-35-英語(yǔ)⑧(選修)

Unit

1

illustrate

['il?stre?t]

vt.

說(shuō)明；闡明

distinct

[d?'st??kt]

adj.

清晰的；明顯的；明確的

distinction

[d?'st??k??n]

n.

差別；區(qū)分；卓著

immigrant

['?m?ɡr?nt]

n.

（從外國(guó)移入的）移民

live

on

繼續(xù)存在；繼續(xù)生存

strait

[stret]

n.

海峽

means

[minz]

n.

手段；方法

by

means

of

…

用……辦法；借助……

prehistoric

[,prih?'st?r?k]

adj.

史前的

majority

[m?'d??r?ti]

n.

大多數(shù)；大半

ministry

['m?n?stri]

n.

（政府的）部；（全體）牧師；牧師的職責(zé)

adventurer

[?d'v?nt??r?]

n.

冒險(xiǎn)家

make

a

life

習(xí)慣于新的生活方式、工作等

despite

[d?'spa?t]

prep.

盡管；不管

hardship

['hɑrd??p]

n.

苦難；困苦

elect

[?'l?kt]

vt.

選擇；決定做某事；選舉某人

federal

['f?d?r?l]

adj.

聯(lián)邦制的；聯(lián)邦政府的

rail

[rel]

n.

鐵路；扶手；（護(hù)欄的）橫條

percentage

[p?'s?nt?d?]

n.

百分比；百分率

keep

up

堅(jiān)持；維持；沿襲（風(fēng)俗、傳統(tǒng)等）

boom

[b?m]

n.

（人口、貿(mào)易的）繁榮

vi.

處于經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展時(shí)期

aircraft

['?r'kr?ft]

n.

飛行器；航空器；飛機(jī)

immigrate

['?m?ɡret]

vi.

移入（外國(guó)定居）

immigration

[,?m?'ɡre??n]

n.

移民；移居入境

racial

['re?l]

adj.

人種的；種族的

crossing

['kr?s??]

n.

橫渡；橫越；十字路口；人行橫道

vice

[va?s]

n.

&

adj.

代理；副職

pole

[pol]

n.

地極；電極；磁極

applicant

['?pl?k?nt]

n.

申請(qǐng)人

customs

['k?st?mz]

n.

海關(guān)；關(guān)稅；進(jìn)口稅

socialist

['so??l?st]

n.

社會(huì)主義者；社會(huì)黨人

adj.

社會(huì)主義者的

socialism

['so??l?z?m]

n.

社會(huì)主義

occur

[?'k?]

vi.

發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)

cattle

['k?tl]

n.

牛（總稱(chēng)）

indicate

['?nd?ket]

vt.

指出；指示；表明；暗示

back

to

back

背靠背

luggage

['l?ɡ?d?]

n.

行李（<美>baggage）

shave

[?ev]

vt.

&

vi.

刮；剃

cable

['kebl]

n.

纜繩；繩索；電纜

cable

car

纜車(chē)；（美）有軌纜車(chē)tram

[tr?m]

n.

（有軌）電車(chē)

apparent

[?'p?r?nt]

adj.

顯而易見(jiàn)的；顯然的；表面上的

apparently

[?'p?r?ntli]

adv.

顯然地；顯而易見(jiàn)地

brake

[brek]

n.

閘；剎車(chē)；制動(dòng)器

vi.

&

vt.

剎（車(chē)）；用制動(dòng)器減速

conductor

[k?n'd?kt?]

n.

（公車(chē)）售票員；列車(chē)員；指揮

slip

[sl?p]

vi.

滑動(dòng)；滑行；滑跤

n.

滑動(dòng)；滑倒

wharf

[w?rf]

n.

碼頭

bakery

['bek?ri]

n.

面包房；面包廠

ferry

['f?ri]

n.

渡船；渡口

vt.

擺渡；渡運(yùn)

team

up

with

與……合作或一起工作

hire

['ha??]

vt.

&

n.

租用；雇用

fascinating

['f?s?net??]

adj.

迷人的；吸引人的

mark

out

畫(huà)線(xiàn)；標(biāo)出……界線(xiàn)

seagull

['siɡ?l]

n.

海鷗

take

in

包括；吸收

angle

['??g(?)l]

n.

角；角度

a

great/good

many

許多；很多

apply

for

申請(qǐng)；請(qǐng)示得到

nowhere

['n??hwe?]

adv.

無(wú)處；到處都無(wú)

miserable

['m?z(?)r?b(?)l]

adj.

痛苦的；悲慘的

punishment

['p?n??m(?)nt]

n.

處罰；懲罰

justice

['d??st?s]

n.

公正；公平

mourn

[m??n]

vt.

&

vi.

哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛

civil

['s?v(?)l]

adj.

公民的；國(guó)內(nèi)的；民間的

authority

[??'θ?r?t?]

n.

權(quán)威；權(quán)力（pl）當(dāng)局；官方

reform

[r?'f??m]

vt.

&

vi.

改革；革新

n.

改革；改造；改良

grasp

[grɑ?sp]

vt.

&

n.

抓住；抓緊；掌握；領(lǐng)會(huì)

thoughtful

['θ??tf?l;

-f(?)l]

adj.

關(guān)切的；體貼的；深思的

thankful

['θ??kf?l;

-f(?)l]

adj.

感激的；感謝的

insert

[?n's??t]

vt.

插入；嵌入

Unit

2

differ

['d?f?]

vi.

不同；相異

exact

[?g'z?kt;

eg-]

adj.

精確的；準(zhǔn)確的△cutting

['k?t??]

n.

剪枝；剪報(bào)；剪紙

△identical

[a?'dent?k(?)l]

adj.

同一的；一模一樣的

commercial

[k?'m???(?)l]

adj.

商業(yè)的；貿(mào)易的

straightforward

[stre?t'f??w?d]

adj.

簡(jiǎn)單的；直接的；坦率的

△

complicated

['k?mpl?ke?t?d]

adj.

復(fù)雜的；難懂的

undertake

[?nd?'te?k]

vt.

著手；從事；承擔(dān)

pay

off

得到好結(jié)果；取得成功；償清

breakthrough

['bre?kθru?]

n.

突破

procedure

[pr?'si?d??]

n.

程序；步驟；手續(xù)

△

nucleus

['nju?kl??s]

n.

原子核；中心

△

somatic

[s?'m?t?k]

adj.

軀體的；肉體的；細(xì)胞體的

△

embryo

['embr???]

n.

胚；胚胎；萌芽時(shí)期

carrier

['k?r??]

n.

攜帶者；搬運(yùn)工；運(yùn)輸工具

cast

[kɑ?st]

vt.

扔；投；擲

cast

down

沮喪；不愉快

altogether

[??lt?'gee?;

?l-]

adv.

總共；完全地

arbitrary

['ɑ?b?t(r?)r?]

adj.

任意的

△

fate

[fe?t]

n.

命運(yùn)；天命

correction

[k?'rek?(?)n]

n.

改正；糾正；修正

object

['?bd??kt;

-d?ekt]

vi.

反對(duì)；不贊成

objection

[?b'd?ek?(?)n]

n.

不贊成；反對(duì)；異議

△

impact

['?mp?kt]

n.

撞擊；沖擊；巨大的影響

medium

['mi?d??m]

n.

(pl

media)

媒介；手段；工具

the

media

大眾傳播媒體（如電視、報(bào)紙等）

obtain

[?b'te?n]

vt.

獲得；贏得

attain

[?'te?n]

vt.

獲得；到達(dá)（水平、年齡、狀況等）

moral

['m?r(?)l]

adj.

道德（上）的；倫理的

conservative

[k?n's??v?t?v]

adj.

保守的；守舊的

forbid

[f?'b?d]

vt.

禁止；不準(zhǔn)accumulate

[?'kju?mj?le?t]

vt.

積累；聚保

in

favour

of

贊成；支持

side

road

旁路；支線(xiàn)；岔道（<美>sidewalk）

constitution

[k?nst?'tju??(?)n]

n.

憲法；章程

compulsory

[k?m'p?ls(?)r?]

adj.

必須做的；義務(wù)的；強(qiáng)迫的；強(qiáng)制的

opera

['?p(?)r?]

n.

歌劇；歌劇團(tuán)；歌劇院

chorus

['k??r?s]

n.

合唱；合唱隊(duì)

loaf

[l??f]

n.

一條（面包）

flour

['fla??]

n.

面粉

owe

[??]

vt.

欠（賬、錢(qián)、人情等）；歸功于……

shortly

['???tl?]

adv.

立刻；不久

retire

[r?'ta??]

vi.

退休；離開(kāi)

bother

['b?e?]

vt.

打擾

vi.

操心

n.

煩擾

(be)

bound

to

(do)

…

一定或注定（做）……

assumption

[?'s?m(p)?(?)n]

n.

假定；設(shè)想

regulation

[regj?'le??(?)n]

n.

規(guī)則；規(guī)章；法規(guī)

△

nonsense

['n?ns(?)ns]

n.

胡說(shuō)；無(wú)稽之談；廢話(huà)

△

popularity

[p?pj?'l?r?t?]

n.

受人喜愛(ài)；流行

strike

[stra?k]

vi.

&

vt.

打；撞擊；罷工

n.

罷工

strike

…

into

one’s

heart

使……刻骨銘心

△

calf

[kɑ?f]

n.

小牛；牛犢

from

time

to

time

不時(shí)；偶爾bring

back

to

life

使復(fù)生；使復(fù)活initial

[?'n???l]

adj.

最初的；開(kāi)始的

vain

[ve?n]

adj.

虛榮的；自負(fù)的；徒勞的

in

vain

白費(fèi)力氣；枉費(fèi)心機(jī)

resist

[r?'z?st]

vt.

抵抗；對(duì)抗

drawback

['dr??b?k]

n.

缺點(diǎn)；不利條件

merely

['m??l?]

adv.

僅；只；不過(guò)

△

restore

[r?'st??]

vt.

恢復(fù)；使恢復(fù)原狀；重建

decoration

[dek?'re??(?)n]

n.

裝飾

unable

[?n'e?b(?)l]

adj.

不能的；不會(huì)的

feather

['fee?]

n.

羽毛

△

fairly

['fe?l?]

adv.

公平地；相當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

in

good/poor

condition

狀況很好（壞）；情況很好（壞）

turkey

['t??k?]

n.

火雞

△

dye

[da?]

vt.

給……染色；染

n.

染色劑

claw

[kl??]

n.

爪；腳爪

adore

[?'d??]

vt.

崇拜；愛(ài)慕；喜愛(ài)

hatch

[h?t?]

vt.

&

vi.

孵出；孵卵；孵化

reasonable

['ri?z(?)n?b(?)l]

adj.

合情理的；講道理的；公道的

Unit

3

△

amphibious

[?m'f?b??s]

adj.

兩棲（類(lèi)）的

atent

['p?t(?)nt;

'pe?t(?)nt]

n.

專(zhuān)利證書(shū)；專(zhuān)利權(quán)

call

up

給……打電話(huà)

courtyard

['k??tjɑ?d]

n.

院子；庭院；天井now

and

then

偶爾；有時(shí)

walnut

['w??ln?t]

n.

胡桃；胡桃木

distinguish

[d?'st??gw??]

vi.

&

vt.

顯示……的差別；使……有所不同；辨別merciful

['m??s?f?l;

-f(?)l]

adj.

寬大的；仁慈的；慈悲的

product

['pr?d?kt]

n.

產(chǎn)品

powder

['pa?d?]

n.

粉末；火藥

set

about

開(kāi)始；著手

perfume

['p??fju?m]

n.

香水；香味

stainless

['ste?nl?s]

adj.

無(wú)銹的；不銹的；沒(méi)有污點(diǎn)的

△

jelly

['d?el?]

n.

果凍；果凍狀物

cube

[kju?b]

n.

立方體；立方

cubic

['kju?b?k]

adj.

立方的

abrupt

[?'br?pt]

adj.

突然的；意外的abruptly

[?'br?ptli]

adv.

突然地；唐突地

convenient

[k?n'vi?n??nt]

adj.

便利的；方便的；就近的

caution

['k???(?)n]

n.

小心；謹(jǐn)慎

expectation

[ekspek'te??(?)n]

n.

預(yù)料；期待；期望

passive

['p?s?v]

adj.

被動(dòng)的；消極的；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的

merry

['mer?]

adj.

愉快的；高興的

merrily

['mer?l?]

adv.

高興地；愉快地

seize

[si?z]

vt.

抓住；捉住；奪

△

recognition

[rek?g'n??(?)n]

n.

認(rèn)出；認(rèn)可；承認(rèn)

criterion

[kra?'t??r??n]

n.

(pl

criteria)（評(píng)判的）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；尺度

△

claim

[kle?m]

n.

&

vt.

要求；聲稱(chēng)；主張

valid

['v?l?d]

adj.

有效的；確鑿的

file

[fa?l]

n.

文件；檔案；文件夾

vt.

提交；將……歸檔

ripe

[ra?p]

adj.

熟的；成熟的

string

[str??]

n.

線(xiàn)；繩子；一串

glue

[glu?]

n.

膠；膠水

vt.

粘貼；粘合

△

rod

[r?d]

n.

桿；棒

freezing

['fri?z??]

adj.

冰凍的；嚴(yán)寒的

greengrocer

['gri?ngr??s?]

n.

果蔬商（pl）蔬菜水果店

identification

[a?,dent?f?'ke??(?)n]

n.

鑒定；辨認(rèn)；確定；身份證明

directory

[d?'rekt(?)r?;

da?-]

n.

電話(huà)簿；商行名錄

dial

['da??l]

vt.

撥（電話(huà)）

rainfall

['re?nf??l]

n.

降雨

△

courtroom

['k??tru?m;

-r?m]

n.

法庭；審判室

innocent

['?n?s(?)nt]

adj.

清白的；無(wú)罪的；天真的lantern

['l?nt?n]

n.

燈籠；提燈

bear

[be?]

vt.

忍受；忍耐；負(fù)擔(dān)

jam

[d??m]

n.

堵塞；阻塞；果醬

microphone

['ma?kr?f??n]

n.

麥克風(fēng)；話(huà)筒

forehead

['f??hed;

'f?r?d]

n.

額頭

beaten

track

被踩出來(lái)的路；常規(guī)；慣例

occasionally

[?'ke??(?)n(?)l?]

adv.

偶然地；不時(shí)地

dive

into

迅速把手伸入；一心投入

dynamic

[da?'n?m?k]

adj.

充滿(mǎn)活力的；精力充沛的；動(dòng)態(tài)的；發(fā)展變化的

set

out

(to

do)

開(kāi)始（做）

multiple

['m?lt?pl]

adj.

多種的；多樣的；多類(lèi)型的

n.

倍數(shù)

dot

[d?t]

n.

點(diǎn)；小圓點(diǎn)

vt.

以小圓點(diǎn)標(biāo)出；分散

tap

[t?p]

vt.

輕打；輕拍；輕敲

n.

輕輕地敲擊（聲）；（水）龍頭

wire

[wa??]

n.

金屬絲；電線(xiàn)

straw

[str??]

n.

稻草；麥稈；飲料吸管reproduce

[ri?pr?'dju?s]

vt.

復(fù)制；再現(xiàn)……的形象或聲音

current

['k?r(?)nt]

n.

（水或氣）流；電流

adj.

現(xiàn)在的；當(dāng)前的

helicopter

['hel?k?pt?]

n.

直升飛機(jī)

triangle

['tra???g(?)l]

n.

三角形；三角形物體

tetrahedron

[,tetr?'hi?dr?n;

-'hed-]

n.

四面體

stable

['ste?b(?)l]

adj.

穩(wěn)固的；穩(wěn)定的；安定的

invaluable

[?n'v?lj?(?)b(?)l]

adj.

無(wú)價(jià)的；極寶貴的

associate

[?'s????e?t;

-s?e?t]

vt.

聯(lián)想；聯(lián)系

n.

同伴；伙伴

practical

['pr?kt?k(?)l]

adj.

實(shí)際的；實(shí)踐的；實(shí)用的

refrigerator

[r?'fr?d??re?t?]

n.

冰箱

court

[k??t]

n.

法庭；法院；朝廷

extension

[?k'sten?(?)n;

ek-]

n.

電話(huà)分機(jī)；擴(kuò)大；延伸

hang

on

不掛斷；稍等；緊緊握住

out

of

order

次序顛倒；發(fā)生故障

get

through

接通（電話(huà)）；（設(shè)法）做完；通過(guò)

ring

back

回復(fù)電話(huà)

ring

off

掛斷電話(huà)

version

['v???(?)n]

n.

版本；譯本

competence

['k?mpit?ns]

n.

能力；勝利；本領(lǐng)

competent

['k?mp?t(?)nt]

n.

能勝任的；有能力的稱(chēng)職的

jeep

[d?i?p]

n.

吉普車(chē)

personnel

[p??s?'nel]

n.

人力資源；人事部；全體人員

Unit

4

adaptation

[?d?p'te??(?)n]

n.

適應(yīng)（性）；改編本

classic

['kl?s?k]

adj.

經(jīng)典的；第一流的

n.

經(jīng)典著作

caption

['k?p?(?)n]

n.

（圖片上的）說(shuō)明文字；（電視、電影）字幕；（雜志等文章的）標(biāo)題；題目

plot

[pl?t]

n.

情節(jié)；陰謀

professor

[pr?'fes?]

n.

教授

phonetics

[f?'net?ks]

n.

語(yǔ)音學(xué)

colonel

['k??n(?)l]

n.

（陸軍）上校

fateful

['fe?tf?l;

-f(?)l]

adj.

重要的；決定性的；命中注定的

whistle

['w?s(?)l]

vi.

吹口哨；發(fā)出汽笛聲

n.

口哨聲；汽笛聲

garment

['gɑ?m(?)nt]

n.

（一件）衣服（外套、裙、袍等）（pl）服裝

woollen

['w?l?n]

adj.

毛紡的；純毛的（<美>woolen）

hesitate

['hez?te?t]

vi.

猶豫；躊躇

uncomfortable

[?n'k?mf(?)t?b(?)l]

adj.

不舒服的；不安的；不自在的

uncomfortably

[?n'k?mft?bli]

adv.

不舒服的；不自在地

troublesome

['tr?b(?)ls(?)m]

adj.

帶來(lái)麻煩的；使人心煩的

wallet

['w?l?t]

n.

皮夾；錢(qián)包

outsome

[a?ts?m]

n.

結(jié)果；效果

thief

[θi?f]

n.

小偷；賊

handkerchief

['h??k?t??f]

n.

手帕；手絹；紙巾

disguise

[d?s'ga?z]

vt.

偽裝；假扮；遮掩

n.

偽裝

in

disguise

偽裝（的）；假扮（的）

mistaken

[m?'ste?k(?)n]

adj.

（見(jiàn)解或判斷上）錯(cuò)誤的；不正確的

brilliant

['br?lj(?)nt]

adj.

光輝燦爛的；杰出的；才華橫溢的

classify

['kl?s?fa?]

vt.

編排；分類(lèi)；歸類(lèi)

remark

[r?'mɑ?k]

n.

談?wù)摚谎哉摚辉u(píng)述

vt.

&

vi.

談?wù)摚辉u(píng)論；說(shuō)起

betray

[b?'tre?]

vt.

顯露出（本來(lái)面目）；背叛

upper

['?p?]

adj.

（位置或地位）較高的；級(jí)別較高的

extraordinary

[?k'str??d(?)n(?)r?]

adj.

不同尋常的；非凡的

condemn

[k?n'dem]

vi.

譴責(zé)；使……注定

gutter

['g?t?]

n.

排水溝；陰溝；貧民區(qū)

properly

['pr?p(?)l?]

adv.

適當(dāng)?shù)兀磺‘?dāng)?shù)?/p>

pass

…

off

as

…

（把某人）改變或冒充成……

duchess

['d?t??s;

-es]

n.

公爵夫人；ambassador

[?m'b?s?d?]

n.

大使；使節(jié)

make

one’s

acquaintance

結(jié)識(shí)；與……相見(jiàn)

handful

['h?n(d)f?l;

-f(?)l]

n.

一把；少量

amazement

[?'me?zm(?)nt]

n.

驚訝；驚愕

in

amazement

震驚；驚訝fortune

['f??t?u?n;

-t?(?)n]

n.

機(jī)會(huì)；運(yùn)氣；大筆的錢(qián)

authentic

[??'θent?k]

adj.

真實(shí)的；真正的；可信的；可靠的

generally

speaking

一般來(lái)說(shuō)

status

['ste?t?s]

n.

身份；地位；職位

superior

[su?'p??r??;

sju?-]

adj.

優(yōu)秀的；較高的；上級(jí)的

n.

上級(jí)；長(zhǎng)官

in

terms

of

…

就……來(lái)說(shuō)；從……角度

disapprove

[d?s?'pru?v]

vt.

&

vi.

不贊成；反對(duì)；認(rèn)為不好

rob

[r?b]

vt.

搶劫；盜竊；剝奪

antique

[?n'ti?k]

adj.

古時(shí)的；（因古老、稀少而）珍貴的

n.

文物；古董；古玩

musical

['mju?z?k(?)l]

adj.

音樂(lè)的；喜愛(ài)音樂(lè)的

n.

音樂(lè)喜劇

stocking

['st?k??]

n.

長(zhǎng)襪

believer

[b?'liv?]

n.

信徒；教徒vowel

['va??l]

n.

元音；元音字母

cookie

['k?k?]

n.

餅干

teapot

['ti?p?t]

n.

茶壺cream

[kri?m]

n.

奶油；面霜

nail

[ne?l]

n.

指甲；釘子

show

…

in

帶或領(lǐng)……進(jìn)來(lái)

wax

[w?ks]

n.

蠟；蜜蠟

vt.

上蠟

disk

[d?sk]

n.

磁盤(pán)

wax

disk

舊式唱片

shabby

['??b?]

adj.

破舊的；寒酸的

referee

[ref?'ri?]

n.

裁判員；仲裁者compromise

['k?mpr?ma?z]

n.

&

vi.

妥協(xié)；折衷

horrible

['h?r?b(?)l]

adj.

可怕的；恐怖的

laundry

['l??ndr?]

n.

洗衣店；洗衣房；

bathtub

['bɑ?θt?b]

n.

浴缸；澡盆

sob

[s?b]

vi.

啜泣；抽噎

n.

啜泣（聲）；抽噎（聲）

waist

[we?st]

n.

腰；腰部；腰圍

vest

[vest]

n.

背心；內(nèi)衣

disgusting

[d?s'g?st??]

adj.

使人反感的；令人厭惡的

once

more

再一次in

need

of

需要……

heartily

['hɑ?t?l?]

adv.

盡情地；熱心地；痛快地

overlook

[??v?'l?k]

vt.

俯視；忽視；不理會(huì)

alphabet

['?lf?bet]

n.

字母表

effective

[?'fekt?v]

adj.

有效的

fade

[fe?d]

vi.

&

vt.

（使）褪色；減弱；逐漸消失

fade

out

（聲音、畫(huà)面）逐漸模糊；漸淡

Unit

5

identify

[a?'dent?fa?]

vt.

確認(rèn)；識(shí)別；鑒別

alternative

[??l't??n?t?v;

?l-]

n.

可能的選擇

adj.

供選擇的；其他的

archaeology

[,ɑ?k?'?l?d??]

n.

考古學(xué)（<美>archeology）

starvation

[stɑ?'ve??n]

n.

挨餓；餓死

tentative

['tent?t?v]

adj.

試探性的；不確定的

accuracy

['?kj?r?s?]

n.

精確；準(zhǔn)確

excavate

['eksk?ve?t]

vt.

挖掘；發(fā)掘

excavation

[eksk?'ve??(?)n]

n.

挖掘；發(fā)掘

interrupt

[?nt?'r?pt]

vt.

&

vi.

打斷……講話(huà)；打岔；

acute

[?'kju?t]

adj.

有觀察力的；敏銳的；嚴(yán)重的

assume

[?'sju?m]

vt.

假定；設(shè)想

regardless

[r?'gɑ?dl?s]

adv.

不管；不顧

regardless

of

不管

mat

[m?t]

n.

席子；墊子

quilt

[kw?lt]

n.

被子；棉被

beast

[bi?st]

n.

野獸

at

most

至多；最多

centimetre

['sent?mi?t?]

n.

厘米（<美>centimeter）

sharpen

['?ɑ?p(?)n]

vi.

&

vt.

（使）鋒利；尖銳；清晰

sharpener

['?ɑ?p?n?]

n.

磨具；削具

cut

up

切碎

scrape

[skre?p]

vt.

擦凈；削平；磨光

scraper

['skre?p?]

n.

刮刀；刮削器

ample

['?mp(?)l]

adj.

足夠的；充足的；富裕的

messy

['mes?]

adj.

凌亂的；臟的

primitive

['pr?m?t?v]

adj.

原始的；遠(yuǎn)古的；簡(jiǎn)陋的

bead

[bi?d]

n.

小珠子；滴

botany

['b?t(?)n?]

n.

植物學(xué)

botanical

[b?'t?n?kl]

adj.

植物學(xué)的；與植物學(xué)有關(guān)的

analysis

[?'n?l?s?s]

n.

(pl

analyses)

分析

seashell

['si??el]

n.

海貝殼

ripen

['ra?p(?)n]

vt.

&

vi.

使……成熟；成熟

category

['k?t?g(?)r?]

n.

種類(lèi)；類(lèi)別；范疇

significance

[s?g'n?f?k(?)ns]

n.

意義；意思；重要性；重要意義

somehow

['s?mha?]

adv.

以……方式；不知怎么地

systematic

[s?st?'m?t?k]

adj.

有系統(tǒng)的；有計(jì)劃的；有條理的

spit

[sp?t]

vt.

吐出（唾液、食物等）

vi.

吐痰

delete

[d?'li?t]

vt.

刪；刪除

album

['?lb?m]

n.

相冊(cè)；集郵冊(cè)；唱片

scratch

[skr?t?]

n.

（刮、抓、劃的）痕跡；搔；撓

vt.

搔；抓；擦傷；刮壞

academy

[?'k?d?m?]

n.

學(xué)院；學(xué)會(huì)；學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體；院校

receptionist

[r?'sep?(?)n?st]

n.

接待員；招待員

onion

['?nj?n]

n.

洋蔥

kindergarten

['k?nd?,gɑ?t(?)n]

n.

幼兒園

skateboard

['ske?tb??d]

n.

滑板

fed

up

with

受夠了；飽受；厭煩

yogurt

['j?g?t;

'j??-]

n.

酸乳酪；酸奶

radioactive

[,re?d???'?kt?v]

adj.

放射性的；有輻射能的

radioactivity

[,re?d????k't?v?t?]

n.

放射性

division

[d?'v??(?)n]

n.

分割；劃分；分配；分界線(xiàn)

melon

['mel?n]

n.

（各種）瓜

wrinkle

['r??k(?)l]

n.

皺紋

pulse

[p?ls]

vi.

強(qiáng)烈而有規(guī)律地跳動(dòng)；搏動(dòng)

n.

脈搏；節(jié)拍

vein

[ve?n]

n.

血管；靜脈

applaud

[?'pl??d]

vi.

&

vt.

鼓掌歡迎；贊賞

look

ahead

向前看；為將來(lái)打算howl

[ha?l]

vt.

&

vi.

嗥叫；叫喊；吼叫

accelerate

[?k'sel?re?t]

vi.

&

vt.

加速；促進(jìn)

spear

[sp??]

n.

矛；槍

arrest

[?'rest]

vt.

逮捕；吸引

n.

逮捕；拘留

dizzy

['d?z?]

adj.

暈眩的；昏亂的；使人發(fā)暈或困惑的

eyebrow

['aibrau]

n.

眉毛

cheekbone

['t?i?kb??n]

n.

顴骨

arrowhead

['?r??hed]

n.

箭頭

axe

[?ks]

n.

斧；斧子

hammer

['h?m?]

n.

鐵錘；錘子

gay

[ge?]

adj.

快樂(lè)的；歡快的

gaily

['ge?l?]

adv.

快樂(lè)地；輕松地

skilful

['sk?lf?l;

-f(?)l]

adj.

有技巧的；熟練的（<美>skillful）

date

back

追溯到……

punctuation

[p??(k)t??'e??(?)n;

-tj?-]

n.

標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)

worship

['w???p]

vt.

&

vi.

崇拜；敬奉

n.

崇拜；敬神craftsmanship

['krɑ?f(t)sm?n??p]

n.

技藝；手藝；精工細(xì)作人教版高中英語(yǔ)必修5教案Unit1GreatscientistsPeriod1WarmingupandreadingLearningaims:1.Tohelpstudentslearntodescribepeople2.TohelpstudentslearntoreadanarrationaboutJohnSnow3.Tohelpstudentsbetterunderstand“Greatscientists”ImportantPoints:TohelpstudentslearntoreadanarrationaboutJohnSnowDifficultPoints:TohelpstudentslearntodescribepeopleTeachingProcedures:Ⅰ.WarmingupStepILeadinTalkaboutscientist.T:Hi,morning,class.Nicetoseeyouonthisspecialday,thedaywhenyoubecomeaseniortwograder.IamhappytobewithyouhelpingyouwithyourEnglish.Todaywearetoreadaboutacertainscientist.Butfirstlet’sdefinetheword“scientist”.Whatisascientist?Ascientistisapersonwhoworksinscience,tryingtounderstandhowtheuniverseorotherthingswork.Scientistscanworkindifferentareasofscience.Herearesomeexamples:Thosethatstudyphysicsarephysicists.Thosethatstudychemistryarechemists.Thosethatstudybiologyarebiologists.StepIIBrainstorming Askthestudentstotrythequizandfindoutwhoknowsthemost.T:Therearesomegreatscientificachievementsthathavechangedtheworld.Canyounamesomeofthem?Whatkindofroledotheyplayinthefieldofscience?Dotheseachievementshaveanythingincommon?Matchtheinventionswiththeirinventors.II.Pre-readingGetthestudentstodiscussthequestionsonpage1withtheirpartners.Thenaskthestudentstoreporttheirwork.Encouragethestudentstoexpresstheirdifferentopinions.Whatdoyouknowaboutinfectiousdiseases?Whatdoyouknowaboutcholera?3.Doyouknowhowtoproveanewideainscientificresearch?III.ReadingStepIPre-readingDoyouknowJohnSnow?Doyouknowwhatkindofdiseaseischolera?Let’sgettoknowhowDr.JohnSnowdefeated“KingCholera”in1854inLondoninthisreadingpassage:StepIISkimming Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.Whodefeats“KingCholera“? (JohnSnow)Whathappenedin1854? (CholeraoutbreakhitLondon.)Howmanypeoplediedin10days? (500)WhyistherenodeathatNo.20and21BroadStreetaswellasatNo.8and9CambridgeStreet?(ThesefamilieshadnotdrunkthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump.) (Optional)Skimthepassageandfindtheinformationtocompletetheformbelow.WhoWhenWhatHowResultJohnSnow1854helpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholeraExaminingthesourceofallwatersuppliesandfindingnewmethodsofdealingwithpollutedwaster“KingCholera”defeatedStepIIIScanningReadthepassageandnumbertheseeventsintheorderthattheyhappened.2JohnSnowbegantotesttwotheories.1AnoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854.4JohnSnowmarkedthedeathsonamap.7Heannouncedthatthewatercarriedthedisease.3JohnSnowinvestigatedtwostreetswheretheoutbreakwasverysevere.8KingCholerawasdefeated.5Hefoundthatmostofthedeathswerenearawaterpump.6Hehadthehandleremovedfromthewaterpump.StepIVMainideaandcorrectstageReadthepassageandputthecorrectstagesintothereadingaboutresearchintoadisease.JohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”P(pán)aragraphStagesGeneralideas1Findaproblem:Whatcausethecholera?Thecausesofcholera2Makeupaquestion:Whichisright?Thecorrectorpossibletheory3Thinkofamethod:TesttwotheoryCollectdataonwherepeoplewereillanddiedandwheretheygottheirwater4Collectresults:MarkthedeathPlotinformationonamaptofindoutwherepeoplediedordidnotdie5Analyzetheresults:FindtheresourceofthewaterLookintothewatertoseeifthatisthecauseoftheillness6FindsupportingevidenceFindotherevidencestoconfirmhisconclusion7DrawaconclusionThepolluteddirtysourceofdrinkingwaterwastoblameforthecauseoftheLondoncholeraStepVGroupdiscussionAnswerthequestions(Finishexercise2onPage3)1.JohnSnowbelievedIdea2wasright.Howdidhefinallyproveit?(JohnSnowfinallyprovedhisideabecausehefoundanoutbreakthatwasclearlyrelatedtocholera,collectedinformationandwasabletotiecasesoutsidetheareatothepollutedwater.)2.DoyouthinkJohnSnowwouldhavesolvedthisproblemwithoutthemap?(No.ThemaphelpedJohnSnoworganizehisideas.Hewasabletoidentifythosehouseholdsthathadhadmanydeathsandchecktheirwater-drinkinghabits.Heidentifiedthosehousesthathadhadnodeathsandsurveyedtheirdrinkinghabits.Theevidenceclearlypointedtothepollutedwaterbeingthecause.)3.Choleraisa19thcenturydisease.Whatdiseasedoyouthinkissimilartocholeratoday?(Twodiseases,whicharesimilartoday,areSARSandAIDSbecausetheyarebothserious,haveanunknowncauseandneedpublichealthcaretosolvethem.)StepVISummaryUsingthestagesforscientificresearchandwriteasummary.Period2&3LanguagefocusLearningaims:TohelpstudentslearntousesomeimportantwordsandexpressionsImportantPoints:TohelpstudentslearntoremembersomeimportantwordsandexpressionsDifficultPoints:TohelpstudentslearntousesomeimportantwordsandexpressionsTeachingProcedures:StepIWarmingupcharacteristic n.aqualityorfeatureofsth.orsomeonethatistypicalofthemandeasytorecongnize.特征；特性 WhatcharacteristicsdistinguishtheAmericansfromtheCanadians.② a.verytypicalofaparticularthingorofsomeone’scharacer典型性的， Suchbluntnessischaracteristicofhim.WindydaysarecharacteristicofMarch.[辨析]characteristic與character characteristic是可數(shù)名詞，意為“與眾不同的特征“character表示（個(gè)人、集體、民族特有的）“性格、品質(zhì)”，還意為“人物；文字”Whatyouknowabouthimisn’thisrealcharacter.2.putforward:tostateanideaoropinion,ortosuggestaplanorperson,forotherpeopletoconsider提出 Heputforwardanewtheory. Theforeignershaveputforwardaproposalforajointventure.AninterestingsuggestionformeasuringtheatmospherearoundMarshasbeenputforward.☆puton穿上;戴上;增加putout熄滅(燈);撲滅(火)putupwith…忍受 putdown寫(xiě)下來(lái);放下； putoff耽誤;延期putup建立;建造,putup舉起，搭建，粘貼3.analyze:toexamineorthinkaboutsomethingcarefullyinordertounderstandit vt.分析結(jié)果、檢討、細(xì)察 Acomputeranalysesthephotographssentbythesatellite.TheearthquakeexperttriedtoanalyzethecauseoftheearthquakeoccurredonMay12,2008. Let’sanalyzetheproblemandseewhatwentwrong. Heanalyzedthefoodandfoundthatitcontainedpoison. Wemusttrytoanalyzethecausesofthestrike.☆analysis n.分析，解析，分解4.conclude: decidethatsth.istrueafterconsideringaltheinformationyouhave 得出結(jié)論；推論出 toendsth.suchasameetingorspeechbydoingorsayingonefinalthing vt.&vi結(jié)束，終止； Weconcludedthemeetingat8o’clockwithaprayer. Fromhisappearancewemaysafelyconcludethatheisaheavysmoker. Whatdoyouconcludefromthesefacts? Weconcludetogoout/thatwewouldgoout.conclusion n.結(jié)論 arriveataconclusion;cometoaconclusion;drawaconclusion;reachaconclusion Whatconclusiondidyoucometo/reach/draw/arriveat? Fromthesefactswecandrawsomeconclusionsabouthowthepyramidswerebuilt.Step2Reading1.defeat ①vt.towinavictoryoversomeoneinawar,competition,gameetc.打敗，戰(zhàn)勝，使受挫I’vetriedtosolvetheproblem,butitdefeatsme!Ourteamdefeatedtheirsinthegame.②n.失敗，輸 failuretowinorsucceedThismeansadmittingdefeat.Theyhavegotsixvictoriesandtwodefeats.[辨析]win,beat與defeat①win“贏得”賽事、戰(zhàn)事、某物；后接人時(shí)，意為“爭(zhēng)取贏得…的好感或支持；說(shuō)服”②beat“戰(zhàn)勝”“擊敗”比賽中的對(duì)手，可與defeat互換Webeat/defeatedtheirteamby10scores.Theywonthebattlebutlostmanymen.Thelocalballteamwonthestatechampionshipbybeating/defeatingalltheotherteams.Icaneasilybeat/defeathimatgolf.Heistraininghardtowintheraceandrealizehisdreamofbecomingachampionatthe2008OlympicGames.2.expert ① n.someonewhohasaspecialskillorspecialknowledgeofasubject專(zhuān)家，能手 anexpertinpsychology anagriculturalexpert ②a.havingspecialskillorspecialknowledgeofasubject熟練的，有專(zhuān)門(mén)技術(shù)的 anexpertrider anexpertjob需專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)的工作 Heisexpertin/atcooking.3.attendvt.&vi參加，注意，照料①bepresentat參加attendaceremony/lecture/amovie/school/class/ameetingIshallbeattendingthemeeting.Pleaseletmeknowifyouareunabletoattendtheconference.②attendto(on):tolookafter,carefor,serve伺候,照顧，看護(hù)Thequeenhadagooddoctorattendingonher. DrSmithattendedherinhospital.治療 Areyoubeingattendedto?接待Motherhadtoattendtohersickson.③attendto處理，注意傾聽(tīng) attendtothematter Anurseattendstohisneeds. Canyouattendtothematterimmediately?Imaybelate–Ihavegotoneortwothingstoattendto.Excuseme,butIhaveanurgentmattertoattendto.[辨析]attend,join,joinin與takepartinattend指參加會(huì)議、上課、上學(xué)、聽(tīng)報(bào)告等join指加入某組織、團(tuán)體，成為其中一員joinin指加入某種活動(dòng)；表示與某人一起做某事joinsb.insth.takepartin指參加正式的、有組織的活動(dòng)，切在活動(dòng)中起積極作用Only2peopleattendedthemeeting.HejoinedtheCommunistYouthLeaguein2007.Willyoujoinusinthegame?Weoftentalepartintheafter-classactivities.4.expose:toshowsth.thatisusuallycovered暴露exposesth.tothelightofday把某事暴露于光天化日之下Ithreatenedtoexposehim(tothepolice).我威脅要(向警察)揭發(fā)他.Heexposedhisskintothesun.他把皮膚暴露在陽(yáng)光下.Theoldmanwasleftexposedtowindandrain.Whenhesmiledheexposedasetofperfectwhiteteeth.5.cure vt.&n. tomakesomeonewhoisillwellagian治療,痊愈WhenIleftthehospitalIwascompletelycured.①curesbofadiseaseWhenyouhaveapaininyourshoulders,youwillgotoseeadoctor.Thedoctorwillcureyou. Theonlywaytocurebackacheistorest.Hewillcurethepaininyourshoulders WhenIleftthehospitalIwascompletelycured. Theillnesscannotbecuredeasily.Althoughtheboywasbeyondcure,hisparentstriedtocurehimofbadhabits.②acureforadiseaseAspirinissaidtobeawonderfulcureforthepain. Thereisstillnocureforthecommoncold. Isthereacertaincureforcanceryet?③acureforsth.:toremoveaproblem,orimproveabadsituation解決問(wèn)題，改善困境Thepricesaregoingupeveryday,butthereisnocureforrisingprices.[辨析]cure與treatcure主要指痊愈，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果treat強(qiáng)調(diào)治療過(guò)程，指通過(guò)藥物、特別的食品或運(yùn)動(dòng)治療病人或疾病，不強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。Theycuredmeofmyinfluenza.Theytreatedmewithanewdrug.6.control vt.&n. vt.：tohavepowerover,rule,direct控制，支配，管理Hecannotcontrolhisfeelings/anger.YouaretryingtocontrolmeasthoughIwereyourslave.Thegovernmenttriesitsbesttocontrolprices.beunderthecontrolof…;beincontrolof;take/gaincontrolof;get/beoutofcontrol;losecontrolof;beyondcontrolGeorgetook/gainedcontrolofthebusinessafterhisfatherdied.Thecarwentoutofcontrolandcrashedintothepole.theheadincontrolofthecountryThedriverlostcontrolofhiscaranditknockedintoatree.Mr.Brownisincontroloftheshop./TheshopisinthecontrolofMr.Brown.ThismoneyisundercontrolofMrBrown. Who’sincontroloftheproject? Thefirehasbeenbroughtundercontrol.7.suggest v.建議；暗示；表明 ①suggest+doing/sth./that-clauseMaysuggestedapicnicattheweekend. Whatdidyousuggesttotheheadmaster?Isuggestedleavingearlyfortheairport.Shesuggestedthatherfather(should)giveupsmoking.他建議我們參觀長(zhǎng)城。HesuggestedtousavisittotheGreatWall.HesuggestedusvisitingtheGreatWall.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)visittheGreatWall.suggest(暗示，表明)+從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Thesmileonherfacesuggestedthatsheagreedwithme.Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewashappy.Hispalefacesuggestedthathewasseriouslyill.Hisworksuggeststhatheisacarefulman.8.absorbtotakesth.inespeciallygradually吸收Plantsabsorbcarbondioxide.Incoldclimates,housesneedtohavewallsthatwillabsorbheat.Paperthatabsorbsinkiscalledblottingpaper（吸墨紙）.Thebigcompanyhasgraduallyabsorbedthesesmallcompaniesintoitsownorganization. ②tounderstandfactsorideascompletelyandrememberthem It’shardtoabsorbsomuchinformation.☆beabsorbedin=concentrateon專(zhuān)心于HeisabsorbedintheresearchofChinesehistoryrecently.Thewriterwassoabsorbedinhiswritingthatheforgottoflicktheashesfromhiscigar. IwassoabsorbedinabookthatIdidn’thearyoucall.9.suspect:tothinkthatsomethingisprobablytrueorlikely,especiallysomethingbad ①vt.懷疑，猜疑 n.嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人 adj.可疑的，靠不住的suspectsb.ofdoingsth.懷疑某人做…Shesuspectedhimoftakinghermoney.以為，猜想Wesuspectedthathehadfinisheddoinghishomework.10.severe a.①soserious,sobad 嚴(yán)厲的，苛刻的，嚴(yán)格的Comeon!Don’tbesoseverewiththechildren.Hisreportcontainsseverecriticismofthecompany’sactions.Hisseverelooksfrightenedme.②veryharmfulorpainful,seriousoruncomfortable（疼痛）劇烈，的嚴(yán)重的，Iwascaughtinaseverestormlastnightandcouldn’tgobackhomeintime.Hehassuchasevereillnessthathehasbeeninhospital. Isufferedasevereattackoftoothache. Hehadaseverepainintheleg.11.foresee:toknowthatsth.isgoingtohappenbeforeitactuallyhappens vt.預(yù)見(jiàn)，預(yù)料Themethodwasusedinwaysthatcouldn’thavebeenforeseenbyitsinventors.Fewanalystsforesawthatoilricewouldrisesosteeply.Noonecouldhaveforeseenthingswouldturnatthisway.It’simpossibletoforeseehowlifewillworkout. 12.blame v.責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；把……歸咎于 n.過(guò)失；責(zé)備blamesb./sth.forsth.:tosayorthinkthatsb.orsth.isresponsibleforsth.bad因…而指責(zé)It’snotfairtoblameme.It’snotmyfault.Theyblamedthesecretaryforthedelayoftheplan.ManychildrenareafraidofbeingblamedformakingmistakesinspeakingEnglish.②blamesth.onsb./sth.把……歸咎于:beresponsibleforsth.badThepoliceblamedthetrafficaccidentonjack’scarelessdriving.③(be)toblame應(yīng)受責(zé)備（主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）；承擔(dān)責(zé)任Thedriverwasnottoblameforthetrafficaccident.Whichdriverwastoblamefortheaccident?EitherheorIamtoblame.Mr.Greenstoodupindefenseofthe16-year-oldboy,sayingthathewasnottheonetoblame.Whoistoblameforthefire?④taketheblame承擔(dān)責(zé)任tosaythatsth.isyourfaultHeisreadytotaketheblameforwhathadhappened.⑤puttheblameon怪在……身上It’snouseblamingourdefeatonhim.13.lookinto 調(diào)查，了解，研究，瀏覽，向…里看 We’lllookintothecaseassoonaspossible. Butnowtheauthorityislookingintothecostofmodifyingallofitswindows. Thebuildingaroundthecornercaughtfirelastnight.Thepolicearenowlookingintothematter.lookaround;lookafter,lookdownupon;lookfor;lookforwardto;looklike;lookover瀏覽，過(guò)目一遍;lookout;lookthrough瀏覽，檢查;lookon;look