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Unit9Cross-CulturalCommunication1/34Whatisinterculturalcommunication?2/34

“Initsmostgeneralsense,internationalcommunicationoccurswhenamemberofonecultureproducesamessageforconsumptionbyamemberofanotherculture.Moreprecisely,internationalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent”(O.Kovbasyuk)3/34DefiningCulture“Cultureisthewayoflifeofagroupofpeople”

(Foster,1962)“Cultureisthatcompletewholewhichincludesknowledge,beliefs,art,law,morals,customsandanycapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredasamemberofasociety”

(Tylor,1977)“thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonehumangroupfromanother….Theinteractiveaggregateofcommoncharacteristicsthatinfluencesagroupsresponsetoit’senvironment”

(Hofstede,1980)4/34Amoreformaldefinition:Cultureisasetoflearnedcorevalues,beliefs,standards,knowledge,morals,laws,andbehaviorssharedbyindividualsandsocietiesthatdetermineshowanindividualacts,feels,andviewsoneselfandothers.

(fromMitchell,C.()TheShortcourseinInternationalTradeSeries:InternationalBusinessCulture,Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationpress)5/34CulturalComponentsLanguage

ReligionConflictingAttitudesMannersandCustomsEducationHumorSocialOrganizationsTheArts6/34vs7/34vs8/34vs9/34vs10/34vs11/34WhataretheSino-Americanculturedifferences?Let’s

Discuss12/34IndividualismversusCollectivismIndividualism(IDV)focusesonthedegreethesocietyreinforcesindividualorcollectiveachievementandinterpersonalrelationships.AHighIndividualismrankingindicatesthatindividualityandindividualrightsareparamountwithinthesociety.Individualsinthesesocietiesmaytendtoformalargernumberoflooserrelationships.ALowIndividualismrankingtypifiessocietiesofamorecollectivistnaturewithclosetiesbetweenindividuals.Theseculturesreinforceextendedfamiliesandcollectiveswhereeveryonetakesresponsibilityforfellowmembersoftheirgroup.13/34

China:

Confucianism Buddhism TaoismAmerica: Protestantethic Liberty&DemocracyOriginandApplicationofChineseandAmericanculture14/34Confucianism--- “Doctrineofthemean”

Neitherconservativenor aggressive

--- “Hierarchy&Order”

Interestofcollectivityishigher thanthatofindividual (Fang1999)

Long-termOrientation,Collectivism,HighPowerDistance15/34Buddhism

Theeternalcycleof birth,suffering, deathandrebirth

Fang1999Long-termorientation16/34Taoism

“Yin&Yang Reversionoflove&hatred,good&bad,fortune&misfortune Fang1999Long-termorientation17/34CharacteristicsofChineseCulture

CollectivismLong-termOrientation18/34OriginandApplicationofAmericanCultureProtestantEthic

PilgrimFathers

Ifoneworkshard,heorshewillsucceed.

Weber195819/34Liberty&Democracy

Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.

---DeclarationofIndependence20/34CharacteristicsofAmericanCulture

IndividualismShort-termorientation21/34Culturaldifferencesinspeechbehaviors22/34Greetings‘Haveyoueaten?’‘Whereareyougoing?’‘Whatareyoudoing?’‘Hello’‘Goodmorning’‘Nicetomeetyou’‘Howdoyoudo?’23/34ApologizingSaying‘sorry’notsooftenSayingsorryonlywhenonethinkssomethingreallymattersSayingsorryveryoftenSayingsorryevenwhensomethingisreallytrivial24/34MakingrequestInindirectwaysMoredirectifthetwopartiesareonintimaterelationshipDirectlyOpenly25/34ExpressinggratitudeNotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoGiveotherssomethingwhohavedonethemafavorMoreverbally

26/34ExpressingdisapprovalReluctanttoexpressdisapprovalopenlyforfearofmakingotherslosefacePrefertodoitinanindirectwayFreelyDirectly27/34Leave-takingLeavingbysaying‘Youmustbetired/busy’ShowingconsiderationfortheotherpartyToleavebyusingexcusesthatarerelatedtothemselves28/34OvercomeConflictsCommunicateUnderstandRespectLearnCooperate29/343.Difficultsentences

Consequently,themisunderstandingsthatariseareallthemoreseriousbecausesophisticatedAmericansandEuropeanstakeprideincorrectlyinterpretingeachother’sbehavior.(2)NoneoftheseAmericanspatialdefinitionsisvalidinnorthernGermany.30/34(3)…inlesstimethanittakestotell,theartisthaddetachedhimselffromhisfriends,crossedthespacebetweenus,pushedmyfriendaside,andwitheyesflashing,startedshoutingatme.(4)…intheGerman,thereisnosuchthingasbeinginsidetheroomwithoutbeinginsidethezoneofintrusionparticularlyifonelooksattheotherparty,nomatterhowfaraway.31/34Fang,T(1999)ChineseBusinessNegotiatingStyle,London:SAGEPublicationsLtd.Guidham,M(1999)CommunicatingAcrossCultures,NewYork:PALGRAVEHistoryofUSA/New-England/Pilgrims.html

(accessed15thNovember)ITIM/

(accessed15thNovember)MaxWeber,TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,NewYork:Scribner'sPress,1958,AccessedviaAmericanStudiesatUni

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