考點29閱讀理解主旨大意題(重難題型)

高考閱讀理解對文章的主旨大意進行命題，旨在考查考生通過對原文快速瀏覽正確

獲取語篇的大意，并對文章的主題、標題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要

信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時，能夠提煉文章的中心情節，體會作者

的主要意圖，充分運用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、中心

論點及作者的情感傾向。

在高考閱讀理解中，針對短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：

(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis.

(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis...

(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.

(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(7)Whafsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.

(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?

(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文

章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當的標題。下面結合高考題實例來具體分析此類

題目的解題技巧。

怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意

—主題句定位法

文章是由段落組成的。段落是發展一個主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而

段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是:

通過分析篇章結構，找出每小段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章的主題。找準文章的主

題句是確定文章主旨大意的關鍵。主題是文章要表達的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都

有一個話題，它是文章的核心。"主題句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。

試卷第1頁，共23頁

但是由于文章的不同，表現的手法也各有不同，主題句出現的位置也不是一成不變的。

在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文

的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、

結尾(含在開頭結尾同時出現、首尾呼應的主題句)。因此，仔細閱讀這類文章或段落

的首尾句是關鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming),瀏覽時，一般不需逐句

細讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。

文章主題常常可以通過文章的寫作方法來體現，有以下五種情況：

1.中心主題句出現在文首

開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節來解釋、支撐或發展主題句所表達的主題思想。這是

英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點，后舉例論證，主題句

則出現在段首的寫作方法。

新聞報道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報道的首句通常稱為“新聞導語”，“導語”實際上就

是主題句，是對全文內容的高度概括。大意題、標題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據。

[2022年全國甲卷B篇]

1.Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshownto

havesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntouse

toolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecent

experiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontofthe

boxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped

“keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,

butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對稱的）

shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirection

beforeitwillfitiscalledant4allocentricframeofreference^^.Intheexperiment,Goffin's

cockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognition

alone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.

ThisindicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreference

whenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoos

試卷第2頁，共23頁

relyentirelyonvisualclues（線索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshape

selections.

Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

2.主題句出現在文尾

在細節后，歸納要點、印象、結論、建議或結果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸

納法寫作方式，即細節表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。

[2021全國甲卷D篇]

2.Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Lefsstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolfor

genius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisit

thatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoare

they?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,of

Europeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It*ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,

andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionswere

madebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief~they

wereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikely

thanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性另U）are“really,reallysmart."Evenworse,the

studyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobe

forchildrenwhoare4'really,reallysmart.,,Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkers

becomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.

Here*sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reall

positionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewe

willseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearance

ofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith^intelligence,creativity,

perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.,,

試卷第3頁，共23頁

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB?GeniusTakesManyForms

C?GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck

經要殍題

3.Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularsportiaCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.

Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNew

World.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthe

fieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasa

stickcalled66cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisa

veryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.

Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.Everynight

CanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.Todayitisstillpopular

withCanadians.

Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B?LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse-APopularGameinCanada

4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句

閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據文章的細節來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導出

文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內容，這些內容在邏

輯上有什么聯系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。

[2022年全國甲卷C篇]

試卷第4頁，共23頁

4.AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittle

Gentoopenguins（企鵝）longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedher

andkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouther

career（職業）asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplore

further.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecidedit

wastimetotaketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshe

discoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislands

offTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.4tIjustdecidedI

wantedtogo,“shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,Ijust

wantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,to

beginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.4tFromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,the

wholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“

Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewater

likesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillhearthe

operaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.^^

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthe

biggestthingsthathithometoGinni.

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

4.主題句出現在文章的中間

通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出，而

后又作進一步的解釋、支撐或發展。

5.TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnot

fixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itis

試卷第5頁，共23頁

wellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.

Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,

peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhite

camelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheir

beautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusicians

anddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditional

culture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydancein

differentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdance

withtheirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythm

oftheirdance.

Thispassagemainlytellsreaders.

A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B?howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標題

方法技巧

—高度概括法

對文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現，而且

也可以用選擇或擬定文章標題的形式出現。因此，選擇文章標題，首先可以按照主旨大

意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標題。

標題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內容，點明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練

的表達形式。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內容，抓住文章的中心，把握

作者的觀點和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標題呢？

首先，要考慮標題對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內容，體

現文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現為部分代整體，從而導致范圍

太小）；②過度概括（多表現為脫離本文章內容的發揮）；③以事實、細節替代抽象具體

的大意。

其次，要考慮標題的針對性，即標題范圍要恰當，針對性強。要在閱讀原文的基礎上，

試卷第6頁，共23頁

仔細考慮所選標題與文章主題是否有密切的關系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中

心就不突出，太小也發揮不了應起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語言的表意程度及

色彩。它可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。

再次要注意標題的醒目性，標題的選擇要簡潔、突出、新穎，標題是文章的點睛之筆，

是文章的靈魂和門面。標題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標題上決定文

章的閱讀取舍。故標題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對文章的興趣。

最后要注意，要恰當地選好標題，還需要了解標題的基本擬定方法°一般說來，擬定標

題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞

組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128

ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.

話題：Stamps

控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamily

names

標題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames

模

Passage1

Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorother

health-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.

Thewearable“panicbuttons99introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.But

theyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Today

therearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemsto

monitoreldersafety.

Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,

RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative."Peoplearen'tdevotedtowearingsmall

devices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion(侵犯)ofprivacy/9hepointsout,

“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethe

medicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.We

havetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.9,

Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofRDatEchoCareTechnologies

whichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitor

試卷第7頁，共23頁

basedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.

Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcan

monitoroneperson（ortwopersons,inafutureversion）inastandard-sizedapartmentina

seniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtub

andotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsby

continuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson'slocation,posture（姿勢）,motionand

breath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHO

wascertified（認證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.

""Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappen

annually.^^saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara."'Bathroommakers,

homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare's

solution.^^Zacknoted,"Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocial

distancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesor

privacy-invadingcameras.99

6.WhafstheadvantageofECHOover"panicbuttons”?

A.Ithascamera-basedsystems.B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.

C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras.D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.

7.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?

A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.

B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.

C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.

D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.

8.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?

A.It'llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.

B.It511stop17,000deathshappeningannually.

C.Ifllbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.

D.It'llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.

9.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrument

B.AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderly

C.TheInventionofaHealthcareDevice

D.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility

試卷第8頁，共23頁

Passage2

Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate（有同情心的）loveandempathy

（認同感）fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeing

generoustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis'studysuggests.

Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthe

tokens（代金券）theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswere

present-iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhad

experiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74

preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin

54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere

6.

“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswho

expressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,said

PaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology."Compassionatemotherslikelydevelop

emotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleof

satisfyingtheneedsofothers,9,researcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovemberin

FrontiersinPsychology^^EmotionScience.

Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren'sheart-rateactivity,the

examinertoldthechildrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthat

thetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchild

eventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,childrenweretoldthey

coulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.

Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren'sgenerosityissupportedbythe

combinationoftheirsocializationexperiences-theirmothers,compassionatelove-andtheir

physiologicalregulation,andthattheseworklike''internalandexternalsupportsforthe

abilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother”.

Inadditiontoobservingthechildren'spropensity（習'性）todonatetheirgameearnings,

Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce（力口強）the

generousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.^^

10.Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbytheirmothertendtobecomeinlateryears?

A.Considerate.B.Emotional.

試卷第9頁，共23頁

C.Generous.D.Optimistic.

11.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theprocessoftheresearch.B.Theresultoftheexperiment.

C.Thereactionsofthechildren.D.TheimportanceofMom^love.

12.AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren'sgoodbehaviors?

A.Theirmomslovethemdeeply.B.Theydonatethetokenseasily.

C.Theybehavephysiologically.D.Theyarecalmeraftersharing.

13.Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?

A.WhatContributestoGenerosity?

B.TheMoreYouGive,theCalmerYouWillBe

C.DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?

D.MoreGiving,LessReceiving

Passage3

NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuch

anything.ThereareotherInternetauction（拍賣）sites,butnonecomeclosetoeBayfor

brand-namerecognition.Andforgoodreason:eBayisthelargestEnglish-languageonline

auctionsiteintheworld.BuyerscometoeBayforthebestchanceoffindingtheparticular

thingtheywant.Sellerscomeforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthebest

chanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.

BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,or

clickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.Insideanindividualitemlisting,

you'llseethecurrentaskingprice,andalittlebuttontoclickifyouwishtoplaceyourown

bid.Enteraprice,occasionallycomebacktoseeifsomeonehasbidhigherthanyouandwait

fortheendoftheauctionperiod.Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodo

isarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.eBayisonlyinthebusinessof

puttingbuyersandsellerstogetherforasmallfeefromtheseller.Itdoesn'thandletheactual

paymentorshippingofgoods.Inotherwords,itisn'tabigdepartmentstore,orawarehouse.

Ifstheownerofafleamarket,andyouhavetodoyourowndealswiththeindividualsellers

intheirvirtualstalls.

TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy（代

理人）bidcansaveyoufromgoingonlineeveryhalf-hourtoupyourbid.ExperiencedeBay

試卷第10頁，共23頁

usersalsoknowhowtouseescrows（公正托管）toguaranteegoods,andhowtoavoidselling

trickssuchasfakebidsthatpushupprices.ThemoreoftenyoubuyoneBay,themoreyou

learn.

14.WhyiseBaythebestwebsitefbrpeopletobuyandsellthings?

A.Becauseithasallbrandproducts.

B.BecausethetradelanguageisEnglish.

C.Becausesellersandbuyerscanclosetheirdeals.

D.Becausesellerscanfindaswimmingpoolthere.

15.Whatshouldyoudofirstifyouwanttobuysomethingatthesite?

A.Findthecurrentaskingprice.

B?Clickabuttontoplaceyourownbid.

C.Enterapricewhichishigherthanothers.

D.Findwhatyouwantinthecategorieslist.

16.Whatshouldthebuyerdoifhe/shewinsthebid?

A.GetgoodsfromeBay.

B.Determinepaymentandshipment.

C.Sendsomebodyfbrthegoods.

D.Talkaboutthepriceofthegoods.

17.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?

A.HowtobeaskillfulbuyerateBay.

B.Howtomakesureofqualifiedgoods.

C.Howtoavoidbeingcheatedbyothers.

D.Howtospareyoufromgoingonlinefrequently.

Passage4

TheuseofAI（artificialintelligence）isbecomingmorecommoninmanybranchesof

industryandonlineshopping.Traditionallinesofwork,suchasgoodstransportanddriving,

aredevelopinginasimilardirectionalthoughmainlyoutofpublicview.Scientistsatthe

UniversityofGottingenhavenowinvestigatedhowefficient（高效的）theuseofAIcanbein

thecommercialmanagementoftrucks.

“Digitalapplications-aswellasmachineleaning,akindofAI-areincreasingly

appliedtooperationsandcoursesinthetransportarea,“explainsProfessorMatthiasKlumpp

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fromtheFacultyofEconomics.<4Thequestioninthecommercialarea,however,iswhetheror

notthiscontributestoachievinggoals."

Toanswerthisquestion,theresearcherscomparedtheworkefficiencyoftruckdrivers

withtheirmainuseofAIapplications.Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthree

groups:thefirstdrovecompletelyfollowinghumandecision-makingmodels;thesecondused

acombinationofhumanandmachine;andthethirddependedcompletelyonfullyautomated

decisions.

Theresearchersfoundthatanintelligentcombinationofhumanworkand

decision-makingabilitieswithAIapplicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddriving

efficiency.4tOnaverage,thesecondgroupachievedthemostefficienttransporttrips,withthe

fewestinterventions（干預）andoff-coursefromthebestpath.^^oneresearchersaid,""Clearly,

neitheracompletelyhumandecision-makingstructurenorafullyautomateddrivingsystem

canpromisetomeetcurrentgoodstransportrequirements.Thescientiststherefore

summarizedthatdespitetheprogressofAIinthefieldoftransportationbytruck,human

experienceanddecision-makingabilitieswillstillbenecessaryinthelongerterm.However,

thechallengeisthatawiderangeoftrainingandqualification（資格）needswillcomealong

byworkingwithAlapplications,especiallyforsimplegoodstransportactivities.

18.WhatdoesMatthiasKlumppfocuson?

A.TheefficiencyofAI.

B.TheadvantagesofAI.

C.TheproblemscausedbyAL

D.ThewideapplicationsofAL

19.Howdidtheresearchersgetthefinding?

A.Byprovidingexamples.

B?Bymakingcomparisons.

C.Byusingdifferenttrucks.

D.Bylistingthreeexperiments.

20.Whatcanweknowfromthelastparagraph?

A.Alisbetteratmakingdecisions.

B.AbalanceisneededbetweenhumanandAL

C.HumanwillsoonbereplacedbyAIindriving.

D.Alapplicationsmeetthecurrentrequirements.

試卷第12頁，共23頁

21.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Thefutureoftransport.

B.Artificialintelligenceasaco-driver.

C.Artificialintelligence-abetterchoiceindriving.

D.Thestrengthsofartificialintelligenceintransport.

Passage5

Justasahungrybraincraves（渴望）food,alonelybraincravespeople.Anewbrain

studydemonstratesthis.Afterbeingleftalone,itshowspeople'sbrainswouldbeactivatedat

thesightofotherpeople.Theactionwasinthesamebrainregionthatspeedsupwhena

hungrypersonseesfood.

LiviaTomova,aneuroscientist,whostudieshowthebrainproducesmentalactivities,

andhercolleaguesbeganthisstudy.Theyrecruited（招募）40people.Ononeday,the

participantshadtofast-noteatanythingatall-for10hours.Onanotherday,thesame

peoplewereplacedinaroomfor10hours.Theycouldn'tseeanyone.Nofriends,nofamily

andnosocialmedia.Theyweren'tevenallowedtochecktheiremail.Afterbothdays,

TomovaandhercolleaguesputthepeopleinaMRImachine.Itshowsactivityinthebrainby

trackinghowmuchbloodisflowingtoeachregion.

Attheendofeachday,theparticipantsshowedhighactivityinabrainareacalledthe

midbrain.Thescientistswereinterestedintwo,smallareaswithinit.Bothareasproduce

dopamine,achemicalthatisimportantincravingandrewards.Thetwoareasactivatedwhen

hungryparticipantssawpicturesoftastypizzaorjuicyhamburgers.Afterthevolunteershad

beenisolated,thosebrainareasbecameactivewhentheysawsocialactivitiestheymissed.It

mightbeplayingsportsorchattingwithfriends.

Themidbrainplaysanimportantpartinpeople'smotivationtoseekfoodorfriends.In

fact,itrespondstofoodandsocialsignalsevenwhenpeoplearen*thungryorlonely.But

hungerandlonelinessincreasedthereactionsandmadepeople'sresponsesspecifictothe

thingtheyweremissing.Andthemorehungerorisolationthevolunteerssaidtheywere

experiencing,thestrongertheactivityinthispartofthebrain.Tomovaandhercolleagues

publishedtheirresultsNovember23inNatureNeuroscience.

22.HowdoesTomovatestouttheresultofthestudy?

A.Bystimulatingdesire.B.Bycontrollingbloodflow.

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C.Bymonitoringbrainactivity.D.Byexaminingmentalactivities.

23.Whatdoweknowaboutmidbrain?

A.Itconsistsoftwoareas.B.Ithelpsmotivatedesireforfood.

C.Itstopsworkingwhenpeoplearefull.D.Itdecreasesresponsestolostfriends.

24.Whatdoestheunderlined"it"inparagraph3referto?

A.Amidbrainarea.B.Asocialactivity.C.Avolunteer.D.Ahamburger.

25.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Dopamine-aSureSignofAgeB.Midbrain一aNestfortheThoughts

C.HungerMakesMentalHealthStruggleD.LonelinessMakesOurBrainsNeed

People

Passage6

Forthousandsofyears,mankindhasbredplantsandanimalstocreatemoredesiredand

usefulplantsandanimals.Forinstance,modemcornhasbeenbredtosuchalargesizethatit

isnolongerabletoreproducewithoutman'sassistance.Modemdairycowsproducetoo

muchmilk;andiftheyarenotoftendrainedofmilk,theycouldleak,burst,becomeinfected,

andpossiblydie.Furthermore,mostdomesticateddogscannotsurviveinthewildevenwith

specialtraining.Sincenaturalevolutionisextremelyslowandmankind'sselectivebreeding

programsonlytakeafewgenerationstoproduceacompletelynewspecies,naturalevolution

hasalreadytakenabackseattomankind'sbreedingprograms.

Additionally,mankindhassuccessfullykilledoffseveralspeciesalltogether.For

instance,therea