PAGE -PAGE１-鄉村旅游和經濟發展外文翻譯文獻鄉村旅游和經濟發展外文翻譯文獻(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)外文:RuralTourismandEconomicDevelopmentTourismisapopulareconomicdevelopmentstrategy.Theauthorreviewsthreediversebooksthatstudytourismfromvarioussocialscienceperspectives——economic,sociological,psychological,andanthropological.Ryan’sbookismultidisciplinaryinapproachandcoversallmajortopicsoftourism;touristexperience;andmarketing.MichalSmithdetailsthenegativeaffectsoftourismdevelopmentinruralareasofthesoutheasternUnitedStates.Finally,ValeneSmith’sbookpresentsinternationalcasestudiesthatdocumentculturalchangescausedbytourismdevelopment.Despitetheirdifferentfocuses,allthreebooksagreethattourismdevelopmenthasitsbenefitsandcostsandthatchangestothedestinationareasareinevitable.Carefulplanningandmarketingcanlessentheharmfuleffectsoftourismdevelopment.Tourismisanincreasinglypopularelixirtoeconomicruralandurbanunderdevelopment.Itscurrentprominenceinthearrayoflocaleconomicdevelopmentstrategiescanbetracedtoseveralfeaturesofthetourismindustry.Tourismjobsaremostlylow-skilljobs,whichareagoodfitwiththejobskillsofmanyruralresidents.Also,tourismhasapotentialforcreatinganexportbasethatbuildsonfavorablelocaladvantagessuchasapleasantclimateorsitesofhistoricornaturalinterest.Moreimportant,tourismstrategiesmeshwiththecurrentpoliticalphilosophyandbudgetrealitiesofminimizinggovernmentinvolvementandinvestment.Theaccommodations,restaurants,andentertainmentactivitiesthatnecessarilyaccompanytourismareassumedtobeprovidedbytheprivatesector.Criticsoftourismasadevelopmentstrategyciteitslow-payinganddead-endjobs,itsdegradationofthelocalnaturalenvironment,anditspotentialcorruptionoflocalcultureandcustoms.Further,noteveryjurisdictioninneedofjobsandataxbasehastourismpotential.Thestudyoftourism,likemuchoftheeconomicdevelopmentliterature,drawsfromawiderangeofdisciplines.Theforteofeconomistsisinaddressingtheaffectsoftourismonthelocaleconomy;however,economistsfailtodescribewhotouristsareorwhytheytravel.Anthropologists’majorcontributiontodefiningandstudyingtourismisinexaminingtheimpactsoftourismonlocalculture.Psychologistsaremorelikelytodwellonthemotivesfortourism,buttheyignoretheimpacts.Clearly,thecompletedefinitionoftourismincludestheeconomic,social,anthropological,andpsychologicalviewpoints.OnestrengthofRecreationalTourism:AsocialSciencePerspectivebyChrisRyanisitsmultidisciplinaryapproachtothestudyoftourism.Incontrast,thecasestudiesfromaroundtheworldfoundinHostsandGuests:TheAnthropologyofTourism,editedbyValeneSmith,dwellontourismfromtheperspectivesofhistoryandanthropology,withitsfocusonthecultureaffectsoftourismandtourism’sroleintheacculturationprocess.BehindtheGlitter:TheImpactofTourismonRuralWomenintheSoutheast,byMichalSmith,focusesontheeconomicandculturaleffectsoftourismintheruralSoutheast.BenefitsoftourismPerhapschiefamongtheadvantagesoftourismisthatitisseenasobtainable,evenforcommunitieswithminimalpublicresources.Mostcommunitiesenvisionnegligiblepublicinvestmentssuchasnewroads,historymarkers,towncleanup,storefrontrehabilitation,andmarketing.Theprivatesectorisexpectedtoprovidehotels,motels,restaurants,entertainment,andothertouristaccommodations.Second,tourismisarelativelyeasy-to-understandconceptforthelaypublicandcan,therefore,generatelocalsupport.Communityprideleadsresidentstoconcludethattheirhometownhassomethingtooffertourists.Tourismbuildsonperceivedandexistinglocaladvantagesoramenities,suchassitesofhistoricalinterest,mountainsandotherplacesofnaturalbeauty,pleasantclimates,orcleanair.Tourismdevelopmentusestheseresources,whichare“free”inthesensethatthetourismindustryhasnotpaidforthem.Insomecases,thesenaturalresourceswouldhavesmalleconomicvaluewithouttourismdevelopment.MieczkowskecitestheAlps,“dying”fishingormilltownsofNewEnglandandtheCanadianMaritimeprovinces,andCaribbeanislandsasplaceswheretourismhasgiveneconomicvaluetonaturalamenities.Thustourismcanhaveapositiveeconomiceffectinsuchareasofotherwiseloweconomicproductivity.Third,decadesofexperienceinsmokestackchasinghasbeendisappointingformanycommunities.Thecompetitionformanufacturingplantsisintenseandaslongasmanufacturingemploymentcontinuesitsdownwardtrend,competitionfortheremainingplantswillonlyincrease.Also,tourismisperceivedasacleanerindustryfortheenvironmentthanismanufacturing.Fourth,ruraltourismhavenstendtobegrowth.ThisdecadebecameknownasthepopulationturnaroundasitwasthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesthepopulationofruralareasgrewatfasterratesthanurbanareas.InBehindtheGlitter,Smithfoundthat65ofthe84ruraltourismcountiesinherstudyoftheSoutheasthadpopulationgrowthequaltoorexceedingthenationalrateofgrowthinthe1970s.,thesenonmetropolitancountiesgrew37.9%andinthe1980s,theygrewatastillimpressiverateof24.6%.Fifth,tourismisalabor-intensiveindustry,creatinglargenumbersofjobsthatemploylow-skillworkersandyouths,whomayotherwiseremainunemployed.Thelow-skillednatureoftourismjobsisidealforeconomieswithpoorlyeducatedortrainedlaborforces.Theseaddedjobshelpcutwelfarerollsandprovideasourceoftaxrevenue.Finally,tourismdevelopmentmeansmoreincomeandprofitsfortourist-relatedbusinesses.Localincomefromtouristexpendituresismostlyspentagaininthelocalarea,whichleadstomorelocalincome,andperhaps,tomorelocaljobs.Suchindirectbenefitsoftourismaremeasuredviaregionaleconomicimpactsoftourism.Ryan’sbookhasasectionthatintroducestechniquesusedtomeasuretheeconomicimpactsoftourism.Manyotherstudiesalsofocusonmeasuringeconomiceffectsoftourism.Incontrast,othersourcesofeconomicactivity,particularlyforremotecounties,createrelativelyfewdirectandindirectbenefits.Forexample,nuclearpowerplants,wastedisposalsites,andmanymanufacturingplantscreaterelativelyfewjobsandgeneratesmallamountsoflocalpurchases.Asidefromthefactthatnotallcommunitiescanbetouristhavens,tourismdevelopmenthasitscosts.Itseemsthateverybenefitoftourismdevelopmenthasacorrespondingcost.譯文：鄉村旅游和經濟發展作者：弗雷德里克國籍：美國出處：SAGE出版社旅游業是一種十分受歡迎的經濟發展戰略。作者審查三本不同的書籍，研究了旅游業的各種社會科學觀點——經濟，社會學，心理學，人類學。賴安的新書是綜合性的，涵蓋幾乎所有主要議題例如旅游；旅游體驗；銷售。米哈烏詳細的描述了美國東南部的鄉村旅游發展所帶來的負面影響。最后，纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉村旅游發展導致鄉村文化發生改變的國際研究案例。盡管他們有不同的側重，但是三本書全部都認為，旅游開發具有的成本效益和改變目的地的環境是不可避免的，精心的策劃和營銷可以減輕旅游業的發展對鄉村造成的影響。鄉村旅游作為經濟農村和城市發展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。目前較為突出的地方經濟發展戰略中可以追溯到幾個工業旅游的特點。旅游相關工作大多是低技能的工作，這是一個適合許多農村居民的較好的工作。此外，旅游業有潛力創造出一個具有有利條件的、氣候宜人的，擁有古跡使人產生興趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游業策略與當代政治哲學和減少政府預算參與投資有關。伴隨旅游產生的住宿，餐飲，娛樂活動，被認為是必然由私營部門提供的。批評發展旅游業中工資低及沒錢途的工作及對當地自然環境和腐敗的當地文化及習俗。此外，并不是每一個管轄地區或納稅區域都具有發展旅游的潛力。旅游業的研究，正如經濟方面的文獻研究，借鑒了一定范圍廣泛的學科。福特的經濟學課運用在處理旅游業對當地經濟的影響；然而，經濟學家無法描述誰是游客或他們為什么旅行。人類學家的最大貢獻是確定和研究旅游發展開發對當地文化造成的影響。心理學家可能對于旅游動機更為關注，卻忽視了旅游發展的影響。顯然，完整的旅游業定義包括經濟，社會，人類學，和心理的觀點。一個有力的休閑旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社會科學的角度觀察并以多學科的方法來研究旅游。與此相反，在對世界各地的案例研究發現，主人與客人：纈草烯編輯的旅游人類學，旅游從歷史和人類學的角度，發現重點是旅游的影響文化和涵化過程。背后亮點：米歇爾認為鄉村旅游對東南亞當地農村婦女產生了影響，旅游業在農村地區的影響側重于經濟和文化影響。旅游的好處：也許是旅游的優勢是它被視為即使是最小的社區公共資源。大多數社區考慮的就是較細微的公共投資等例如新的道路，歷史標志，鎮清理，店面康復，銷售。人們期望私營部門能提供酒店，汽車旅館，餐飲，娛樂，和其他旅游住宿。其次，旅游對于公眾來說是一個比