PAGEPAGE11.盡管在空間探索上的投資絕不能被視為是草率的、不必要的,我仍認為政府應該往減少貧困和饑餓這些手頭上的事情投入更多的財政資金,而不是將資金投入到探索宇宙偏遠角落上.Whilemoneyinvestedinexploringspace

bynomeans

(1.絕不)constitutes

(2.被視為)frivolous

(3.草率的)orunnecessaryspending,Ibelievethatgovernmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyandhunger

closeathand

(4.手頭上的,在時間或距離上接近的)thantoexploringthefarcornersoftheuniverse.

1-bynomeans

詞典釋義：bynomeans

phrase

usedas

awayofemphasizinganegativestatement

Itwasbynomeansexcellentbutstillbetterthanlast

year.

Iwouldn’tsayIwasanexpert,notbyanymeans.

[mi：nz]

pluralnoun

bynomeans

(also

notbyanymeans)

■notatall

決不,一點都不

?Itisbyno

means

certainthatwe'llfinish

theprojectbyJune.我們能否在六月份前完成這項工程還很難確定.?Thisisn'tthelastwe'llhearofitbyany

means.這絕對不會是我們最后一次聽到此事.

外刊例句：Thesenew-oldbooksareshortbut

bynomeans

slight.Noraretheyonlyforhard-coreMurakami

fans.

()這些再版的舊作篇幅不長但絕非空洞之作.它們也并非單純為村上的鐵桿粉而作.

替換表達：innoway/notatall/notbyanymeans

2-constitute注意雖然譯為"被視為”,但constitute是主動語態.

詞典釋義：constitute

UK

['k?n.st?.tju：t]

US

['kɑ：n.st?.tu：t]

verb

BECONSIDERED

AS

被視作

ADVANCED

[Lonly+

noun][notcontinuous]

formal

■tobeorbeconsideredassomething

是;被看作,被視為?Thislatestdefeat

constitutes

amajorsetbackfor

thegovernment.最近的這次失敗是對政府的一次重挫.

外刊例句：Justlastmonth,theMayoClinicProceedingspublisheda

studyarguingthattheresultsofnationaldietarysurveys,suchasthose

thatlinksugarydrinkstotype-2diabetes,aresoflawedthatthey

constitute

amajormisuseofpublic

funds.

()Mayo醫學雜志就在上月刊登了一則關于全國飲食調查的研究,該研究認為這個調查錯誤百出,簡直是嚴重浪費公共基金.而那些把糖分飲料與2型糖料病相聯系的調查內容便是其一.

替換表達：beconsidered/viewed/seenas

學生錯誤表達：(1)

Bedefinedas點評：bedefinedas含義是"被定義為……”,例如：Abudgetisdefinedas'aplanofactionexpressedinmoney

terms'."預算”一詞定義為"以金錢來表述的行動計劃”.Bedefinedas用在此處不合適.

3-frivolous

詞典釋義：frivolous['fr?v.?l.?s]

adjective

■behavinginasillyandthoughtlesswaywhenyoushould

beserious

愚蠢輕浮的,不嚴肅的?Ithinkheseesherasa

frivolous

youngwoman.我想他把她看成了輕浮的姑娘.■describesanactivityorobjectwhichissillyornot

importantratherthanusefulorserious

無聊的;不重要的

?Ifeellikedoingsomethingcompletely

frivolous

today.今天我只想做點兒瑣事.

外刊例句：Buther

frivolous

spending—onmultiplestatuesofherself,amongotherthings—pavedthewayfor

acomebackin2012bytheSP.

()但她總花錢在些無聊事情上,比如像其各種雕像等,而這也就導致了SP在2012的卷土重來.

替換表達：reckless

學生錯誤表達：(1)

cursory點評：cursory的常見搭配是cursoryexamination/inspection草率的檢查,例如：a

cursoryexaminationoftheevidence對證據草草的審查,一般不能與spending搭配.(2)

impetuous點評：impetuous更多指行動或語言沖動草率,例如：Shemightlivetoregretthisimpetuousdecision.她可能會一輩子為這個魯莽的決定感到后悔.Impetuous不能用來修飾spending

4-closeathand

詞典釋義：athand

phrase

close

toyouandeasytoreach

Helpisalwaysathandifyouneedit.

close/nearathand：

Ialwayskeepmycalculatorcloseathand.

Thesaurus：

nextto,neartoandnotfarawaysynonym

Main

entry：

hand

12.PHRASE

短語

(空間或時間上)接近的,不遠的

Ifsomething

is

athand

,nearathand,or

closeat

hand,itisverynearinplaceortime.

【搭配模式】：PHRafterv?Havingtherightequipmentat

hand

willbeenormouslyhelpful...手頭上有合適的設備將會幫上大忙.

?Realizingthathisretirementwasnearat

hand,helookedforsomeadditionalincome.意識到自己快要退休了,他想要掙些外快.

外刊例句：Iceland’spopularitywithtouristsdoesn’tmeanthat

solitudeishardtofind.Headwesttoitsfjordsandsplendidisolationand

natureare

closeathand.()冰島極受旅游者歡迎,但這并不意味著無法在此感受到清靜.往冰島西面峽灣走去,你就會發現自然的清靜近在咫尺.

替換表達：withinreach

Q：老師,請問我的表達"cannotabsolutelybetreatedas”中的副詞absolutely所在的位置正確嗎,而且這能修飾cannot表達出"絕不能”的意思嗎?謝謝!A：cannot表達的語氣已經很絕對了,再加上absolutely不太合適.建議把absolutely去掉,改為cannotbetreatedas

Q：關于moreof,than與more,

ratherthan的區別?本翻譯的后半句我用的是putmorefinancialcapital

in...ratherthanputmoneyin...,用的是ratherthan句型,與譯文相比是有點啰嗦,譯文用的是devotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcesto...thanto...這種比較級的結構,譯文用的是moreof,我不知道這是一種什么用法?兩種用法的than與ratherthan可以互換嗎?

A：原句還原后是governmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheir

financialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyandhungercloseathandthan

(devotetheirfinancialresources)toexploringthefarcornersofthe

universe.

句子本質上是more…than…的比較結構,中間的moreofsomething只是一種常見用法,含義是"更多的……”,例如：Perhapsnextyear

moreof

us

willbeabletoaffordholidaysabroad.也許到明年我們中會有更多的人有錢出國度假了.

不建議將句子寫成putmorefinancialresourcesin...ratherthanputmoneyin...因為很少有more…ratherthan…的結構.

Whilemoneyinvestedinexploringspacebynomeans

constitutesfrivolousorunnecessaryspending,Ibelievethatgovernments

shoulddevotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyand

hungercloseathandthantoexploringthefarcornersoftheuniverse.

[分析]本句的主干部分為Ibelievethat…,這是一個主謂賓結構,由that引導的名詞性從句作謂語believe的賓語,該賓語從句也是一個主謂賓結構,其主語是governments,謂語是shoulddevote,賓語是moreoftheirfinancialresources,狀語是to

alleviatingpovertyandhungercloseathand,表明financial

resources投入的對象,其后是由than引導的比較狀語從句.逗號之前是由While引導的讓步狀語從句,這是一個主謂賓結構,moneyinvestedin

exploringspace是主語,其中investedinexploringspace是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾money,bynomeans作狀語,constitutes作謂語,frivolousorunnecessary

spending作賓語.

2.在過去十年左右的時間里,幾乎計算機技術的每一個領域都有巨大的進步.與機器翻譯相關的領域比如人工智能和語音識別以前是被嘲笑的對象,現在已經被應用在突破性項目的核心部分里面了.Therehavebeenenormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfieldofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso.Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognitionhavegonefrom

subjectsofmockery

(1.被嘲笑的對象)tobeingutilized

attheheartof

(2.處于……的核心)ground-breaking

(3.有突破性的)projects.

1-subjectsofmockery

詞典釋義：subject2.N-COUNT

可數名詞

(批評、學習、調查的)對象

Someoneorsomethingthatis

the

subjectof

criticism,study,oraninvestigationisbeingcriticized,

studied,orinvestigated.

【搭配模式】：Nofn?Overthepastfewyears,someofthepositionsMr.

Meredithhasadoptedhavemadehimthe

subject

ofcriticism...在過去的幾年里,梅雷迪思先生所采取的某些立場使他成為了批評的對象.

?He'snowthe

subject

ofanofficialinquiry.他現在是官方調查的對象.

mockeryUK

['m?k.?r.i]

US

['mɑ：.k?-]

noun

uncountable

■whenyoumocksomeoneorsomething

嘲笑,譏笑;模仿?Bill's

mockery

ofhisdad'stwitchwasabitcruel,

butitmadeuslaugh.比爾模仿他爸爸肌肉抽搐的做法有點殘忍,不過我們都被逗笑了.

外刊例句：His

useofhigh-flowneconomicjargonintelevisioninterviewsmadehima

subjectofmockery.()他在電視采訪中使用高大上的經濟學術語,卻讓自己淪為笑柄.

替換表達：amockery,asubject/objectofridicule

2-attheheartof

詞典釋義：heartUK

[hɑ：t]

US

[hɑ：rt]

noun

CENTRE

中心

ESSENTIAL

onlysingular

■thecentralor

mostimportantpart

中心;中央;重點;要點?Thedemonstratorswillmarchthrough

the

heart

of

thecapital.示威者將游行穿過首都的中心地區.?Adisagreementaboutboundariesis

atthe

heart

of

thedispute.爭議的焦點就是邊界問題.?Let'sgettothe

heart

ofthematter.讓我們考慮一下最關鍵的事情.

外刊例句：Promisestoputvictims

attheheartof

thejusticesystemsoundgoodbutcanhavea

hollowring.()承諾把對受害者的考慮作為司法系統的核心聽起來很好,不過卻缺乏實際可能.

替換表達：atthecoreof

學生錯誤表達：(1)

Intheheart

of點評：intheheartof一般指處于地理位置上的最中心,而不是抽象含義上的"處于某事物中心”,例如：ahouseintheheartofLondon倫敦市中心的房子,句子里面應該使用attheheartofsomething(2)

inthecore

partof點評：沒有inthecore

partof的搭配,應該改為atthecoreof

3-ground-breaking

詞典釋義：groundbreaking

1.ADJ

形容詞

開創性的;創新的;革新的

Youuse

groundbreaking

todescribe

thingswhichyouthinkaresignificantbecausetheyprovidenewandpositive

ideas,andinfluencethewaypeoplethinkaboutthings.

【搭配模式】：usuADJn?...his

groundbreaking

novelonhomosexuality.他關于同性戀題材的開創性小說?...groundbreaking

research.創新研究

外刊例句：Haringwasa

ground-breaking

streetartistinspiredbysocialactivismandprogressivepolitics,asmuch

ashisidentityasanopenlygaymaninthe1980s.()哈林是位極富創新精神的街頭藝術家,他深受政治運動者和進步政治家鼓舞,而且他還于80年代公開了自己的同性戀身份.

替換表達：pioneering

Q：請問老師,同樣在表達形容人作為"對象”這個含義時,subjects和objects是否可以互換呢?A：可以互換.另外在本句中使用subjects/objectsofmockery都可以.

Q：mockery本身就可以表示為嘲笑的對象,笑柄,再用subject就重復了吧,直接說mockery,可以吧?A：subjectofmockery是一個常見固定表達,可以記起來.這里直接用amockery也是可以的.

Therehavebeenenormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfield

ofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso.

[分析]本句是一個therebe結構,其主語是enormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfieldofcomputingtechnology

inthelastdecadeorso,其中,madeinalmostevery

fieldofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾steps,其前enormous是形容詞作定語,修飾steps.其謂語是havebeen.注意在therebe結構中,there是一個引導詞,它占據了原來主語的位置,從而是真正的主語退居其后,承擔了大量的信息,成為信息的核心.

Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificial

intelligenceandvoicerecognitionhavegonefromsubjectsofmockeryto

beingutilizedattheheartofground-breakingprojects.

[分析]本句是一個主謂結構,其主干是Fields…havegonefrom…to…,主語是Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificial

intelligenceandvoicerecognition,其中relatedto

machinetranslationsuchasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition是過去分詞短語作定語,修飾Fields,這里面又有suchas引導artificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition作hasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition,其中relatedtomachinetranslation的同位語,本句的謂語是have

gone,其后是from…to…結構作狀語,表明與機器翻譯相關的領域發展的變化.

3.目前的機器翻譯仍然處于很低的水平,甚至達不到能威脅人類翻譯工作的程度.即使電腦程序能設法給出優質的翻譯,讀者仍然缺乏能夠完全理解其含義的必要的文化知識.Currentmachinetranslationisstill

ataverylowlevel

(1.處于很低的水平)andhasnoteven

comecloseto

(2.接近)threateningthejobsofhumantranslators.Evenifacomputerprogramcouldsomehowproducea

quality

(3.優質的)translation,thereaderwouldstilllackthenecessaryculturalknowledgetobeabletounderstanditfully.

1-beataverylowlevel

詞典釋義：level['lev.?l]

noun

countable

ABILITY

能力

ESSENTIAL

■someone'sability

comparedtootherpeople

(與他人相比的)能力,水準,級別

?acourseforadvanced

level

students面向高級別學生的課程?Studentsatthis

level

requirealotof

help.處于這種程度的學生需要大量的幫助.?Theexamcanbetakenatthree

levels.這種考試分為三個級別.

外刊例句：Butinpoorercountries,wheremostruralpeopleconsume

andtravelverylittle,therelationshipisoftenreversed.Onlywhenthey

movetotownsandcitiesdothepoorcometorelyonfossilfuelsandjoin

theconsumereconomy,albeitoften

ataverylowlevel.(TheGuardian)然而,這種關系在更為貧困的國家則經常顛倒了,因為那里的鄉村地區人群大多很少消費和游玩.這些窮人只有搬到了城鎮才會依賴化石燃料和成為消費者經濟的一員,不過其程度仍然很低.

替換表達：beoflowquality

學生錯誤表達：(1)

remainsto

thelowerlevel點評：搭配不當,這里應該改為remain

atalowlevel(2)

under/inthe

lowlevel點評：介詞使用不當,under/in應該改為at,此外the應該改為a(3)

atarather

lowstandard點評：應該改為ofarather

lowstandard,即machinetranslationisstillofa

ratherlowstandard

2-comecloseto

詞典釋義：comeclose(to)

phrase

tobe

similartooralmostasgoodassomeoneorsomething

He’s

notasgoodasAmis,buthecomesclose.

外刊例句：How

complexcellsevolvedisamystery.Anewideamay

comecloseto

thetruth()細胞復雜的演變仍然迷霧重重.此新想法或許能讓我們更接近真相.

替換表達：comenearto

學生錯誤表達：(1)

taketheplace

of點評：taketheplaceof是"替代……”的意思,用在這里不合適.

3-quality

詞典釋義：qualityUK

['kw?l.?.ti]

US

['kwɑ：.l?.t?i]

adjective

[beforenoun]

■ofahighstandard

優質的,優良的,高級的

?Thisisa

quality

product.這是高級產品.?mainlyUKThestoryreceivedlittlecoverageinthe

quality

papers

(=moreseriousnewspapers).內容嚴肅的報紙幾乎沒有報導這一則新聞.[afterverb]

informal

■verygood

很好的?Thatgigwas

quality.那場演奏會很精彩.

外刊例句：However,asthisisbuiltupon,a

quality

psychologicalconnectionorattachmentrelationship

conducivetolearningandattunedinteractionisdevelopedandstrengthened.

()然而,隨著其確立起來,一種有利于學習和適應人際關系的良好心理聯系或親密關系就此發展和壯大起來.

替換表達：extremelygood,high-quality

Q：老師,請問remaintothelowerlevel,remainthelower

level和remaintobethelowerlevel正確嗎?A：remain的常見搭配是remaintobedone或者remainadj.但不可以寫成remaintosomething,因此這里remainthelowerlevel和remaintobethe

lowerlevel都是有問題的.可以參考朗文詞典中對于remain詞條的解釋和例句.

4.翻譯通常只能表達出接近原意的大概,因此對有些人來說,學習外語總是必要的.一般人可能會發現優質的機器翻譯很有用,但這種翻譯機器不太可能會替代語言學習.Atranslationisoftenjustarough

approximation

(1.大概,近似值)of

theoriginalmeaning(2.原意)andsoitwillalwaysbenecessaryforsomepeopletolearnforeignlanguages.

Theaverageperson

(3.一般人)might

findaqualitymachinetranslatorratheruseful(4.發現優質的機器翻譯很有用),butitisunlikelythatsuchtranslatorswilleverreplacelanguagelearning.

1-approximation

詞典釋義：approximation

UK

[??pr?k.s?'me?.??n]

US

[-?prɑ：k-]

formal

noun

countable

■aguessofanumberthatisnotexactbutthatisclose

粗略估計;近似值?Couldyougivemea

rough

approximation

of

howmanypeoplewillbecoming?

你能告訴我要來的大概人數嗎??Whathesaidboreno

approximation

whatsoever

to

thetruth(=wasnotatalllikethetruth).他的說法跟實際情況風馬牛不相及.

外刊例句：Morethananyotherman,BorisYeltsinmovedtheRussian

peoplefromtyrannyto

arough

approximation

offreedom.Forthathewasoneoftheauthenticheroesof

the20thcentury.(TheGuardian)鮑里斯·葉利欽比其他人都更大程度地讓俄羅斯人民脫離了極權統治,享受到了粗略的自由.因此,他可以說是一位百分百的20世紀英雄.

學生錯誤表達：(1)

drawarough

outlineof點評：outline是指"要點,綱要”,例如：abroadoutlineofthecommittee'splans委員會計劃的一個粗略綱要,drawaroughoutlineof用在這里不準確.(2)

skeleton點評：skeleton指"框架,架構”,例如：Theskeletonofmybookiswritten/Mybookisinskeletonform-

nowIjusthavetoaddthedetails.我的書已經有了架構——現在我只需要添加細節了.Skeleton用在此處不恰當.

2-theoriginalmeaning

詞典釋義：original[?'r?d?.?.n?l]

adjective

FIRSTMADE

原先的

ESSENTIAL

[before

noun]

■existingsincethebeginning,orbeingtheearliestform

ofsomething

起初的;原先的;最早的?Isthisthe

original

fireplace?

這是原先的壁爐嗎??Thegardenshaverecentlybeenrestoredtotheir

original

glory.這些園林最近恢復了原先的輝煌.

外刊例句：But

theoriginal

meaning

ofMayDayreappearedatthedarkestmomentsoftheNaziera,as

whenitwascelebratedintheWarsawghettowhichlaunchedanuprising

againsttheregime.

()但國際勞動節的原始意義再次于最黑暗的納粹統治時期體現出來,華沙猶太人區在那時慶祝了這個節日,發動了一場反抗納粹政權的暴動.

學生錯誤表達：(1)

realmean點評：mean做名詞時沒有"含義”的意思,這里應該改為originalmeaning

3-Theaverageperson

詞典釋義：averageUK

['?v.?r.?d?]

US

[-?-]

adjective

USUAL

一般標準

ESSENTIAL

■typicalandusual

普通的;平常的;中等的;一般的

?The

average

personinthestreetisalot

betteroffthantheywerefortyyearsago.再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了.?astudentof

average

ability才智平平的學生?Thefoodwasfairly

average

(=not

excellent,althoughnotbad).那里的食物很一般.

外刊例句：Thissurveyshows64%ofGuardianreadersarein

employment,whichis20%morelikelythan

theaverageperson

intheUKandinlinewiththelevelamongreadersof

otherqualitynewspapers.(TheGuardian)該研究表明,64%的衛報讀者有工作做,比平均英國人高20%,與其他同樣高質量的報刊讀者持平.

替換表達：ordinarypeople

學生錯誤表達：(1)

ordinary

person點評：person是可數名詞單數,使用時前面一般要加限定詞,這里可以改為ordinarypeople(2)

normalpeople

點評：normalpeople是指身體和心理上沒有健康問題的正常人,例如：Statisticsindicatethatdepressedpatientsaremorelikelyto