中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)RiverfrontLandscapeDesignforLondon2012OlympicParkHowdoyouplantalongariver'sedge,knowingthatmillionsofpeoplecouldbepassingthroughthesiteinthenearfuture?Howdoyoudesign,createandmaintainthesurroundingwetlands,knowingthatman-madewetwoodlandisveryrareandtransitionalbynature?Howdoyouensurethatthehabitatbeingcreatedremainsviableandsustainableinthelong-term?Atkins’engineersofthewetlandsandriveredgesontheLondon2012OlympicParkweretaskedwithfindinganswerstoallofthesequestions.Coveringmorethan246hectaresofformerlyderelictindustrialland,London’snewOlympicParkfortheLondon2012OlympicandParalympicGamesisoneofEurope’sbiggest-everurbangreeningprojects.Riversandwetlandsareattheheartofthevisionforthenewpark,whichliesineastLondon’sLowerLeeValley.Thelandscapethat’snowemergingwillprovideabackdropforthemainactionoftheLondon2012Games.Asriveredgeandwetlandengineersfortheproject,Atkinshasplayedacriticalroleinturningthevisionintoreality.Atkins’remitincludesdesignofthesoftriveredgesandwetlands,includingriverbankrestorationandbioengineering.Thetransformationisunprecedented.Morethan8kmofriverbankshavebeenrestoredaspartoftheproject;intandemwiththis,2hectaresofreedbedsandpondshavebeencreated,alongwith9,000squaremetersofrarewetwoodland(Fig.01).Thechallengewasaboutgettingpeoplebothvisualandphysicalaccessdowntotheriver-toactuallymaketheriversmoreaccessibleandmoreopen,andthereforethecenterpieceofthePark.MikeVaughanheadsupAtkins'multidisciplinarydesignteam,whichincludesriverengineers,geomorphologistsandecologists.“Theideawastoopenuptherivercorridorbymakingthesteepslopesthatlinetheriverflatter,”explainsMike.“Bydroppingtheslopes,we’vebroughttheriverintotheparkandmadeitmuchmoreaccessible-peoplecangetclosetotheriverandseewhat’sgoingonthere.”Gettingtheriverbankgeometryjustrightwasadelicatebalancingact.Toosteep,andthebankswouldneedcostlyartificialreinforcement;tooshallow,andtheywouldstarttoeatintovaluablespaceonthesite.Anoptimumslopeof1in2.5-about22degrees-waschosen.Thespaceoccupiedbyriverbankwasrestrictedbytheneedtoconveyfloodwaterandthelocationofterrestriallandscapeandinfrastructure.Assuch,thebankswereover-steepenedusingtwoapproaches.Firstly,wherepossible,theriverbankswereterracedusingcoirrollsandtimberstakes.Inotherlocations,whereonlya70degreebankwaspossible,areinforceddetailwasused,providinglayersofgeo-gridandsteelmeshcages,facedwithariversideturf.Today,withthenewlandscaperapidlytakingshape,it’seasytoforgethowtheLeeValleyusedtolook.UntiltheOlympicDeliveryAuthority(ODA)tookpossessionofthesitein2006,manyoftheriverchannelsthatcriss-crossthesitewerecloggedwithinvasiveweeds,alongwiththepredictabledetritusofurbandecay:abandonedshoppingtrolleysandcartires.TheLeeValley’sneglectedrivernetworkwasn’tonlyaneyesore,butalsoanobstacle-agulfseparatingHackneyandTowerHamletsinthewestfromWalthamForestandNewhamintheeast.Now,therevitalizedwaterways-andthenewcrossingsspanningthem-willbevitalnotonlyduringtheGames,butalsoafter2012.Theyareanintegralpartofthelegacysolution,stitchingthenewParkanditswaterwaysintothewiderfabricofeastLondon.1BringingHabitatsbacktoLifeMakingthemostofthesite’sriversandnaturalfeaturestocreatesustainablehabitatsisakeypartoftheOlympicDeliveryAuthority’svisionfortheOlympicPark.Buttheprocessoftransformingthepark’sriversfromweedandrubbish-infestedgulchesintopristinewatercourseshasbeenlongandtough.ForAtkins,thatprocessstartedwithdevelopinganintimateunderstandingofthelabyrinthofwaterwaysandchannelsthatwindtheirwaythroughthesite.Flowsandvelocitiesweremeasuredatdifferentpointsoveraperiodoftime,withdatausedtoconstructadetailedhydraulicmodeltopredictfloodrisk.That’sofcriticalimportance,becauseAtkinshadresponsibilityforeverythinguptoacontourof4metersaboveordnancedatum(sealevel)onthesite.Afullfloodriskassessmentwasundertakenatenvironmentalimpactassessmentstage.Atkinsundertookanalysesoftheriskoffloodingcausedbyfrequentrainfall,takingintoaccounttheautomatedregulationofwaterlevelsintheimpoundedreachesandtheimpactoftidallockout.Themodelingexercisewasmadeconsiderablymorecomplicatedbytheimpoundmentoftheriversystemduringthecourseof2008;ineffect,thiseliminatedthedirecttidalinfluenceoftheThames.Butitsindirectinfluenceisstillfelt.“WhenthetidecomesinontheThames,itstopswaterflowingoutoftheRiverLee,”explainsMikeVaughan.“Sotheriverlevelsfluctuatebyanaverageof400mmaday.”Atkins’modelingcalculationscorrectlypredictedthisphenomenon,andalsotheincreasedriskofflooding.“Thesediscoveriesledtosomechangesinthelandscapingprofile,”saysMike.“Theriversidepathshavebeenraisedbyuptoameterandtheprofileofthewetlandswasalsoraised,asmaintainingcorrectwaterlevelsiscriticaltotheirsurvival.”SustainabledrainagetechniqueshavealsobeenusedacrossthePark.Inthelandscapeareas,porousstripshavebeenusedintheconcourse,feedingintobioswaleswhichdraindownintotheriversideponds.Surfaceconveyance,undergroundpipesandstoragefeatureshavealsobeenutilized(Fig.02).Thefirststepintheriverrestorationprocesswasto“layback”thebanks,manyofwhichwereprecipitouslysteep.Thisre-profilingwasnecessarybecausemuchofthesurroundinglandwas“made”ground,theresultofcenturiesoftippingthathadraisedthegroundlevelbyasmuchas10metersinplaces.Thecocktailofmaterialsonthebanksincludedrubble,glass,animalbonesand,morerecently,wartimedemolitionmaterialsfromLondon’seastend.AnotherchallengefacingtheAtkinsteamwastheprevalenceofinvasiveweeds.TheseincludedHimalayanbalsam,Japaneseknotweedandgianthogweed.Allarefast-growingnon-nativeplantsintroducedtoBritaininthe19thcenturyasgardencuriosities;allhaveprosperedonthewrongsideofthegardenwall.Invasivespeciesarebadnewsforriverbanks.Theyreproduceandgrowwithprodigiousspeed,drivingoutnativeplantspecies.Andthey’rehighlyresilient.Knotweedcanforceitswaythroughsolidconcrete,whilegianthogweedcontainsfurocoumarins,sun-activatedtoxinsthatcancauseskinulceration.Eliminationwasapriority–soilwastreatedthroughoutthesiteandthebanksstrippedofallremainingvegetation.Inaddition,Atkinswasresponsibleforensuringtheprotectionoftheexistingfloraandfaunaonthesite.Phaseonehabitatsurveyswereundertakenaspartoftheenvironmentalimpactassessmentin2006,includingbirdandfishsurveys.Amajortranslocationofspecieswasundertakentosuitablereceptorsitesincludingaspecially-created1hectaresitejustoutsidethePark.Atkinstranslocated330commonlizards,100toadsand4,000smoothnewts.Inordertoprotectthefloraonthesite,Atkinsmaintaineda‘permittoclear’systemforcontractors,andspecifiedsafeguardedhabitatareasthatwerenottobetouchedincludingareasofsycamoretrees.2ChoosingPlantstoPlantAtkinsisresponsibleforthefinallookoftheriverbanksandwetlands-anddecidingwhattore-plantpresentedachallenge.Withbanksnowbare,newplantingwouldhavetofulfillnotonlyecologicalandaestheticdemands-they’dbeexpectedtobeinbloomfortheOlympicGames-butengineeringimperativestoo.TheAtkinsdesignteamchosebioengineeringtechniques,ratherthanculvertingandhardengineering,fortheproject.Thatmeansprotectingandconsolidatingriverbanksbyusingvegetationandnaturalproductsinsteadofconcrete.Choosingtherightspecieswiththerightrootsystemswouldbecriticaltoprotectthebanksfromerosion.Anaddedchallengewasthattherivernetworkissemi-tidal.Thetwice-dailyriseandfallofaround400mmhadthepotentialtoplayhavocwithnewplanting,andtheriver’shighsedimentloadsthreatenedtosmotheranythingplantedfromseedorplugs.“Wedon’tactuallyhaveanaturalriversystem,”notesMike.“Plantsdon’tcopwellinthoseconditions.”Tofindoutwhichplantswouldfarebest-andtoestablishthemosteffectiveplantingmethods-Atkinsconductedauniqueriverbankplantingtrialalonga50-metrestretchoftheLeeintheOlympicPark.“Wetrialledplantsofdifferentelevationsanddifferentinstallationtechniques.Theseweremonitoredoverayear,”saysIanMorrissey,seniorenvironmentalscientistwithAtkins.“That’sreallyhelpedtoinformexactlywhatspeciesweshouldplantandwhere.”Thetrialrevealedthatplugplantswouldbejusttoovulnerable.Butplantspre-grownincoir-coconutfibrematting-resistedbeingwashedawayorswamped.Coirhasotherbenefitstoo-it’seasyandquicktoinstallinrollsandpalletstwometerslongandameterwide(Fig.03).“Thematitselfactslikeamulch,soyoupreventanyweedsgrowingupthroughitthatmightalreadybewithinthebankmaterial.Butmoreimportantly,whenthebanksbecomeinundated,yougetfinesedimenttrappedwithinthecoir.Thathelpstobindtherootsandfeedtheplants,”saysIan.3BankingonTomorrow’sSeedlingsCreatingasustainableriverbankecosystemmeansusingnativespecies.Sobeforethebankswerescrapedback,seedwascollectedfromsuitablenativeaquaticspecies-aprocessmanagedbyAtkins-andstoredinaseedbank.Someofthisseedwasthenusedbybioengineeringandnurseryspecialists,Salix,whowereappointedbytheOlympicDeliveryAuthoritytocultivateplantsoffsiteinwhat’sbelievedtobeoneofBritain’sbiggest-evernurserycontracts.TheoffsitegrowingoperationwashugeandsowingfortheprojectcommencedinJune2009,asplantsmustbeayearoldandwellestablishedintheircoirpalletsbeforeencounteringthetoughriverbankenvironment.Plantsforthewetwoodlands,includingsedges,wereraisedinmorethan7,000potsatSalix’snurseryontheGowerpeninsula,nearSwansea.AndinNorfolk,thecompanycreatedanew16-acrenurserydedicatedtothe2012project(Fig.04).Here,morethan300,000plantsrepresentingsome28differentspecies,includingsedges,commonreed,marshmarigoldsandyellowflagirises,weregrownonmorethanathousandcoirpallets,readytobetransportedtoLondoninthefollowingmonths.Duringthesummerof2010,the18,000squaremetresofplantingwerethenpiecedtogetherlikeagiantjigsaw.Thiswasamassivelogisticalchallenge.Tomakeiteasier,eachofthepalletsandrollswastagged.Itwasvitallyimportantthateachonewentinexactlytherightspacesoastoavoidcuttingandtrimmingtherootsandrhizomesoftheplants.Theteamlaidthemoutinblocks,toaplan,tomakesurethisdidn’thappen.4PondsandWetWoodlandsfromScratchWhiletheriverbanksofthe“OldRiverLee”occupiedmuchoftheattentionoftheAtkinsteam,therewerealsoentirelynewbodiesofwatertoconsider.AfundamentalpartofthebiodiversityoftheriveredgesinthenorthoftheParkliesinthreenewtriangularponds,offtheeastbank.Twooftheseweredesignedtodryupinthesummer,formingmoistgrassyhollows.Thethirdpondwascreatedtoretainwater,enablingspeciessuchaswaterliliesandmarshmarigoldtothrive(Fig.05).Preventingthatthirdpondfromdryingout-whilealsoensuringthatitdidnotfloodalongwiththeRiverLee-wasaconundrum.Atkinsrespondedbydesigningaconnectionbetweenthepondandtherivertoactasbothoverflowandfeed.Flowscouldberegulated:whenthepondlevelrosetoohigh,watercouldbedrainedbackintotheriver;whenitstartedtodryout,avalvecouldbeopenedtoreleaseriverwaterbackintothepond.Itsoundssimple,butitisbelievedtobethefirstofitskindforahabitatfeatureofthisscale.Aswellastheimprovedwaterwaysandriverbanks,newwetwoodlandswillbeanotablefeatureoftheOlympicPark.They’renowararehabitatintheUK,andtheonesintheParkarebeingcreatedfromscratch.“Itwasquiteanovelthingtobeaskedtodo,”recallsAtkins’IanMorrissey.“Thechallengewastomakesurewehadtherightwaterlevelswithinthewetwoodlandareas.Atkinswasresponsibleforworkingoutthetopographiesandthechannels,andhowtheywouldinteractwiththeriver.”Wetlandshaveatendencytobecomedrylandeventually,aprocessthatcanbesloweddownthroughselectingtherightvegetation,carefulwaterlevelmanagementandmaintenance.“Thesedgespeciesweselectedwerechosenbecausetheyarequitevigoroussoareabletocompetewellwithterrestrialspecies,”saysIan.Treespeciesforthewetwoodlandincludewillow,alder,birchandthenowrareblackpoplar,pointsoutAtkins’MikeVaughan:“It’sfantasticforwildlife.Yougetalotofinvertebratesinthere,aswellasnestingbirds.”Birds,though,canpresentachallenge,particularlyonthefreshlyplantedriverbanks.“There’sariskofwildfowlgrazingourplantswhentheygetonsite,”saysMike.Topreventthathappening,hundredsofmetersofdeterrentfencingwereerectedaroundnewvegetation.Thatstayedthereuntilspring2012(Fig.06).5BeyondtheFinishingLineThetransformationofthelowerLeeValleyandthecreationofthenewpark,nownearingcompletion,isremarkablebyanystandards.VisitorstotheOlympicPark–upto250,000everydayatthepeakoftheGames–willencounteroneofthegreenestandmostenvironmentallyfriendlyparksevertobecreatedfortheOlympics.Andthebenefitswillbefeltlongafter2012.“We’repullingthatreallydifficulttrickofputtingininfrastructurethat’sgoodfortheGames,butwillworkinlegacy,”saidtheODA'sJohnHopkins.“Thiswillbeagreatplacetoliveandwork,withriversandparklandsattheheart.Socially,economicallyandenvironmentally,therewillbeaterrificlegacy-it’sanewlandscapepoweringanewpieceofcity.”倫敦2012奧林匹克公園濱水景觀設計與營造如果在不久的未來，將有數百萬人途經這塊濱水區域，沿河該如何種植？如果了解到自然界中人造濕林地已十分罕見，該如何設計、創造并維護周邊這種濕地環境？該如何長期保持棲息地的活力和可持續性？在倫敦2012奧林匹克公園項目中，來自阿特金斯的工程師們受托負責濕地和河濱地區設計及建設，將會找到所有這些問題的答案。為2012年倫敦奧運會和殘奧會而新建的奧林匹克公園是由一片廢棄工業用地改造而成，占地超過246hm2，是歐洲最大的城市景觀項目之一。東倫敦下利亞山谷的河流和濕地形成新的風景將是整個新公園的視覺中心，并為2012年倫敦奧運會平添景色。阿特金斯負責河岸和濕地的軟化設計，以及河岸修復和生物工程。從項目的概念設計到施工建成，阿特金斯的工程師們發揮了重要作用。該項目不僅僅修復了超過8km長的河岸，同時還修建了2hm2的蘆葦地和池塘和9000m2的珍稀濕林地。這樣的河岸改造力度可謂史無前例（圖01）。項目的挑戰在于要使人們從觀、行兩方面都能有更好的親水體驗，因此設計要讓河流更具可達性和開放性，并由此成為公園的焦點景觀。邁克·沃恩領導了阿特金斯的多學科設計團隊，其中包括河流工程師、地貌學家和生態學家?！拔覀兿Ｍㄟ^調整陡峭的斜坡來打開河流廊道，”邁克解釋，“坡度降低后，河水被引入公園，也更具可達性。人們可以近距離靠近河邊，觀察這里到底發生了什么?！本_的河堤幾何處理是一門微妙的平衡藝術。河堤若太陡，河岸的人工加固成本將高居不下；河堤若太淺，河流會開始侵蝕場地上寶貴的空間。最終設計采用的坡度為1:2.5，約為22°。河堤的占地空間則受限于疏導洪水、陸地景觀和基礎設施的需要。因此，對于過度陡峭的河堤采用了兩種辦法：第一，盡可能地用椰皮纖維卷和木樁沿斜坡堆壘河提；對于一些坡度達70°的河堤部分則采用加固手段，設計了多層土工格柵和鋼絲網籠，表面覆以草皮。如今，新的景觀正在迅速成型，利亞山谷的舊貌已難覓蹤跡。在2006年倫敦奧運交付管理局拿到這塊土地之前，這里的河道縱橫交錯，被入侵的雜草所阻塞，還有舊購物車和汽車輪胎等城市廢棄物被隨處丟棄。利亞山谷中沒有被好好照管的河道網絡不僅僅是城市的“眼中釘”，更成為了“絆腳石”——它將西面的哈克尼區（Hackney）和陶爾哈姆萊茨區（TowerHamlets）與東面的沃爾瑟姆福雷斯特區（WalthamForest）和紐漢區（Newham）分而隔之?，F在，重新煥發生命的水路以及橫跨其間的新交叉點，不論在賽期還是2012年之后都將十分重要。它們是遺賽后規劃方案的一個主要部分，將新公園及其水網與東倫敦大范圍內的規劃布局連接起來。1棲息地再煥生機倫敦奧運交付管理局對奧林匹克公園寄予厚望，希望場地中大部分河流和自然特征都能創造可持續的棲息地。但是要將雜草和垃圾填塞的河谷轉變為其最初的原始狀態，是一個漫長而艱難的過程。阿特金斯的工程師們先深入了解場地上盤枝錯節的河道水路，并在一定時間內對不同地點的水流量和水速進行監測，將收集的數據構建了一個精細的水力模型，用以預測洪水風險。這點極其重要。因為阿特金斯承擔著場地上平均海面（海平面）4m以內的所有責任。在環境影響評估階段，洪水風險的充分評估就已展開。分析不僅包括了由于頻繁降雨造成的雨洪，還考慮了由于潮汐變化和蓄水所造成的水位自動調節。2008年期間，河道系統進行了蓄水，使得建模過程相當復雜。實際上，盡管蓄水削弱了潮汐對泰晤士河的直接影響，但間接影響仍然存在。“當潮汐來臨，它會阻礙河水排出李河。”邁克·沃恩解釋，“因此，水位一天的變化能達到平均400mm?！卑⑻亟鹚沟哪Ｐ陀嬎銣蚀_地預測到了這一現象，以及由此增加的洪水風險?！斑@些發現帶來了景觀輪廓上的改變。”邁克說，“沿河道路被抬高了1m，同時對濕地的輪廓也做了抬升。對于它們的生存而言，保持正確的水位十分關鍵。”公園大量運用了可持續的排水技術。在景觀領域，廣場采用了滲水性材料，水可流入與河邊池塘相連的生態洼地。此外，還采用了地面運輸、地下管道和存貯等多種手段（圖02）。由于原有的河堤許多部分非常陡峭，因此河道修復的第一步就是讓河堤“躺下來”。經過幾個世紀不斷地堆積，有的地方地平面高達10m，堆在河堤上的垃圾有碎石、玻璃、動物骨頭和更近一些時期從倫敦最東端運來的拆除的戰時物品。項目面臨的另一個挑戰是遍地的入侵植物，如喜瑪拉雅鳳仙、日本紫菀和巨豬草。這些都是19世紀由于園藝好奇心而引進英國的速生植物，卻成失誤之舉。入侵植物對于河堤是個壞消息。它們瘋狂地繁殖、生長，驅逐本地植物，并且非常頑固。紫菀能在水泥中扎根；巨豬草含有呋喃香豆素和見陽光激活的毒素，會導致皮膚潰瘍。因此清理成了優先考慮的工作——整個場地的土壤都做了處理，河堤上的所有植物被盡數鏟除。同時，阿特金斯還要保護地塊上的動植物種群。2006年環境影響評估中即開展了第一階段的棲息地調查工作，包括鳥類和魚類的調查。同時，已著手進行了一項主要的物種遷移工作，規劃了一批適宜的遷移地，包括臨近公園營建的1hm2棲息地。阿特金斯遷移了330種普通蜥蜴、100種蟾蜍和4000種歐洲滑螈。為了保護場地上的植物群，阿特金斯延續了“清除許可制”系統的做法，并詳細規劃了包括梧桐樹林在內的多處免干擾棲息地地區。2選擇栽種植物阿特金斯承擔著營造河堤和濕地最終景觀的任務，因此需要決定場地種植的植物種類。面對清理后赤露的河堤，新栽種的植物不僅要滿足生態和審美要求，還需要在賽期開花——但要符合工程規律。團隊選擇了生態工程技術，即用植被和自然材料而非水