severe

severeweather惡劣天氣severewinter寒冬severepain劇痛severe

adj

嚴(yán)重的extremelybadorserious：severedamage/aseveredrought

嚴(yán)厲的；苛刻的：beseverewithoneself

嚴(yán)峻的；激烈的：aseverewinterseverecompetition詞匯拓展?severelyadv嚴(yán)重地；嚴(yán)厲地：aseverelypollutedlakeAnyonebreakingthelawwillbeseverelypunished.問題、損害、疾病等“嚴(yán)重的”人對待事情的態(tài)度“嚴(yán)重的”環(huán)境或形勢等“嚴(yán)重的”嚴(yán)重的嚴(yán)厲的；苛刻的嚴(yán)峻的；激烈的severe語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖嚴(yán)重的severe基本義subscribe溫故知新根據(jù)所給漢語，完成句子。I’mafraid

Ican’t________________________（同意）thetheory.agreewith/subscribetosubscribeto是正式用語subscribevi1.

訂閱（報紙、雜志等）：subscribetoTime

2.

定期交納（會費(fèi)）；定期捐款：subscribetoacharity

3.

認(rèn)購（股份）subscribetosharesofthecompany4.［正式用語］同意；贊成：

Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Allscientistssubscribetotheviewthattheincreaseintheearth’stemperatureisduetotheburningoffossilfuels.課文suspect

v[不用于進(jìn)行時]

vt&vi猜想；懷疑

tobelievethatsthmayhappenorbetrue：Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Thedoctorssuspectedcancer.Shestronglysuspectedhe

waslyingtoher.She’snotgoingtobeveryhappyaboutthis,Isuspect.認(rèn)為某事（尤為壞事）可能真實或可能發(fā)生，但尚無確切依據(jù)。課文

vt懷疑（某人有罪）tothinkthatsbisprobablyguiltyofacrime：suspect

sbof(doing)sth:Theysuspecthimofatheft.Thepolicemansuspectedhimofkillingthegirl.n[C]嫌疑犯；可疑分子：questionasuspectadj

不可信的；可疑的：asuspectpackagesuspectThelawsIlove,thelawyersIsuspect.——CharlesChurchill西方人向來不乏對律師的揶揄之詞。這句話譯作“我熱愛法律，但我懷疑律師。”說到懷疑，我們很容易想到doubt，這里為什么用suspect呢？doubt和suspect有什么區(qū)別呢?suspect：tobelievethatsthbadmayhappenormay

betrue認(rèn)為某事會發(fā)生，尚缺少依據(jù)。

Thepolicemansuspectedherofstealingthewallet.辨析suspect，doubtdoubt：tothinkthatsthmaynotbetrueorthatitisunlikely不確定某事或者認(rèn)為某事不可能。

Idoubt

if

itwillraintomorrow.AJokeTeacher:Betty,youmadesomanymistakesinyourexercises,surelyyourmotherwillblame

you!Betty:

Blamemeforthem?Oh,no.Onthecontrary,sheistoblame,becauseitwasshethatdidmyhomeworkinstead.vt

責(zé)備；把……歸咎于

tosayorthinkthatsb/sthisresponsibleforsthbad:You’vefailedtodowhatyouwereexpectedtoandI’mafraidtheteacherwillblameyou.①blamesb/sthfor(doing)sth:Whilewecan’tchangethebodytypewearebornwith,wecan’tblameourgenesformakingusfat.Onceyouformthehabitofblamingsomebodyorsomethingelseforabadsituation,youarealoser.blame

②blamesthonsb/sth:Policeareblamingtheaccidentondangerousdriving.【常見搭配】betoblame(forsth)（對某事）負(fù)有責(zé)任：It’sallmyfault.I’mtoblame.Whoistoblameforthefire?n

[U]（對錯誤/壞事應(yīng)負(fù)的）責(zé)任；責(zé)備responsibilityforamistakeorsthbad：take/beartheblameWheredoestheblame

for

ourfailurelie?Lotsofpeoplefindithardtogetupinthemorning,andput

the

blame

on

thealarmclock.同義異構(gòu)：beresponsibleforhandle

n[C]柄；把手：TeainChinawastraditionallydrunkfromcupswithouthandles.turnadoorhandlehandle

v

vt

（用手）觸；碰；拿

totouchorholdsthwithyourhand(s)：Washyourhandsbeforeyouhandlefood.Fragile.Handlewithcare!

vt&vi操縱；駕馭

tocontrolavehicle,ananimal,etc.：Drivingacarisnotjusthandlingcontrolsandjudgingspeedanddistance.Pricedatover$120,000,thecarhandles

perfectly

wellandhasgreatspeedacceleration.

vt

處理；應(yīng)付

todealwithasituation,aperson,etc.：Wemustlearntohandleconflictscalmlyandwisely.

表示“處理；解決”的表達(dá)有哪些？handle語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖handlenv與hand息息相關(guān)把手；柄處理；應(yīng)付（“掌”握局勢、人、工作或情感）（用手）觸；碰；拿

（詞源義）操縱；駕馭（用“手”接觸車輛、動物、工具等以控制）根據(jù)所給漢語，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z。1.Scientistshaveestablishedapossible________________________________________________（癌癥和日常飲食之間的聯(lián)系）.2.Theproblemsoftheeconomy___________________________________________________（與一些社會問題密切相關(guān)）.connection/linklinkbetweencanceranddietarecloselyrelatedto/connectedwith/linkedto/with/relationship

環(huán)；節(jié)

聯(lián)系；關(guān)聯(lián)(connection)

：Istherealinkbetweensmokingandlungdisease?

（交通、溝通的）連接線；（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的）鏈接：arail/road/telephonelinklink

vt連接；聯(lián)系

(connect)

：Hewalkedwithher,linkingarms.

link...to/with把……連接/聯(lián)系起來:Asubwaylinewilllinktheairporttothecitycentre.Yellowislinkedwithconfidence,self-respectandfriendliness.link

n[C]

link語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖連接人和人、物和物的“環(huán)；節(jié)”鏈狀物上連接在一起的“環(huán)；節(jié)”連接交通、溝通的“環(huán)；節(jié)”連接互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“環(huán)；節(jié)”環(huán)節(jié)環(huán)；節(jié)link（基本義）nv聯(lián)系；關(guān)聯(lián)（交通、溝通的）連接線（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的）鏈接連接；聯(lián)系decreasevt&vi（使）減少；（使）減小：Thenumberofnewstudentsdecreasedfrom210to160thisyear.Thepriceofwheatdecreasedby15%lastyear.Peopleplantedtreesonthewastehillstodecreasewaterandsoilloss.n[C]&[U]

減少；[C]減少的量

(reduction)：Therehasbeenadecreaseinimports.Therehasbeenadecreaseofnearly6%inthenumberofvisitorstothemuseum.寫出下列句子中畫線詞的漢語釋義。1.Multifunctionalfurniturecanbeusedforgueststosleep.________2.Theone-timefarmerisnowtheservantofsomemulti-nationalorganisation.________3.Thebottomoftheoceanisfullofvariousandmulticolouredcoral.________4.Theresearchindicatesthatpeoplewhomultitaskhavethepoorestresultsindoingvariousthingsatthesametime.________多功能的多國的同時處理多項任務(wù)多彩的/五彩斑斕的multipleadj

多個（人/事件/物組成）的；數(shù)量多的n[C]倍數(shù)solid■n[C]固體：Waterexistsasasolid,aliquidandagas.■adj

實心的：asolidball

固體的：solidfuel/food

堅固的；牢固的：Theoldhousehasasolidfoundation.

可靠的；扎扎實實的：

Thiswaswhenyoushouldhavecalmeddownandgotdowntodoingsomesolidwork.Thereissolidevidencetoshowhewasn’ttherewhenthecrimetookplace.課文談?wù)撚捌臅r候我們經(jīng)常會說某部影片“卡司強(qiáng)大”，這里的“卡司”是英語cast的中文音譯，意思是演員陣容。castcastvt

投；扔；拋；撒；擲：Thefishermancasthisnetintothewater.

投射（光、影、視線等）：castashadowonthewallHecastalookatthewoman.cast詞源解讀“扔、投”具體的某物到某處“扔、投”光線、視線等于某物

為（戲劇、角色）選派演員；投票：Musictalentsfrommanydifferentcountrieswerecast.Peoplenotonlycaston-linevotesthemselves,butalsourgeotherstovoteforcompetitions.常用搭配(be)castdown［不用于名詞前］沮喪的n[C]

投；拋：Hecaughtafishathissecondcast.

全體演員：anall-starcast把演員“扔、投”到舞臺上把選票“扔、投”給某人cast語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖“扔、投”具體的某物到某處投；扔；拋；撒；擲投；拋n扔、投castv（基本義）“扔、投”光線、視線于某物把演員“扔、投”到舞臺上把選票“扔、投”給某人投射（光、影、視線等）為（戲劇、角色）選派演員投票全體演員shadow

taichi/shadow

boxingshadowplayshadow

n

[C]影子；陰影；壞影響：shadowplayHerfather’sillnesscastashadowover/ontheweddingcelebrations.shadowsundersb’seyestheshadowofdeath

[U]［也可用復(fù)數(shù)］背光處；陰暗處

：Sometimesshesitsaloneintheshadow(s).shadevsshadow

shade指陽光照不到的地方，如樹下或墻邊的陰涼處，一般沒有具體的輪廓。

shadow指某物遮住陽光或其他光源后形成的影子，可以引申為“不良的兆頭或陰影”，也可指黑暗的地方。

Let’ssitintheshadeofthetreeforawhile.

Myfriendjumpedoutoftheshadowsandtappedonmyshoulders.pour多義詞pour都有哪些詞義呢？pour

v

vt倒；注；灌：Pleasepourmeanothercupoftea.Shepouredsomemilkintoaglass.

vi（水等）不斷流出；（煙等）被吐出：TearsofhappinesspoureddownSusan’scheeks.Blacksmokepouredfromthebackofmycar.

vi不斷涌向/涌現(xiàn)(flood)：PeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Lettersandpostcardspouredineveryday.

vi（雨）傾盆而下：Itneverrainsbutitpours.pour語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖“倒”液體持續(xù)“倒”出（液體、煙、光等）倒；注；灌（水等）不斷流出；（煙等）被吐出“倒”出大量的人或物不斷涌向/涌現(xiàn)雨水被“倒”出來

（雨）傾盆而下倒pour基本義（火災(zāi)、戰(zhàn)爭等）突然爆發(fā)：Doeseveryoneknowwhattodoifafirebreaksout?WhenWorldWarIbrokeout,heseemedtohavebecomeanotherman,downhearted.【詞匯拓展】outbreakn[C]（暴力、疾病等壞事的）爆發(fā)；突然發(fā)生：theoutbreakofdisease/warbreakoutdefend“我不同意你說的每一句話，但我誓死捍衛(wèi)你說話的權(quán)利。”這句話來自英國女作家伊夫林·比阿特麗斯·霍爾所作的《伏爾泰的朋友們》(TheFriendsofVoltaire)。伏爾泰（Voltaire，1694—1778），18世紀(jì)法國啟蒙思想家、文學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家

，是十八世紀(jì)法國資產(chǎn)階級啟蒙運(yùn)動的泰斗，被譽(yù)為“法蘭西思想之王”“法蘭西最優(yōu)秀的詩人”“歐洲的良心”，主張開明的君主政治，強(qiáng)調(diào)自由和平等。defend

defend防御：de-向下、離開。-fend擊、打，即擊擋開、防御。offend冒犯、進(jìn)攻：of-向前、朝向。-fend攻擊，引申詞義進(jìn)攻、冒犯。fence隔開、擊劍、籬笆：縮寫自defence或defense,擋開。引申義擊劍，籬笆等。

vt&vi防護(hù)；防御；保衛(wèi)：

Chinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.

Allourofficersaretrainedtodefendthemselvesfrom/againstknifeattacks.

vt為……辯護(hù)；為……辯解：Studentsshouldbereadytoexplainanddefendtheirviews.Thelawallowspeopletodefendthemselvesagainstacharge.

vt&vi（比賽中）防守；防衛(wèi)：Whataretheforwardsdoing—attackingordefending?defendv課文防護(hù)；防御；保衛(wèi)defend防護(hù)（基本義）武力“防護(hù)”為……辯護(hù)；為……辯解（比賽中）防守；防衛(wèi)比賽中“防護(hù)”言語“防護(hù)”defend語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖defend,guard,protect辨析①三者都含有“保護(hù)”之意。defend

指“保衛(wèi)”“防御”，指抵御或擊退外來的攻擊。guard

指“守護(hù)”“看守”，指保持警惕或注意來防止危險發(fā)生。protect語義范圍廣，指“保護(hù)”，以免遭受危險、傷害等。②在體育運(yùn)動中，defend

和

guard

均指“防守”。Whenthedogattackedme,Idefendedmyselfwithastick.Thedogwasguardingitsowner’sluggage.We’redoingwhateverwecantoprotectourenvironmentfrompollution.incharge(ofsth)主管/負(fù)責(zé)（某事）：

HewasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.I’dliketospeaktothepersonincharge.CouldIspeaktowhoeverisinchargeofInternationalSalesplease?課文不要糾纏于誰對誰錯，重要的是要找到解決的辦法。——亨利?福特亨利?福特（HenryFord，1863—1947），美國汽車工程師與企業(yè)家，福特汽車公司的建立者。他也是世界上第一位使用流水線大批量生產(chǎn)（massproduce）汽車的人。他的生產(chǎn)方式使汽車成為一種大眾產(chǎn)品，他不但革命了工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式，而且對現(xiàn)代社會和文化起了巨大的影響。faultfault

n

[U]（對錯誤所負(fù)的）責(zé)任；過失；過錯theresponsibilityforsthwrongthathashappenedorbeendone：I’mreallysorry—it’sallmyownfault.It’shisfaultthatwewerelate.

[C]缺點；缺陷；故障aweakaspectofsb’scharacterorsththatiswrongornotperfect：Everybodyhashisfaults.ThesweaterhadafaultinitandIhadtotakeitback.atfault有責(zé)任；有錯：Perhapstherailwayauthoritiesareatfaultforpoorsignallingsystem.指事物時，意為“缺陷；瑕疵”指人時，意為“缺點；弱點”，和shortcoming同義findfault(with)找茬兒；抱怨；挑剔：Thefault-finder

willfindfaultineverywhereandanytime,eveninparadise!Lifecanbegreatwhenyouarenotbusyfindingfaultwithit.

你知道網(wǎng)球比賽中，專業(yè)術(shù)語“發(fā)球失誤”如何表達(dá)嗎？其實fault還有個意思就是“（網(wǎng)球比賽中）發(fā)球失誤”，而doublefault就是“雙誤”，即網(wǎng)球連續(xù)兩次發(fā)球失誤，失一分。■vt

找……的缺點；指責(zé)；挑剔：Nobodywillfaultyouforit.

?faultlessadj

無錯誤的；完美無缺的?faultyadj有錯誤的；有缺陷的名詞動詞化fault,error,mistake辨析fault指對“過失、過錯”應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任，強(qiáng)調(diào)“過”。mistake在日常英語中用得最為廣泛，指用詞或數(shù)字上的錯誤、口誤、筆誤，也可指決定錯誤，強(qiáng)調(diào)“誤”。

error與mistake意義相近，但較為正式。?It’smyfaultthatwemissedthebus.

?I’mnotblamingyou—weallmakemistakes.?Ipickedupyourbagbymistake.?Theremustbeanerrorinourcalculations.?Theletterwassenttoyouinerror.shift電腦鍵盤上的shift鍵，到底是干什么的？Shift鍵是鍵盤中的一個上檔轉(zhuǎn)換鍵，可用于中英文轉(zhuǎn)換，左右各有1個shift鍵。shift鍵具有輸入法切換、快速切換半角和全角、選擇連續(xù)文件、直接刪除文件等功能。■

v

vi&vt（使）轉(zhuǎn)移；（使）移動：shiftthefurnitureJoelistened,shiftinguncomfortablyfromonefoottoanother.TheWhiteHousehopestoshiftthemedia’sattention

awayfromforeignpolicyissues.

vi&vt（使）改變tochangeyouropinionoforattitudetowardssb/sth：Herefusedtoshifthisground(=changehisopinion).shift基本義：轉(zhuǎn)移■

n

[C]轉(zhuǎn)移；轉(zhuǎn)換：Qianchangedhismajorbecauseofashiftinpersonalinterest.Ashiftinthewindisexpectedtonight.

[C]班；輪班：beontheday/nightshift

[U]（計算機(jī)）轉(zhuǎn)換（鍵）(shiftkey)shift課文shift語義網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖轉(zhuǎn)移shift（基本義）“轉(zhuǎn)移”物體“轉(zhuǎn)移”想法或態(tài)度等（使）轉(zhuǎn)移；（使）移動（使）改變轉(zhuǎn)移；轉(zhuǎn)換班；輪班（計算機(jī)）轉(zhuǎn)換（鍵）nv隨堂檢測cast寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。1.Againshe

cast

alooktowardthewindow.（2011浙江）______2.TheplayisbeingcastinboththeUSandBritain. ________3.ThesitewhereZhangXianzhongcastlumps（塊）ofpuresilverisbeingdug.________4.Toqualify,candidatesmustgetatleast10%ofthevotescast.________投射（視線）挑選演員扔投票shadow寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。1.Thechildrenwerehavingfun,chasingeachother’s

shadows.________2.Hedidn’twanttocastashadowontheirhappiness.________

3.IthoughtIsawafigurestandingintheshadows.

________4.Kategrewupintheshadowofherfilmstarsister.________影子給……蒙上一層陰影在陰暗處在……的陰影下pour寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。1.Pourtheoilintoafryingpan.________2.Ifeltasharppainandlookeddowntoseebloodpouringfrommyleg.________3.Iwasstandinginthepouringrainforanhourwaitingformybus.

________4.Offersofhelppouredinfromalloverthecountry.________5.Lightwaspouringintotheyard.________涌出傾盆大雨倒紛紛伸出援助之手傾泄defend

一、寫出下列句子中畫線部分的漢語釋義。1.Thetravelermayfireatawildbeasttodefendhimselfincaseheisattacked.（2014江西）

________2.Politiciansareskilledatdefendingthemselvesagainsttheircritics.________3.Inthelasttenminutesofthematch,weneededtodefend. ________自衛(wèi)為……辯護(hù)防守二、選出適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，