局部血液循環(huán)障礙

概述1

正常的血液循環(huán)和體液內(nèi)環(huán)境是保證組織細(xì)胞健全的必要條件。

血液供應(yīng)紊亂或體液平衡障礙都可導(dǎo)致組織器官的充血、出血以及血栓形成、栓塞、甚至梗死，是人類死亡的重要原因。第一節(jié)充血一.動(dòng)脈性充血器官或組織因動(dòng)脈輸入血量的增多而發(fā)生的血管內(nèi)血液含量增多的狀態(tài)，簡(jiǎn)稱充血（hyperemia）。特點(diǎn)：主動(dòng)過(guò)程、發(fā)生快、易于消退。一、動(dòng)脈性充血㈠原因及類型1.生理性充血為適應(yīng)器官和組織生理需要和代謝增強(qiáng)需要而發(fā)生的充血。2.病理性充血減壓后充血：長(zhǎng)期受壓的器官或組織，當(dāng)壓力突然解除時(shí)，細(xì)動(dòng)脈發(fā)生反射性擴(kuò)張。炎性充血：由于致炎因子或炎癥介質(zhì)引起的細(xì)動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張。一、動(dòng)脈性充血㈡病理變化肉眼器官、組織體積稍增大，顏色鮮紅，局部溫度升高。光鏡局部細(xì)動(dòng)脈及毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張充血。㈢后果短暫反應(yīng)，一般恢復(fù)正常。少數(shù)出現(xiàn)血管破裂。一、動(dòng)脈性充血眼結(jié)膜充血第一節(jié)充血二.靜脈性充血器官或局部組織靜脈回流受阻，血液淤積在小靜脈和毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)，簡(jiǎn)稱淤血(conges-tion)。特點(diǎn)：病理性、被動(dòng)過(guò)程、發(fā)生緩慢、持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。二、靜脈性充血㈠原因1.生理狀態(tài)下的淤血妊娠子宮壓迫髂靜脈引起下肢及盆腔淤血，長(zhǎng)久站立引起的下肢淤血。2.病理狀態(tài)下的淤血靜脈受壓靜脈管腔阻塞靜脈血液墜積心力衰竭二、靜脈性充血㈡病理變化肉眼光鏡體積顏色溫度小動(dòng)脈毛細(xì)血管小靜脈充血淤血增大暗紅/青紫下降擴(kuò)張充血擴(kuò)張充血增大鮮紅升高擴(kuò)張充血擴(kuò)張充血㈢后果淤血血管靜脈壓↑毛細(xì)血管通透性↑器官實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞間質(zhì)細(xì)胞水腫血漿漏出出血血細(xì)胞漏出硬化纖維↑壞死變性萎縮缺氧營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良代謝產(chǎn)物↑二、靜脈性充血㈣重要器官淤血1.肺淤血原因左心衰竭病變?nèi)庋酃忡R臨床缺氧、氣促、發(fā)紺、粉紅色泡沫痰暗紅、實(shí)重、切面紅色泡沫肺水腫和出血肺泡壁毛細(xì)血管小靜脈擴(kuò)張心力衰竭細(xì)胞二、靜脈性充血肺淤血粉紅色泡沫痰二、靜脈性充血肺淤血正常肺組織心衰細(xì)胞二、靜脈性充血慢性肺淤血二、靜脈性充血2.肝淤血原因右心衰竭病變?nèi)庋酃忡R臨床肝腫大、壓痛暗紅、實(shí)重、切面隆起（檳榔肝）中央靜脈、肝竇擴(kuò)張肝細(xì)胞脂變、萎縮、消失纖維組織增生（淤血性肝硬化）二、靜脈性充血肝淤血DiagramThemeGallery

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