Period4

Unit4

Everydayeconomics主題語境人與社會——社會（熱點）問題課時學案單元語法講練(Usinglanguage)(1)superiorin

在……方面優越superiorto 比……優越；比……好(2)superiorityn．

優越(性)，優勢；優越感1．superioradj．質量上乘的，優質的[名師點津]

superior表示“較好的，更好的”，因該詞本身已含有比較意味，其前不能用more；另外，在兩者做比較時，不能與than連用，要與介詞to連用。與其用法相似的詞還有prior，junior，senior，inferior等。[即學即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Yourgoodsaresuperior__qualitycomparedwiththoseofothermanufacturers．②Drivingthecargavehimafeelingoftotalcontrol，effortless__________(superior)．③人類的大腦將永遠優越于機器，因為機器僅僅只是人腦的工具。Thehumanmindwillalways_____________________becausemachinesareonlytoolsofhumanminds．insuperioritybesuperiortomachines(1)cometoanend

完結；結束bring...toanend＝put/bringanendto

使……結束；終止(2)attheend(of) 在(……的)盡頭intheend 最后，終于

onend 不停地，連續地；豎著地2．makeendsmeet使收支僅能相抵[即學即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Themeetingnearlycame__anendwhenIgottothemeetingroom．②Theyarguedfortwodays___end；___theend，theydecidedtobring/putanend__thisendlessargument．③隨著生活花費的上升，他們發現很難做到收支相抵。Withthecostoflivinggoingup，they____________________________．toonintofinditdifficulttomakeendsmeetbeindebt

欠債fall/get/runintodebt 負債be/getoutofdebt 擺脫/還清債務payoffone'sdebts 償清某人的債務putsb．indebt 使某人負債3．gointodebt陷入債務之中，負債[即學即練]單句語法填空/完成句子①Ifapersonisheavily__debt，heisunabletoearnhisliving，letalonegainindependence．②Whatmadehimhappywasthatafteralltheseyearsheatlastpaid___allhisdebts．③自己創業可能是實現經濟獨立的一種方法。但另一方面，它可能會讓你負債。Startingyourownbusinesscouldbeawaytoachievefinancialindependence．Ontheotherhand，itcould__________________．inoffputyouindebt復習定語從句一、引導定語從句的關系詞1．定語從句關系詞的用法

關系詞先行詞充當的成分關系代詞who人主語、賓語、表語whom人賓語關系詞先行詞充當的成分關系代詞which物/事主語、賓語、表語that人/物主語、賓語、表語、狀語whose人/物定語as人/物/事主語、賓語、表語Sheisthegirlwholivesnextdoor．她就是住在隔壁的女孩。She'sthestudentwhosehandwritingisthebestinmyclass．她是我們班里書法最好的學生。關系詞先行詞充當的成分關系副詞when時間時間狀語where地點地點狀語why原因原因狀語Asisknowntousall，Chinaisadevelopingcountry．眾所周知，中國是一個發展中國家。IstillrememberthedayswhenwestayedinEngland．我仍然記得我們在英國的那些日子。2．關系代詞和關系副詞的選用

(1)用關系代詞還是關系副詞取決于從句中的謂語動詞。如果是及物動詞，就要用關系代詞；如果是不及物動詞，則要用關系副詞。Theletterthat/whichIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommyfather．昨天我收到的那封信是我父親寄來的。ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear．這是我去年待過的山村。(2)準確判斷關系詞在定語從句中所作的成分(主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語)，也能正確選擇出關系代詞或關系副詞。在從句中作主語、定語、賓語、表語、方式狀語時，應選用關系代詞(who，whom，that，which，whose，as)；在從句中作地點、時間、原因狀語時，應分別選用關系副詞(where，when，why)。3．that和which引導的定語從句的區別

用that不用which的情況先行詞是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，none，theone等不定代詞時先行詞被all，few，little，much，every，some，no等詞修飾或被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast等限定詞修飾時用that不用which的情況先行詞是形容詞的最高級或序數詞，或先行詞被其修飾時先行詞既指人又指物時主句是who或which等引導的特殊疑問句時Weshoulddoeverythingthatisusefultothepeople．我們應該做一切有益于人民的事。Thisisthesmallestcomputerthatcanbefoundintheworldnow．這是目前發現的世界上最小的計算機。Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIsaved．我買了很多書，這些書花了我積攢的所有的錢。用which不用that的情況在非限制性定語從句中用which不用that關系代詞前有介詞時用which不用that[即時訓練1]單句語法填空①Happinessandsuccessoftencometothose____aregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths．②Doyouknowthereason____hewasabsentyesterday?③___isreported，thatsmallriverhasbeenseriouslypolluted．④Weliveinanage_____moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore．whowhyAswhen⑤Doyouknowthethingsandpersons____theyaretalkingabout?⑥Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood，_____wasmorethanwehadexpected．⑦LasVegashaswonderfulrestaurants_____youcaneatmanydifferentkindsoffood．⑧Areyouwillingtojointhegroup______goalistoprotecttheendangeredanimals?⑨Theman________ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity．thatwhichwherewhosewho(m)二、“介詞＋關系代詞”的用法1．“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定方法。(1)根據從句中的謂語動詞確定介詞。Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive．那個窮人沒房子住。(2)根據定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞。Idon'tknowthereasonforwhichhewaslateforschool．我不知道他為何上學遲到。(3)根據句子所要表達的意思確定介詞。Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved．這就是那位救了我兒子的飛行員。2．“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中的關系代詞通常用which或whom，不用that。I'llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedthearmy．我永遠也忘不了我參軍的那一天。Doyouknowthemanwithwhom

MrBlacktalkedjustnow?你認識剛才與布萊克先生談話的那個人嗎？3．“介詞＋which”結構可以被關系副詞where，when，why替換。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago．＝ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago．這就是兩年前我居住的那個房子。4．“不定代詞或數詞＋介詞＋which/whom”引導的定語從句說明整體或整體中的部分。Lastweek，onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse，neitherofwhomwantedtobuyit．上周只有兩個人來看房子，他們兩個人都不想買。5．“the＋名詞＋ofwhich”或“ofwhich＋the＋名詞”可替換“whose＋名詞”，引導定語從句。Thehousethewindowsofwhich/ofwhichthewindows/whosewindowsweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired．窗子遭破壞的那所房子現在已經修好了。[即時訓練2]用“介詞＋關系代詞”合并句子①Hewrotealetter．Intheletterheexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident．→Hewrotealetter_________heexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident．②Ourcompanyhas2，000workers．Twothirdsofthemarewomen．→Ourcompanyhas2，000workers，__________________________________arewomen．inwhichtwothirdsofwhom/ofwhomtwothirds③Winteristhetimeofyear．Duringthistimethedaysareshortandthenightsarelong．→Winteristhetimeofyear，_____________thedaysareshortandthenightsarelong．④I'mverythankfultoMrWang．WithouthisencouragementIcouldn'thavebeenadmittedtoakeyuniversity．→I'mverythankfultoMrWang，__________________________Icouldn'thavebeenadmittedtoakeyuniversity．duringwhichwithoutwhoseencouragement三、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句1．限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句和先行詞的關系密切(刪除后影響整個句子意思的表達)和先行詞關系不密切(起補充說明的作用，刪除后不影響整個句子意思的表達)不用逗號隔開一般用逗號隔開只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個主句或主句的一部分Hehastwosonswho/thatworkinthesamecompany．他有兩個在同一家公司上班的兒子。(他不止兩個兒子)Hehastwosons，whoworkinthesamecompany．他有兩個兒子，他們在同一家公司上班。(他只有兩個兒子)2．as/which引導的非限制性定語從句的區別

as引導非限制性定語從句時，修飾整句話或整件事從句可置于主句前、主句中或主句后，一般譯為“正如，就像”Asweallknow，smokingisharmfultohealth．我們都知道，吸煙有害健康。Hefinishedthetaskaheadoftime，which/asisveryimportanttous．他提前完成了任務，這對我們很重要。which引導非限制性定語從句時，修飾整句話或整件事，也可修飾先行詞從句常置于主句后，有時在主句中，一般譯為“結果”[即時訓練3]單句語法填空①Heistheman_________cametoseeyouyesterday．②Myaunt，___________youmetinthesupermarket，hasgonetoLondononbusiness．③Finallyhereachedalonelyisland___________wascompletelycutofffromtheoutsideworld．who/thatwhom/whowhich/that④The12-year-oldboywonthegoldmedal，_____cameasasurprisetomanypeople．⑤___isreportedinthenewspaper，talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress．whichAs短文語境填空Mysisterisacollegestudent1．_________isstudyinginBeijingUniversity．Iwillneverforgetthedays2．_____Ivisitedthisuniversitylastsummer．Sheshowedmearoundtoseethevariousfacilities，includingthelibrary3．___________attractsmeverymuch．Therearemorethantenthousandcollegestudents，allof4．______arefightingfortheirpromisingfuture，5．_________Ihaveneverthoughtbefore．who/thatwhenwhich/thatwhomwhich/asSheisamodelfrom6．_____Iwilllearn．IamdeterminedtostudyhardtobeadmittedintoBeijingUniversity7．_____Iwillimmersemyselfinstronghistoricalandculturalatmosphere．whomwhere①sorrown．令人悲傷的事，不幸②objectn．(極欲得到、研究、注意等的)對象③publishvariouspapers發表各種論文papern．紙，紙張；報紙；文件，文獻；試卷；論文④statev．陳述，說明課下預習第二篇課文(Developingideas)⑤bebeneficialto對……有好處，有益于……⑥setup創建，建立setouton開始進行(某項旅程、任務或計劃)⑦takeon具有(特征、外觀等)，呈現takeaction開始行動⑧frustrationn．懊喪，懊惱，沮喪⑨varyfrom...to...從……到……不同⑩takeoff起飛；脫下；開始成功?responsen．回應?increasingdemandfor對……不斷增長的需求?competitiveadj．有競爭力的?deliverv．傳遞，傳送?attheclickof一按……?designerclothes名牌服裝?rock-bottomprices最低價格?rentout出租(房屋、房間、土地等)?acoupleofdays幾天?cutdown(onsth．)減少，削減(某物)?existingregulations現有法規?ongoingsupervision持續監管?takeadvantageof利用?sharen．股份，份額?expensen．費用，花費attheexpenseof以損害……為代價?besubjectto可能受……影響的?abusen．濫用?propertyn．財產，財物?victimn．受害者?theftn．偷竊，偷盜?secureadj．安全的securityn．

保護措施；保安部門；擔保?potentialrisks潛在的風險potentialcustomers/buyers/investors/clients潛在顧客/買家/投資者/客戶withpotential有潛力的?nonethelessadv．盡管如此

?berelevantto與……相關What'smineisyours．We'vebeentoldsinceweweretoddlersthat“It'sgoodtoshare”．Parentsandteacherskeepremindingustosharetoys，snacks，books，happymemories，andsometimesevensorrows①withothers．Whenwegrowup，wesharephotos，lifestoriesandopinionswithpeoplearoundusandwiththosewedon'tknowviasocialmedia．[1]Takingitasanobject②ofstudy，psychologistshavepublishedvariouspapers③

stating④thatthebehaviourofsharingisbeneficialto⑤

settingup⑥positiveemotionalbonding．[1]本句為主從復合句。Takingitasanobjectofstudy為動詞-ing形式短語作狀語；that引導賓語從句。Today，theactionofsharingtakeson⑦extrameaning．It'snotjustaboutsharingsweetsorfrustration⑧；ithasexpandedtoalmosteveryaspectofourlives—thewholeworldseemstobeintosharing．Weareusingtechnologytoreducethemoneythatwespendongoodsandservices，ortomakemoneyoutofthosethatwedon'tuseourselvesallofthetime．Thesevaryfromcarsharesto⑨homeshares，andeventopetshares．Thesharingeconomyistakingoff⑩inallsortsofareas．Itiscreatingnewwaysofthinkingandisprovidingservicestopeoplewhenandwheretheywantthem．Thiswealthofwaysofsharingisaresponse?toourincreasingdemandfor?qualitygoodsandservicesatcompetitive?prices，[2]alldelivered?

attheclickof?abutton．[3]Whetherit'sanonlineshopwherewecanhiredesignerclothes?atrock-bottomprices?，oraplatformfromwhichwecanrentout?ourflatsforacoupleofdays?，it'soutthere．Whetherwe'realenderoraborrower，it'sawin-winsituation；everyonemakesorsavesmoney．Wealsomakeconnectionsandsometimesevenmakenewfriends．What'smore，sharingencouragesustoreuseitems，therebycuttingdown?onwaste．Andset-upssuchasbikeandcarsharingdoafurtherfavourfortheenvironmentbyreducingthenumberofpollutingvehiclesontheroad．[2]alldeliveredattheclickofabutton為獨立主格結構。[3]句中Whether...or...引導讓步狀語從句；其中where引導定語從句，先行詞為shop；fromwhichwecan...acoupleofdays為“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句。Butthesharingeconomyisnotwithoutitsproblems．[4]Asisoftenthecaseallovertheworldwithnewareasofeconomicactivity，thesharingeconomyisdevelopingfasterthanexistingregulations?orongoingsupervision?．Somecompaniesaretakingunfairadvantageof?thissituationtoexpandtheirshare?ofthemarket，oftenattheexpense?ofmoretraditionalandestablishedcompanies．Inaddition，thesharingeconomyissubjectto?abuse?oftrust．Somepeoplehaveexperienceddamagetotheirproperties?whilstrentingouttheirhomes，andothershavefoundthemselvesvictims?

oftheft?orattackwhilesharingrides．Finally，personaldata，theheartofthesharingeconomy，isnotyetsecure?．Sharingplatformscollectpersonalinformationaboutalmosteverypartofourlives，includingournames，locations，bankinformation，andindividualpreferencesforgoodsandservices．Yet，thetechnologytopreventsuchinformationfromleakingorbeingstolenstillneedsimprovement，andtheawarenessofpotentialrisks?islowamongbothserviceprovidersandusers．[4]句中As為關系代詞，引導非限制性定語從句，在句中作主語。Nonetheless?，