniencedeterminestheirtravelfrequencyanddistance.Duetosafetyconcerns,theelderlyisoftenrestrictedordeprivedoftherighttodrive,resultinginsignificanttraveldifficulties.Againstthebackdropofanagingpopulation,smarttransportationbecomesacrucialmeanstopromotesocialequityandaddressthetransportationchallengesfacedbytheelderly,disabled,andothervulnerablegroups.Itensuresthateveryonehastherighttoequitableaccesstotransportation.

-Smarttransportationwillcreateemergingjobopportunities.Smarttransportation,whilereplacinghumandrivers,willalteremploymentstructuresandcreatenewjobopportunities.Ontheonehand,withtheadventofdigitization,thesmarttransportationindustrywillgeneratenewjobpositionsinareassuchastechnologicalresearchanddevelopment,dataanalysis,andin-vehicleconsumption.Ontheotherhand,smarttransportationpossessesindustrialspillovereffects,drivingthedevelopmentofrelatedhardwareandsoftwareindustries,therebygeneratingnewdemandsandstimulatingnewjobopportunities.

II.Globaldevelopmentofnext-generationsmarttransportation

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(i)Overallsituation

Currently,intelligentconnectedvehicleshavebecomeacrucialdirectionfortheglobalautomotiveindustry’stransformationandupgrade.Majorcountriesareacceleratingtheirstrategicdeploymentsbyissuingpoliciesandtop-levelplans,formulatingandrevisingrelevantregulations,encouragingtechnologicalR&D,supportingroadtestingdemonstrations,andoperationalprojects.Thesemeasuresaimtoseizethecommandingheightsofsmarttransportationdevelopment.

-Thesmarttransportationmarkethashugepotential.WiththecontinuousintroductionofvehiclesequippedwithAdvancedDriverAssistanceSystem(ADAS),thetrendofautomotiveintelligenceisgraduallybecomingclearer.AccordingtodatafromtheLeadLeoResearchInstitute,theglobalpenetrationrateofADASaboveL2wasonly5%in2020.Itisexpectedtoreach20%by2025and65%by2035.Asthepenetrationrateofautomateddrivingincreases,themarketsizeiswidelyanticipatedtoexpand.AccordingtoKearneydatapredictions,theglobalautomateddrivingmarketsize(includingvehicle,road,cloud,etc.)willreach$80billionby2025and$280billionby2030.AccordingtoRolandBergerdata,theglobalmarketsizeofvehicle-endautomateddrivingsystemswas$113.8billionin2020andisexpectedtoreachapproximately$50