議論文

以觀點為中心的文章議論文3要素1.論點(opinion/conclusion)2.論據(facts/evidence)3.論證(argument)能力訓練1：區分觀點和事實能力訓練2：掌握論點和論據的關系能力訓練3：關注論證方式

常見的論證方式：(1)舉例論證(bygivingexamples)

(2)對比論證(bycomparison;bycomparingAwithB)

(3)道理論證(byquoting;byquotingsb'scomments)

(4)比喻論證(byusingmetaphor)【2019?全國III卷】ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative."It'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來源)ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學)onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences."Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,"saysHill."Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement."Ofcourse,onlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina;someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGaliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs-andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,"addsHil.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"shesays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."24.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromotedthesalesofartworks.B.Itattractedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes. D.ItaimedtointroduceChinesemodels.25.WhatdoesHillsayaboutChinesewomen?A.Theyaresettingthefashion. B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels. D.Theydobusinessallovertheworld.26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?A.learningfrom B.lookingdownon C.workingwith D.competingagainst27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends這是一篇議論文。符合新課標的話題——人與社會——文學、藝術與體育（影視、音樂等領域的概況及其發展），通過AmandaHill的評論，文章論述了中國文化及中國美學對國際時尚界的影響。文章體現了文化自信，彰顯了高中英語課程總目標——培養中國情懷、國際視野和跨文化溝通能力。24.為“事實細節題”。以theexhibitioninNewYork為定位詞，通過選項定位的方法，進行排除辨析?？梢哉业綄涞谌沃蠺heexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences（此次展覽吸引的參觀者人數創下了記錄，顯示出人們對中國影響的濃厚興趣），這與選項B對應。故選B。25.本題為“事實細節題”。題目在考查Hill對中國女性的評論。根據第四段中Hill所說的話“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”(中國模特是向世界各地的女性推銷夢想的美麗和時尚運動的面孔，這意味著中國女性不僅僅是時尚的消費者——她們是這場運動的核心)，這與選項A（Hill說中國女性正在引領新時尚）相對應，故選A。26.為“猜測詞義題”。詞不離句，根據下文andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales（在設計和銷售上擊敗他們)，故選D。拓展：handsdown這個習語來自賽馬運動。當一名騎手覺得勝利在望，自己可以不費勁就能取勝的時候，往往會垂下雙手、放松韁繩，讓馬匹向前沖，而不必繼續提緊韁繩、快馬加鞭。27.為“主旨大意題”。做題時，要站在全文的角度。主旨題的正確答案具有概括性。通讀全文可知，本文通過AmandaHill的評論，論述了中國文化、中國藝術、中國設計師等等在國際時尚中發揮著非常重要的作用。對選項進行選擇時，一定要選取最佳答案，同時最能概括文章大意。選項D“中國文化刺激著國際時尚的發展和潮流”最符合題意，故選擇D?！?019?天津卷】WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman?Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉訶德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?We’veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife’shalfwaymark.I’mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan’tallgetthere.I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(視……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence—whethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastore—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They’velearnedlife’smostvaluablelesson.51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat________.A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone’screativity B.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone’sgoalC.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate D.disabilitycannotstopaman’spursuitofsuccess52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?A.Endone’sstruggleforliberty. B.Wasteone’senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed. D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind. D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering. B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim. D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.55.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage？A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.1.【答案】B

【解析】本文屬于議論文，講述要成功，就需要不斷的學習，這樣的生活才會有意義。推理判斷題。第一段講述塞萬提斯一生不幸，負債累累，因為戰爭受傷左手殘疾，同時還身陷囹圄，在53歲的時候決定寫書，最終寫出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根據后文可知，所有的困境都沒有阻擋他的成功，年齡也是如此。2.【答案】D

【解析】詞義猜測題。根據第三段I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.i故可知，作者談論的不是那些沒有到達巔峰的人，而是談論那些不再學習成長的人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止學習。3.【答案】C

【解析】推理判斷題。根據第四段welosethesenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.可知，我們失去了好奇感，但是如果我們愿意學習，機會無處不在，故可知，機會總是留給那些有好奇心的人。4.【答案】D

【解析】推理判斷題。根據第五段welearntobearwiththe

thingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.JEl,我們學會承受那些無法改變的事情，學會避免自憐，也學會了無論我們怎么去取悅別人，有些人是無法喜歡我們的，這個觀點起初讓我們苦惱，但是之后會讓我們釋懷，故可知，本段作者告訴我們要學會使用恰當的方式來對待生活。5.【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意題。本文講述要成功，就需要不斷的學習，這樣的生活才會有意義，故本文作者的目的是為了指導我們過一個有意義的成年人生活?！?018?北京卷】PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎設施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責任與維護問題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems B.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironment D.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety. B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability. D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed. B.Replaced.C.Shared. D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful. B.Positive.C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.1．A．細節理解題．根據第二段Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfullyso），policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams，cutemissions（排放）andoffermoreconvenient，affordablemobilityoptions．（盡管迄今為止的大部分辯論都集中在無人駕駛汽車的安全性上，但政策制定者也應該討論自動駕駛汽車如何幫助減少交通堵塞、減少排放，并提供更方便、更實惠的出行選擇）可知，政策制定者應該討論無人駕駛車怎么幫助削減交通阻塞，減少尾氣排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行選擇，由此可見人們應該多關注無人駕駛車怎么幫助處理與交通有關的問題．故選A．2．D．推理判斷題．根據文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes，thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities，forbetterorforworse，dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated．可知，不管花多長時間，這項技術都有可能改變我們的交通系統和我們的城市，不管是好是壞，這取決于如何這種轉變如何被規范，再根據文章最后一句話Thecarofthefutureiscoming．Wejusthavetoplanforit．可知，我們需要為其做好計劃，故作者的主要關注點是對這種轉變的管理規范，故選D．3．A．詞義猜測題．根據第四段Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices，consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（責任與維護問題）．可知，鑒于自主駕駛的費用以及責任和維護問題，無人駕駛車幾乎可以肯定將會被打車服務使用．故劃線詞是"被應用"的意思．A．Employed被應用；B．Replaced被取代；C．Shared被分享；D．Reduced被減少．故選A．4．B．觀點態度題．根據文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople，andmoreaffordably．Thecarofthefutureiscoming．Wejusthavetoplanforit．（即將到來的技術進步為城市和州提供了一個發展交通系統的機會，該系統旨在以更經濟的方式運送更多的人．未來的汽車來了．我們只需要為此做好計劃）中的advancement，movemorepeople，andmoreaffordably．以及planforit可推知，作者是積極的態度．故選B．【2017?天津卷】Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting,andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours?Tounderstandtheissue,let’stakealookatthreetypesof“waits”.TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatched-PotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink(洗碗池)asanexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit’sfull.Duringthesewaits,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.AcousintotheWatched-PotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.“Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil,addmix,simmerthreeminutes,removefromheat,letstandfiveminutes.”Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.Turningone’slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedirectionsonsoupmixes,buttheLucky-BreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn’tcometorelyonit,wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou’restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou’llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky,don’tbedesperate.You’reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.51.WhiledoingaWatched-PotWait,wetendto___________.A.keepourselvesbusy B.getabsent-mindedC.growanxious D.stayfocused52.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatched-PotWait?A.TheForcedWaitrequiressomeself-control.B.TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.C.TheWatched-PotWaitneedsdirections.D.TheWatched-PotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.53.WhatcanwelearnabouttheLucky-BreakWait?A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.B.Itdoesn’talwaysbringthedesiredresult.C.ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.D.Itdoesn’tgivepeoplefaithandhope.54.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?A.Takeitseriously. B.Don’trelyonothers.C.Dosomethingelse. D.Don’tloseheart.55.Theauthorsupportshisviewby____________.A.exploringvariouscausesof“waits”B.describingdetailedprocessesof“waits”C.analyzingdifferentcategoriesof“waits”D.revealingfrustratingconsequencesof“waits”本文屬于議論文閱讀，作者通過這篇文章主要向我們描述了等待分為三種，我們不應該在等待時失去信心．考察學生的細節理解和推理判斷能力，做細節理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實，要根據文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．51．B．細節理解題．根據第二段Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit'sfull．Duringthesewaits，thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks可知當我們盯著罐子看的時候，我們傾向于心不在焉；故選B．52．A．細節理解題．根據第三段Afterall，ForcedWaitingrequirespatience可知強迫等待與被監視的等待的區別是強迫等待需要一些自制力；故選A．53．B．細節理解題．根據文章UnliketheForcedWait，whichisalsovoluntary，waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen可知幸運的等待并不總是帶來預期的結果；故選B．54．D．推理判斷題．根據最后一段Thenexttimeyou'restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou'llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky，don'tbedesperate可知作者建議我們下次等待時不要失去信心；故選D．55．C．推理判斷題．根據文章Tounderstandtheissue，let'stakealookatthreetypesof"waits可知作者證明自己的觀點通過分析不同類別的"等待；故選C．【2017?北京卷】Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪惡)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論）,putitthisway:＂Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干預),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.＂Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust＂switchthemoff＂asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,＂Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.＂However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子誘導)nuclearchainreaction.67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay____________.A.runoutofhumancontrol B.satisfyhuman’srealdesiresC.commandarmiesofkillerrobots D.workfasterthanamathematician68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto____________.A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto____________.A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed D.avoidrobots’affectingtheworld70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI. B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty. D.Itwillstayforadecade.本文為科技類議論文，來自于2016年6月的《科學美國人》（英文原名：ScientificAmerican），主要講的是人工智能artificialintelligence（AI）隨著科技的發展可能超出人類的控制以及人類應如何應對此類安全問題。1.從文章第一段第二句話Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.“人工智能可能會變得非常擅長完成目標，而這些可能不是人們真正想要的”可知與A選項runoutofhumancontrol對應，因此選擇A。2.原文第二段第一句話Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.根據“awishtopreserveitsownexistence”同義轉化為preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed，因此選擇A。3.原文第三段第二句話Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.'根據“butneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealword”同義轉化為avoidrobots'affectingtheworld，因此選擇D。4.原文第四段第一句話SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.；根據“seemstobepossiblebutnoteasy”推斷出Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty因此選擇C?！?020?北京卷】CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday'sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday'sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today'spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe'resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan"ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever."Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine"couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake."Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(強化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley'sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敵對行為).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday'sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld'sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever:42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A.Enormousinquantity. B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality. D.Presenteverywhere.43.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptotackleproblems. B.Makebrainsmoreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople. D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.44.AsforIrvingGood'sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthoris____________.A.supportive B.disapprovingC.fearful D.uncertain45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream. B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans. D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)實現的可能性進行了論述?！?2題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據劃線詞所在句后面的Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother(例如，算法在我們的金融市場上進行大量交易，自動駕駛汽車出現在城市街道上，我們的智能手機正在從一種語言翻譯成另一種語言)可知，人工智能在我們生活中用處十分廣泛。由此推知，劃線詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實正在變得無處不在”，即劃線詞與D選項“Presenteverywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故選D項?！?3題詳解】細節理解題。根據第二段AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems(AGI的倡導者說，AGI可以24小時為我們工作，并利用所有可用的數據，可以提出許多問題的解決方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡導者認為，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出許多問題的解決方案，幫助我們解決問題。因此，A選項“Helptotackleproblems(幫助解決問題)”符合題意。故選A項。【44題詳解】推理判斷題。根據第三段SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemat