射頻識別RFID畢業論文中英文資料對照外文翻譯文獻綜述射頻識別RFID中英文資料對照外文翻譯文獻綜述ShroudsofTimeThehistoryofRFIDIntroductionManythingsarehiddenintheshroudsoftime.Thetaskoftracinghistoryandgenealogyisarduousandchallenging,but,ultimately,rewarding.Ourpastcanopendoorstoourfuture.Whetherwerealizeitornot,RFID(radiofrequencyidentification)isanintegralpartofourlife.RFIDincreasesproductivityandconvenience.RFIDisusedforhundreds,ifnotthousands,ofapplicationssuchaspreventingtheftofautomobiles,collectingtollswithoutstopping,managingtraffic,gainingentrancetobuildings,automatingparking,controllingaccessofvehiclestogatedcommunities,corporatecampusesandairports,dispensinggoods,providingskiliftaccess,trackinglibrarybooks,buyinghamburgers,andthegrowingopportunitytotrackawealthofassetsinsupplychainmanagement.OnecantracetheancestryofRFIDbacktothebeginningoftime.Scienceandreligionagreethatinthefirstfewmomentsofcreationtherewaselectromagneticenergy."AndGodsaid,'Lettherebelight,'andtherewaslight"(Genesis1).Beforelight,everythingwasformlessandempty.Beforeanythingelse,therewaselectromagneticenergy.ScientificthinkingsummarizestheuniversewascreatedinaninstantwithaBigBang.Scientistsdeduceallthefourfundamentalforces-gravity,electromagnetism,andthestrongandweaknuclearforces-wereunified.Thefirstformintheuniversewaselectromagneticenergy.Duringthefirstfewsecondsorsooftheuniverse,protons,neutronsandelectronsbeganformationwhenphotons(thequantumelementofelectromagneticenergy)collidedconvertingenergyintomass.TheelectromagneticremnantoftheBigBangsurvivestodayasabackgroundmicrowavehiss.Whyisthisimportant,youmightwonder?ThisenergyisthesourceofRFID.Itwouldtakemorethan14billionyearsorsobeforewecamealong,discoveredhowtoharnesselectromagneticenergyintheradioregion,andtoapplythisknowledgetothedevelopmentofRFID.TheChinesewereprobablythefirsttoobserveandusemagneticfieldsintheformoflodestonesinthefirstcenturyBC.Scientificunderstandingprogressedveryslowlyafterthatuntilaboutthe1600s.Fromthe1600sto1800swasanexplosionofobservationalknowledgeofelectricity,magnetismandopticsaccompaniedbyagrowingbaseofmathematicallyrelatedobservations.And,oneoftheearlyandwellknownpioneersofelectricityinthe18thCenturywasBenjaminFranklin.The1800smarkedthebeginningofthefundamentalunderstandingofelectromagneticenergy.MichaelFaraday,anotedEnglishexperimentalist,proposedin1846thatbothlightandradiowavesarepartofelectromagneticenergy.In1864,JamesClerkMaxwell,aScottishphysicist,publishedhistheoryonelectromagneticfieldsandconcludedthatelectricandmagneticenergytravelintransversewavesthatpropagateataspeedequaltothatoflight.Soonafterin1887,HeinrichRudolfHertz,Germanphysicist,confirmedMaxwell'selectromagnetictheoryandproducedandstudiedelectromagneticwaves(radiowaves),whichheshowedarelongtransversewavesthattravelatthespeedoflightandcanbereflected,refracted,andpolarizedlikelight.Hertziscreditedasthefirsttotransmitandreceiveradiowaves,andhisdemonstrationswerefollowedquicklybyAleksandrPopovinRussia.In1896,GuglielmoMarconidemonstratedthesuccessfultransmissionofradiotelegraphyacrosstheAtlantic,andtheworldwouldneverbethesame.TheradiowavesofHertz,PopovandMarconiweremadebysparkgapwhichweresuitedfortelegraphyordotsanddashes.20thCenturyIn1906,ErnstF.W.Alexandersondemonstratedthefirstcontinuouswave(CW)radiogenerationandtransmissionofradiosignals.Thisachievementsignalsthebeginningofmodernradiocommunication,whereallaspectsofradiowavesarecontrolled.Intheearly20thcentury,approximately1922,wasconsideredthebirthofradar.TheworkinradarduringWorldWarIIwasassignificantatechnicaldevelopmentastheManhattanProjectatLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,andwascriticaltothesuccessoftheAllies.Radarsendsoutradiowavesfordetectingandlocatinganobjectbythereflectionoftheradiowaves.Thisreflectioncandeterminethepositionandspeedofanobject.Radar'ssignificancewasquicklyunderstoodbythemilitary,somanyoftheearlydevelopmentswereshroudedinsecrecy.SinceRFIDisthecombinationofradiobroadcasttechnologyandradar,itisnotunexpectedthattheconvergenceofthesetworadiodisciplinesandthethoughtsofRFIDoccurredontheheelsofthedevelopmentofradar.GenesisofanIdeaThereisanoldadagethatsuccesshasmanyfathersbutfailureisanorphan.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyismessy.Thepotentialforaninfinitenumberofthingsispresent,yetthebroaderhumanchoicesdeterminehowtechnologyevolves.There'snoclear,textbookperfect,orlogicalprogression,andoftendevelopmentsaheadoftheirtimearenotrecognizeduntillater,ifever.SoitwaswiththedevelopmentofRFID.Anearly,ifnotthefirst,workexploringRFIDisthelandmarkpaperbyHarryStockman,"CommunicationbyMeansofReflectedPower",ProceedingsoftheIRE,pp1196-1204,October1948.Stockmanstatedthenthat"Evidently,considerableresearchanddevelopmentworkhastobedonebeforetheremainingbasicproblemsinreflected-powercommunicationaresolved,andbeforethefieldofusefulapplicationsisexplored."ThirtyyearswouldpassbeforeHarry'svisionwouldbegintoreachfruition.Otherdevelopmentswereneeded:thetransistor,theintegratedcircuit,themicroprocessor,developmentofcommunicationnetworks,changesinwaysofdoingbusiness.Nosmalltask.Likemanythings,timingiseverything,andthesuccessofRFIDwouldhavetowaitawhile.Alothashappenedinthe53yearssinceHarryStockman'swork.The1950swereaneraofexplorationofRFIDtechniquesfollowingtechnicaldevelopmentsinradioandradarinthe1930sand1940s.SeveraltechnologiesrelatedtoRFIDwerebeingexploredsuchasthelong-rangetranspondersystemsof"identification,friendorfoe"(IFF)foraircraft.Developmentsofthe1950sincludesuchworksasF.L.Vernon's,"Applicationofthemicrowavehomodyne",andD.B.Harris’,"Radiotransmissionsystemswithmodulatablepassiveresponder".ThewheelsofRFIDdevelopmentwereturning.The1960'sthroughthe1980s:RFIDBecomesRealityThe1960swerethepreludetotheRFIDexplosionofthe1970s.R.F.HarringtonstudiedtheelectromagnetictheoryrelatedtoRFIDinhispapers"Fieldmeasurementsusingactivescatterers"and"Theoryofloadedscatterers"in1963-1964.InventorswerebusywithRFIDrelatedinventionssuchasRobertRichardson's"Remotelyactivatedradiofrequencypowereddevices"in1963,OttoRittenback's"Communicationbyradarbeams"in1969,J.H.Vogelman's"Passivedatatransmissiontechniquesutilizingradarbeams"in1968andJ.P.Vinding's"Interrogator-responderidentificationsystem"in1967.Commercialactivitieswerebeginninginthe1960s.SensormaticandCheckpointwerefoundedinthelate1960s.Thesecompanies,withotherssuchasKnogo,developedelectronicarticlesurveillance(EAS)equipmenttocountertheft.Thesetypesofsystemsareoftenuse‘1-bit’tags–onlythepresenceorabsenceofatagcouldbedetected,butthetagscouldbemadeinexpensivelyandprovidedeffectiveanti-theftmeasures.Thesetypesofsystemsusedeithermicrowaveorinductivetechnology.EASisarguablythefirstandmostwidespreadcommercialuseofRFID.Inthe1970sdevelopers,inventors,companies,academicinstitutions,andgovernmentlaboratorieswereactivelyworkingonRFID,andnotableadvanceswerebeingrealizedatresearchlaboratoriesandacademicinstitutionssuchasLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,NorthwesternUniversity,andtheMicrowaveInstituteFoundationinSwedenamongothers.AnearlyandimportantdevelopmentwastheLosAlamosworkthatwaspresentedbyAlfredKoelle,StevenDeppandRobertFreyman"Short-rangeradio-telemetryforelectronicidentificationusingmodulatedbackscatter"in1975.LargecompanieswerealsodevelopingRFIDtechnology,suchasRaytheon's"Raytag"in1973.RCAandFairchildwereactiveintheirpursuitswithRichardKlenschofRCAdevelopingan"Electronicidentificationsystem"in1975andF.SterzerofRCAdevelopingan"Electroniclicenseplateformotorvehicles"in1977.ThomasMeyersandAshleyLeighofFairchildalsodevelopeda"Passiveencodingmicrowavetransponder"in1978.ThePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJerseywerealsotestingsystemsbuiltbyGeneralElectric,Westinghouse,PhilipsandGlenayre.Resultswerefavorable,butthefirstcommerciallysuccessfultransportationapplicationofRFID,electronictollcollection,wasnotyetreadyforprimetime.The1970'swerecharacterizedprimarilybydevelopmentalwork.Intendedapplicationswereforanimaltracking,vehicletracking,andfactoryautomation.ExamplesofanimaltaggingeffortswerethemicrowavesystemsatLosAlamosandtheinductivesystemsinEurope.InterestinanimaltaggingwashighinEurope.AlfaLaval,Nedap,andothersweredevelopingRFIDsystems.TransportationeffortsincludedworkatLosAlamosandbytheInternationalBridgeTurnpikeandTunnelAssociation(IBTTA)andtheUnitedStatesFederalHighwayAdministration.Thelattertwosponsoredaconferencein1973whichconcludedtherewasnonationalinterestindevelopingastandardforelectronicvehicleidentification.Thisisanimportantdecisionsinceitwouldpermitavarietyofsystemstodevelop,whichwasgood,becauseRFIDtechnologywasinitsinfancy.Aboutthistimenewcompaniesbegantosurface,suchasIdentronix,aspin-offfromtheLosAlamosScientificLaboratory,andothersoftheLosAlamosteam,myselfbeingoneofthem,foundedAmtech(lateracquiredbyIntermecandrecentlysoldtoTransCore)inthe80s.Bynow,thenumberofcompanies,individualsandinstitutionsworkingonRFIDbegantomultiply.Apositivesign.ThepotentialforRFIDwasbecomingobvious.The1980sbecamethedecadeforfullimplementationofRFIDtechnology,thoughinterestsdevelopedsomewhatdifferentlyinvariouspartsoftheworld.ThegreatestinterestsintheUnitedStateswerefortransportation,personnelaccess,andtoalesserextent,foranimals.InEurope,thegreatestinterestswereforshort-rangesystemsforanimals,industrialandbusinessapplications,thoughtollroadsinItaly,France,Spain,Portugal,andNorwaywereequippedwithRFID.IntheAmericas,theAssociationofAmericanRailroadsandtheContainerHandlingCooperativeProgramwereactivewithRFIDinitiatives.TestsofRFIDforcollectingtollshadbeengoingonformanyyears,andthefirstcommercialapplicationbeganinEuropein1987inNorwayandwasfollowedquicklyintheUnitedStatesbytheDallasNorthTurnpikein1989.Alsoduringthistime,thePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJerseybegancommercialoperationofRFIDforbusesgoingthroughtheLincolnTunnel.RFIDwasfindingahomewithelectronictollcollection,andnewplayerswerearrivingdaily.The1990'sThe1990'swereasignificantdecadeforRFIDsinceitsawthewidescaledeploymentofelectronictollcollectionintheUnitedStates.Importantdeploymentsincludedseveralinnovationsinelectronictolling.Theworld'sfirstopenhighwayelectronictollingsystemopenedinOklahomain1991,wherevehiclescouldpasstollcollectionpointsathighwayspeeds,unimpededbyatollplazaorbarriersandwithvideocamerasforenforcement.Theworld'sfirstcombinedtollcollectionandtrafficmanagementsystemwasinstalledintheHoustonareabytheHarrisCountyTollRoadAuthorityin1992.AlsoafirstwasthesysteminstalledontheKansasturnpikeusingasystembasedontheTitle21standardwithreadersthatcouldalsooperatewiththetagsoftheirneighbortothesouth,Oklahoma.TheGeorgia400wouldfollow,upgradingtheirequipmentwithreadersthatcouldcommunicatewiththenewTitle21tagsaswellastheexistingtags.Infact,thesetwoinstallationswerethefirsttoimplementamulti-protocolcapabilityinelectronictollcollectionapplications.IntheNortheasternUnitedStates,sevenregionaltollagenciesformedtheE-ZPassInteragencyGroup(IAG)in1990todeveloparegionallycompatibleelectronictollcollectionsystem.Thissystemisthemodelforusingasingletagandsinglebillingaccountpervehicletoaccesshighwaysofseveraltollauthorities.InterestwasalsokeenforRFIDapplicationsinEuropeduringthe1990s.BothMicrowaveandinductivetechnologieswerefindingusefortollcollection,accesscontrolandawidevarietyofotherapplicationsincommerce.AneweffortunderwaywasthedevelopmentoftheTexasInstruments(TI)TIRISsystem,usedinmanyautomobilesforcontrolofthestartingofthevehicleengine.TheTirissystem(andotherssuchasfromMikron-nowapartofPhilips)developednewapplicationsfordispensingfuel,gamingchips,skipasses,vehicleaccess,andmanyotherapplications.AdditionalcompaniesinEuropewerebecomingactiveintheRFIDraceaswellwithdevelopmentsincludingMicrodesign,CGA,Alcatel,BoschandthePhilipsspin-offsofCombitech,BaumerandTagmaster.Apan-EuropeanstandardwasneededfortollingapplicationsinEurope,andmanyofthesecompanies(andothers)wereatworkontheCENstandardforelectronictolling.TollingandrailapplicationswerealsoappearinginmanycountriesincludingAustralia,China,HongKong,Philippines,Argentina,Brazil,Mexico,Canada,Japan,Malaysia,Singapore,Thailand,SouthKorea,SouthAfrica,andEurope.Withthesuccessofelectronictollcollection,otheradvancementsfollowedsuchasthefirstmultipleuseoftagsacrossdifferentbusinesssegments.Now,asingletag(withdualorsinglebillingaccounts)couldbeusedforelectronictollcollection,parkinglotaccessandfarecollection,gatedcommunityaccess,andcampusaccess.IntheDallas-Ft.Worthmetroplex,aworld'sfirstwasachievedwhenasingleTollTag?onavehiclecouldbeusedtopaytollsontheNorthDallasTollway,foraccessandparkingpaymentattheDallas/Ft.WorthInternationalAirport(oneoftheworld'sbusiestairports),thenearbyLoveField,andseveraldowntownparkinggarages,aswellasaccesstogatedcommunitiesandbusinesscampuses.Researchanddevelopmentdidn'tslowdownduringthe1990ssincenewtechnologicaldevelopmentswouldexpandthefunctionalityofRFID.Forthefirsttime,usefulmicrowaveSchottkydiodeswerefabricatedonaregularCMOSintegratedcircuit.ThisdevelopmentpermittedtheconstructionofmicrowaveRFIDtagsthatcontainedonlyasingleintegratedcircuit,acapabilitypreviouslylimitedtoinductively-coupledRFIDtransponders.CompaniesactiveinthispursuitwereIBM(thetechnologylateracquiredbyIntermec)Micron,andSingleChipSystems(SCS).WiththegrowinginterestofRFIDintotheitemmanagementworkandtheopportunityforRFIDtoworkalongsidebarcode,itbecomesdifficultinthelaterpartofthisdecadetocountthenumberofcompanieswhoenterthemarketplace.Manyhavecomeandgone,manyarestillhere,manyhavemerged,andtherearemanynewplayers...itseemsalmostdaily!Backtothefuture:The21stCenturyExcitingtimesawaitthoseofuscommittedtothepursuitofadvancementsinRFID.Itsimpactislaudedregularlyinmainstreammedia,withtheuseofRFIDslatedtobecomeevenmoreubiquitous.ThegrowinginterestintelematicsandmobilecommercewillbringRFIDevenclosertotheconsumer.Recently,theFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)allocatedspectruminthe5.9GHzbandforavastexpansionofintelligenttransportationsystemswithmanynewapplicationsandservicesproposed.But,theequipmentrequiredtoaccommodatethesenewapplicationsandserviceswillnecessitatemoreRFIDadvancements.Aswecreateourfuture,anditisbright,letusremember,"Nothinggreatwaseverachievedwithoutenthusiasm"(RalphWaldoEmerson).Wehaveagreatmanydevelopmentstolookforwardto,historycontinuestoteachusthat.時間護罩RFID的歷史介紹許多東西都藏在整流罩的時間,追蹤歷史和過去的任務是艱巨而富有挑戰性的，但是最終都會得到獎勵。我們過去的門可以打開我們的未來。無論我們是否意識到，但RFID（射頻識別）是我們生活中不可或缺的一部分。RFID提高了生產效率和便利。RFID在眾多領域的應用，如防止汽車盜竊、收過路費、管理流量、獲得對建筑物的入口、停車場自動化、控制車輛門控社區、企業園區和機場的訪問、分配貨物、提供滑雪纜車訪問、跟蹤圖書館的書籍、買漢堡包以及越來越多的機會，在供應鏈管理中跟蹤資產財富。回到剛開始的時候，人們可以追尋著RFID的祖先。科學和宗教的認同，在最初的幾個時刻，創造有電磁能量。“神說，要有光，就有了光”（創世記1）。因此，在空虛混沌的前方產生了電磁能量。科學思維總結產生于宇宙誕生于大爆炸的瞬間。科學家推斷世界上擁有四種基本力：引力，電磁力，強和弱核力，即四力統一存在于宇宙中的第一種形式是電磁能量。在最初的幾年秒左右的宇宙開始形成，質子，中子和電子，光子（電磁能量的量子元素）相撞時的能量轉換成質量。電磁宇宙大爆炸的殘余在今天成為一個微波背景的嘶嘶聲。為什么這很重要，你可能想知道嗎？這種能量的來源是RFID技術。這將需要超過14億年左右的時間，我們才剛開始，發現了如何利用電磁能量的無線電區域，并運用這些知識來發展RFID。中國很可能是首先觀察到并利用磁場天然磁石的國家，在公元前一世紀就開始使用，但是進展十分緩慢，直到17世紀的才有了科學的認識。從17世紀到19世紀，伴隨著越來越多的數學相關的觀測基地對電磁和光學觀測，導致這方面的知識爆炸。而且，電力在18世紀初期和眾所周知的先驅之一本杰明·富蘭克林。標志著19世紀的根本理解的電磁能量。著名的英國實驗者邁克爾·法拉第于1846年提出的光波和無線電波是電磁能量的一部分。1864年，蘇格蘭物理學家詹姆斯·克拉克·麥克斯韋電磁場上發表了他的理論，并得出結論，電場和磁場的能量橫波傳播的速度等于光速旅行。海因里希·魯道夫·赫茲，德國物理學家，在1887年后不久，證實了麥克斯韋的電磁理論，并生產和研究電磁波（無線電波）。赫茲為第一個發送和接收無線電波的人，俄羅斯的亞歷山大·波波夫緊隨其后。1896年，馬可尼成功地展示了橫跨大西洋的無線電報傳輸，改變了世界。赫茲，波波夫和馬可尼的無線電波進行點和破折號的發送。20世紀1906年，恩斯特前鋒亞歷山德森展示了第一款連續波（CW）無線電的無線電信號的產生和傳輸。此實現信號的開頭的現代無線電通信，其中無線電波控制其中的各個方面。在20世紀初，約1922年，被認為是雷達的誕生的時間。雷達洛斯阿拉莫斯科學實驗室作為曼哈頓計劃在二戰期間有了重大技術的發展，對盟軍的成功是至關重要的。雷達發出無線電波的檢測和對物體位置的無線電波的反射。這種反射可確定一個對象的位置和速度。軍事雷達的意義很快就被理解，所以很多早期的發展籠罩在秘密。由于RFID是無線電廣播技術和雷達的結合，它是銜接這兩個單獨的學科，但RFID的想法并不令人意外。一個觀念的起源有一個古老的格言，成功有許多父親，但失敗是一個孤兒。技術的發展是凌亂的。擁有巨大的潛力，更廣泛的讓人確定技術演變方向。人們一直不承認，直到后來，找到了明確的證據，人們才承認這一事實。課本上的知識是完美或說是合乎邏輯發展，而且往往將技術發展的時間提前。探索RFID是由哈里·斯托克曼，里程碑式的論文“利用反射功率的通信”開始的，他表示，“很明顯，還有許多工作開發工作和大量的研究需要做，之前遺留在反射電力通信中的基本問題解決，并可以開始在應用領域的探索。”三十年之前，能通過哈里的研究達到修成正果。其他方面的也需要發展，例如：晶體管，集成電路，微處理器，通信網絡的發展和商業格局的變化。這是一個不小的任務和許多事情一樣，時機就是一切。因此RFID的成功將不得不等待一段時間。自哈里·斯托克曼的研究之后發生了很多事情。20世紀50年代是探索RFID技術就像在20世紀30年代和40年代的無線電和雷達技術發展的時代。世界探討一些RFID相關技術，如遠程飛機“識別朋友或敵人”（IFF）轉發器系統。在20世紀50年代的技術發展，包括佛羅里達州弗農的“應用微波零差”和DB哈里斯的研究“無線傳輸系統的調制的無源應答器”。導致RFID發展的車輪再次轉動。1960年到20世紀80年代：RFID成為現實。20世紀60年代到20世紀70年代是RFID爆炸的前奏。在963-1964年RF哈靈頓研究RFID相關的論文“使用主動散射體”和“裝散射理論”中的電磁理論在進行實地測量。世界上出現了與許多RFID技術相關的發明，如1963年羅伯特·理查森的“遠程激活的無線電頻率供電裝置”，1969年奧托Rittenback的“通信雷達梁”，1968年JHVogelman的“利用雷達波束被動式數據傳輸技術”和1967年JPVinding的“讀寫器應答識別系統”。接著商業活動在20世紀60年代開始。Sensormatic和Checkpoint成立于20世紀60年代后期。這些公司，開發的電子物品監控（EAS）設備反盜竊，其他如Knogo，。這些類型的系統往往采用與'1位'標簽-只可檢測到的標記的存在或不存在，而且可以作出標記，是廉價且有效的防盜措施。這些類型的系統使用，也關系到微波或電感的技術。EAS可以說是最普遍的商業使用RFID。在20世紀70年代，發明家，企業，學術機構，和政府實驗室工作積極開發RFID，因此此項技術有顯著的進步。特別是研究實驗室和學術機構，如洛斯阿拉莫斯科學實驗室，西北大學（NorthwesternUniversity），以及微波研究所基金會在瑞典的出現等等。早期的重要發展是在1975年的洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室由阿爾弗雷德Koelle的，史蒂芬·德普和羅伯特Freyman提出的“遙測使用調制散射的短距離無線通信”的電子識別。大公司也開始開發RFID技術，比如雷神公司在1973年開發的“Raytag”。在1975年RCA和飛兆半導體則活躍的在與理查德KlenschRCA開發的“電子識別系統”，在1977年F.SterzerRCA開發的電子車牌。托馬斯·邁爾斯和阿什利·雷飛兆半導體還在1978年開發出“被動編碼微波轉發”。紐約和新澤西港口管理局還測試由通用電氣，西屋電氣，飛利浦