高中英語人教版（2019）選擇性必修第三冊課文教材拓展之語法填空Unit1Art【ReadingandThinking】ASHORT

HISTORY

OF

WESTERN

PAINTINGWhatisWesternart?Itishardtogiveaprecisedefinition.AstherehavebeensomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itis

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(possible)

todescribethemallinashorttext.PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandWesternartistolookatthedevelopmentofWesternpaintingoverthecenturies.TheMiddleAges(fromthe5thtothe15thcentury)DuringtheMiddleAges,thepurposeofWesternartwas

toteach

peopleaboutChristianity.Thus,artistswerenotinterested

in

paintingrealisticscenes.Theirworkswereoftenprimitiveandtwodimensional,andthemaincharacterswereoftenmademuch

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(large)thaneveryoneelsetoshowtheirimportance.Thisbegantochangeinthe13thcentury

withGiottodiBondone(1267–1337).Whilehispaintingsstillhadreligiousthemes,theyshowedrealpeopleinarealenvironment.

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particular,hispaintingsaresetapartfromotherpaintingsbytheirrealistichumanfacesanddeepemotionalimpact.TheRenaissance(fromthe14thtothe17thcentury)NewideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedoldonesfromtheMiddleAges.Asaresult,paintersconcentratedlessonreligiousthemes.Theybegantoadoptamore

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(humanity)

attitudetolife.AnimportantbreakthroughduringthisperiodwastheuseofperspectivebyMasaccio(1401–1428).

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(influence)

painterssuchasLeonardodaVinci(1452–1519),Michelangelo(1475–1564),andRaphael(1483–1520)builtuponGiottoandMasaccio’sinnovationstoproducesomeofthegreatestartthatEuropehadeverseen.Anotherinnovationwastheuseofoilpaints.Withtheirdeepcoloursandrealism,someofthebestoilpaintingslooklikephotographs.WhilepaintersasearlyasDaVincihadusedoil,thistechniquereacheditsheightwithRembrandt(1606–1669),

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gainedareputationasamasterofshadowandlight.Insubjectmatter,theemphasisincreasinglyshiftedfromreligiousthemestopeopleandtheworldaroundus.Kings,

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(noble),

andpeopleofhighrankwantedtopurchaseaccuratepicturesofthemselvesandthepeopletheyloved.Otherswantedpaintingsshowingimportanthistoricaleventsorstoriesfrommythology.Finally,mostclientswantedpaintingsthatwerebeautifulandinterestingtolookat.Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)ThedevelopmentofWesternartsloweduntiltheinventionofphotographyinthemid19thcentury.Afterthat,paintingswerenolongerneededtopreservewhatpeopleandtheworldlookedlike.Hence,paintershadtofindanewwayoflookingattheirart.Fromthis,Impressionism

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(emerge)

inFrance.ThenameofthisnewmovementcamefromthepaintingbyClaudeMonet(1840–1926)called

Impression,Sunrise.Inthiswork,Monet’saimwas

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(convey)

thelightandmovementinthescene—thesubjectiveimpressionthescenegavehim—butnotadetailedrecordofthesceneitself.WhilemanyImpressionistspaintedscenesofnatureordailylife,others,suchasRenoir(1841–1919),

focusedonpeople.Unlikethecold,blackandwhitephotographsofthattimeperiod,

Renoir’spaintingsarefulloflight,shadow,colour,

andlife.Hesoughttoshownotjusttheouterimageofhissubjects,buttheirinnerwarmthandhumanityaswell.ModernArt(fromthe20thcenturytotoday)AfterImpressionism,subsequentartistsbegantoask,“Whatdowedonext?”PainterssuchasPicasso(1881–1973)triedtoanalysetheshapeswhichexistedinthenaturalworldbutinanewway,withCubism.Othersgavetheirpaintingsarealisticbutdreamlikequality.Stillothersturnedtoabstractart.Whattheyattemptedtodowasnolongershowreality,

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insteadtoaskthequestion,“Whatisart?”參考答案1.

impossible2.

larger3.In4.

humanistic5.

Influential6.who7.nobles8.emerged9.

toconvey10.

butUnit2HealthyLifestyle【ReadingandThinking】HABITSFORAHEALTHYLIFESTYLEAsteenagersgrowup,theybeemoreindependentandstartmakingtheirowndecisions.However,duringthisperiod,itcanbeeasyforsomeofthemtoformbadhabits.Thesebadhabits,ifleft

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(check),couldleadtomoreseriousoneswhentheybeeadults.Forexample,someofthemmaybeeinvolvedin

tobacco

or

alcoholabuse,

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canleadtophysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Topreventharmfulhabitslikethesefrom

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(dominate)

ateenager’slifeisessential.Theymustlearntorecognisebadhabitsearlyandmakeappropriatechanges.Tochangebadhabitsisnevereasy,evenwithmany

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(attempt).Thereis

afamoussayingbasedonthephilosophyofAristotle:“Wearewhatwerepeatedlydo.”

Inmanyways,ourlifestyleisthesumofchoiceswehavemade.Wemakeachoicetodosomething,andthenwerepeatitoverandoveragain.Soonthatchoicebeesautomaticandformsahabitthatismuchhardertochange.Thegoodnewsisthatwecanchange,ifweunderstand

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habitswork.Accordingtomodern

psychology,wemustfirstlearnaboutthe“habitcycle”,whichworkslikethis:Firstly,thereisa“cue”,anaction,event,orsituationthatactsasasignaltodosomething.Secondly,thereisa“routine”,theregularactionyoutakein

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(respond)tothecue.Thirdly,thereisthe“reward”,thegoodthingorfeelingwegetfromtheroutine.Forexample,whenwefeelunhappy(cue),weeatlotsofunhealthysnacks(routine),whichmakesusfeelhappy(reward).Therewardmakesusmuchmorelikely

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(continue)thecycle,andthebadhabitof

relying

onunhealthysnacksisformed.To

facilitate

apositivechangeinourbadhabits,wemustfirst

examine

ourbadhabitcyclesandthentrytoadaptthem.Wecandothisbybiningtheinformationfromourhabitcycleswithourownpositiveideas.Forexample,wecouldtrytoreplacea

negative

routine

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somethingmorepositive.So,whenwefeelunhappyagain

(cue),ratherthaneatsnacks,wecouldlistentosomeofourfavouritemusicinstead

(routine),whichwillmakeusfeelrelaxed(reward).Asidefromchangingbadhabits,wecanalsousethehabitcycletocreategoodhabits.Forexample,whenweetoanescalator

(cue),ournormalroutineistorideit,butwecouldchangethisroutineintosomethingmorepositivebytakingthestairsinstead.Manyofustrytochangebadhabitsquickly,andifwearenotsuccessful

straightaway,weoftenbee

pessimistic

andgiveup.Infact,themostsuccessfulwaytochangeisnotsuddenly,butoveraperiodoftime.AstheChinesephilosopherLaoziwrote,“Ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep.”

Onestepseemssmall,butitisessential.Toreachthegoalofchange,apersonmustshowsome

discipline

and

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(repeated)

takemanysmallsteps.Afterall,itisnoteasytobreakbadhabits.Foryoungpeople,thereisplentyoftimetochangebadhabits.However,thereisno“magic

pill”

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delete

buttonthatwillhelpyou;youhavetothinkaboutyourbadhabitsanddecideonsomechanges.Youhavethepowertobuildahappyandhealthylifefullofgoodhabits!參考答案1.

unchecked2.

which3.

dominating4.

attempts5.

how6.

response7.

tocontinue8.

with9.

repeatedly10.orUnit3EnvironmentalProtection【ReadingandThinking】CLIMATECHANGEREQUIRESTHEWORLD’SATTENTIONWe

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(know)

aboutclimatechangefordecades.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).Awarmingoceanandatmospherealongwith

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(melt)

iceandrisingsealevelsprovideevidenceofadramaticchangeintheglobalclimate.In2013,alotofpeoplewereshockedbyanewsphotoofadeadpolarbearthatwasfoundonNorway’sArcticislandofSvalbard.Accordingtothescientists

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founditsdeadbody,allthatremainedofthepolarbearwas“skinandbones”.

Anexpertwhohasstudiedpolarbearsformanyyearssaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohave

starved

anddied.Expertsclaimedthatlowseaicelevels

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(cause)

byclimatechangemeantthebearcouldnothuntsealsasbefore,soithadtotravelgreaterdistancesinordertofindfood.ThisalarmingcaseshowedhowtheincreaseintemperaturehadanimpactonEarth’s

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(ecological).Thenwhatiscausingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragesurfacetemperature?Climatescientistsoftenmentionakeyclimateprocesscalledthe“greenhouseeffect”,whichhastwomonmeanings:the

“natural”

greenhouseeffectandthe“manmade”

greenhouseeffect.The“natural”

greenhouseeffectreferstothefactthat

heatfromthesunenterstheatmosphereandwarmsEarth’ssurfaceasshortwaveradiation.Theheat

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(release)

backintospaceatlongerwavelengths.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere,suchasmethaneand

carbon

dioxide,trapsomeoftheheat,keepingEarth’sclimatewarmandhabitable.Withoutthisprocess,Earthcouldnot

sustain

life.However,the“manmade”

greenhouseeffecthasnowbeeabigproblem.Whenpeopleproducehuge

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(amount)

ofextragreenhousegasesbyburningfossil

fuels,moreheatenergyistrappedintheatmosphereandcausesEarth’ssurfacetemperaturetorisequickly.Thereisstrongand

prehensive

evidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide,notonlycausingseriousdamage,butalsocostinghumanlives.Climatescientistshavewarnedthat

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wedonottakeappropriateactions,thiswarming

trend

willprobablycontinueandtherewillbeahigherpricetopay.

Infact,newsreportsare

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(frequent)

broadcast

aboutextremerainstormsandheatwavescausingdeathsandeconomiclosses.Continuedgreenhousegasemissionswillresultinfurtherwarmingandlonglastingchangestotheglobalclimate.Thisrequirestheattentionofpeopleallovertheworld.Governmentsneedtoconsidermaking

policies

andtakingappropriateactionsandmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Weasindividualscanalsoreduceour“carbonfootprint”

by

restricting

theamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce.Itisourresponsibility

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(seize)

everyopportunitytoeducateeveryoneaboutglobalwarming,alongwithitscausesandimpacts,becausethisisthemostseriousissueaffectingallofusonthisplanet.Sowhatwillyoudotohelp?參考答案1.

haveknown2.

melting3.

who4.

caused5.

ecology6.

isreleased7.

amounts8.

if9.

frequently10.

to

seizeUnit4AdversityAndCourage【ReadingandThinking】ASUCCESSFULFAILUREPerceBlackborowjoinedanexpeditionwithSirErnestShackletontoAntarcticaontheship

Endurance

in1914.Shackletonwasoneofthemostfamousexplorers

ofhisdayand

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wasconsideredagreathonortobepartofhisexpeditions.BelowaresomeofBlackborow’sdiaryentries.31Oct,1914...Well,itsohappenedthatonemorningIboughtanewspaperandreadthe

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(advertise)abouttheAntarcticexpedition.AnexpeditiontotheSouthPolewiththegreatSirErnestShackleton—thisistheadventurethatI

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(dream)

of.AndIwasreadyforit.Attheageof19,Iamfitandfullof

vigor.However,whenIappliedtojointheexpedition,Shackleton

turnedme

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because

hethoughtIwastooyoungandwasn’t

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(qualify).ButIwasso

enthusiastic

abouttheideaofgoingalongwiththemthatIsecretlywent

aboard

hisship,the

Endurance,andhidinasmall

cupboard.Unfortunately,threedaysafterwesetoffIwasdiscovered.Shackletondidnotwanttoturnbacksoheofferedmeajob,butonlyafterhepromisedme,“Ifanyonehastobeeaten,thenyouwillbethefirst!”He

assigned

metobeasteward,andInowservemealsfortwentyeightmen,threetimesaday.

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everyonewill

envy

mewhenIebackandtellthemabouttheamazingplacesIhavebeento!21Nov,1915Thejourneyhasnotbeeneasy.

Endurance

becamestuckintheiceasweapproachedAntarctica.Theicefrozearoundusandwewerewellandtrulystuck!Wesawtheshipget

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(crush)bytheice.Andwhentheshipsank,ourhearts

sank

withit.Beforewe

abandoned

theship,Shackletoncalmlycalledustogetherandtoldustorescueour

mostessentialsupplies—thesmallboats,ourfood,thecookstove,candles,clothes,andblankets.Thiswasnotimetopanic.Wewerenotallowedtotakemostofourpersonal

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(belonging),andShackletonhimselfthrewawayallhisgold.Butto

oursurprise,heallowedHusseytokeephisbanjo.Husseyoftenplaysitto

keepourspiritsup.Wearenowcampedontheiceandwehavebeenmanagingtosurvive,butspringising,andtheicewillsoonbegintomelt.20May,1916Wehavebeenstrugglingfordays,butthingsonElephantIslandaregoingfrombadtoworse.Wearenowcrowdedtogetherunderoneofourboatsontherockyshoreofthis

miserable

place.Soonafterwearrived,ShackletonleftustofindhelponSouthGeorgiaIsland,1,320kilometers

away—thevoyagewastoodangerousanddifficultforallofustomakeitinoursmallboats.IfShackletonfails,willwehaveanyhopeofrescue?No.No

navy

intheworldeverstopsatElephantIsland,andnooneelseknowsthatwearehere.Ifeellow.It’scoldandwindy.Theislandhasnoplants.Sometimesweareabletocatchasealorapenguintoeat.Otherwise,thereisnofood.Itrytothinkof

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(happy)

things:

decent

food,warmanddryclothes,a

cosy

bedroom,sunnydays,andmymother’sface...However,thesehappymemoriesaresoon

interrupted

byasuddencoldrushofair.Ishouted,“Shutthedoor!”“Holdonnow,Perce.Don’tyougoturningintoanotherTom,”camethereply.“We’vecaughtanotherpenguin,soit’spenguinsouptonight!”BlessFrankWild,thekindestmanthereisafterourleader,ErnestShackleton.HowcouldIbeeasselfishandbadtemperedasThomasOrdeLees!WithoutFrankandErnest,we’dallbedeadbynow.Theirgenuine

concernforothers,their

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(persevere),andtheir

resolvefillmewithhope.Perhapsthereisachancewewillreturnhome,afterall.參考答案1.

it2.

advertisement3.

havebeendreaming4.

down5.

qualified6.

How7.

crushed8.

belongings9.

happier

10.

perseveranceUnit5Poems【ReadingandThinking】AFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMSThereare

various

reasonswhypeopleposepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribeacertainimageinthereader’smind.

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trytoconveycertainfeelingssuchasjoyandsorrow.Thedistinctive

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(characteristic)

ofpoetryofteninclude

economical

useofwords,descriptiveandvividlanguage,integratedimagery,literarydevicessuchassimilesandmetaphors,and

arrangement

ofwords,lines,

rhymes,andrhythm.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpress

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(them).

Nowwewilllookatafewofthe

simpler

forms.SomeofthefirstpoemsayoungchildlearnsinEnglisharenurseryrhymes.Theyareusuallythe

traditional

poemsorfolksongs.Thelanguageoftheserhymes,likePoemA,is

to

thepointbuthasastoryline.Manychildrenenjoynurseryrhymes

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t