建筑工程基礎設施建設中英文對照外文翻譯文獻建筑工程基礎設施建設中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)ImprovedDesignReviewThroughWebCollaborationAbstract:Anin-depthanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationhasshownthatitisaveryeffectivemediumforconductingdesignreviewsandoffersmanybenefitsovertraditionalmanualmethodsofcommentcollectionandresolution.Findingsfromtwofederalagencieshaveshownasignalcantreductioninboththetimerequiredtoconductadesignreviewandthenumberofrequiredparticipatingparties.AneconomicanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationonthedesignreviewprocessdoneforU.S.CorpsofEngineersprojectsindicatesthatusingtheWebfordesignreviewcollaborationprovidesa73%savingsinmeetingtimeandtravelcost.CEDatabasesubjectheadings:Internet;Economicanalysis;Design;Reviews;U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.IntroductionThefacility-acquisitionprocessencompassesundersteps:planning,design,procurement,construction,andstart-up.Decisionsmadeduringtheplanninganddesignphaseshaveagreaterimpactontheoverallacquisitioncostofthefacilitythandecisionsmadeduringtheconstructionandstart-upphases.TheBuildingandEconomicDevelopmentCommitteereportsthat50%oftheproblemsencounteredduringtheconstructionandstart-upphasesarerelatedtomanagementofinformationexchangeduringthedesignphase.Changesinthedesignofafacilityduringtheconstructionphaseresultincostandtimeoverruns.TheFederalFacilityreportsthatconductingaformalreviewofthedesignmayconsiderablyreducethetotalcostofafacility.Thisisbecauseawell-andthoroughlydesignedfacilityrequiresfewerchangesandcorrectionsduringitsconstruction.Moreover,theFFCreportedthatbetween30and50%ofallchangesrequiredduringtheconstructionphaseresultedfromerrorsinthedesigndocumentsrelatedtomiscommunicationbetweendesigndisciplines.Hence,aformaldesignreviewprocessshouldbeincorporatedinanyqualitymanagementplangoverningthedeliveryofprofessionaldesignservices.DesignReviewObjectivesModernfacilitiesandinfrastructuresystemsarequitecomplexsystems,andthedesignprocessoftenrequiresagroupofgeographicallydistributedexperts.Comprehensivedesignreviewsaretypicallyperformedbyteamsofexperiencedengineers,architects,facilitymanagers,andenduserswhotypicallyarenotgeographicallycollocated.Inaddition,adesignreviewshouldbeconductedbyateamthatisindependentfromthedesignteamtoavoidanycontactofinterest.Thedesignreviewprocessisanexchangeofinformationaboutcompetinginterests,goals,andobjectivesthatmustberesolvedinatimelymanner.Agooddesignreviewshouldbecontainthefollowingpoints：Detectproblemsrelatedtoerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciescausedbydesignprocess;Identifyinappropriateconstructionmethodsandmaterialsthatwouldincreaseconstructioncosts;Certifycompliancewithstandards,codes,andregulations;Identifycomponentsandbuildingsystemsthatwouldresultinmakingfacilitiesdifficulttomaintainandoperate;Increaseprojectquality,integration,constructability,andmaintainability;Reduceconstructionchangeorderswithconsequentdeclineinconstructiondelaysassociatedwiththem;Decreasenumberofrequestsforinformationduringconstruction;Acquireknowledgethatcanbeappliedinotherphasesofprojectlifecycle,whichcanimprovereturnsgainedfromthisknowledge;Improveclientsatisfactionandusefulnessofthefacility.DesignReviewBenefitsThedesignreviewprocessisanintegralpartofthequalitymanagementplanforimprovingtheengineeringanddesignfunctions.Severalbenefitsareachievedbyusingthedesignreviewprocessthatdifferentinnaturefromoneanother.Thedesignreviewprocessproducesthreeimmediatebenefits.First,theprocessavoidsfuturecontingenciesbydetectingdesignerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciesbeforetheprojectgoesoutforbid.Asaconsequence,futureclaimsareavoidedand/orfuturedelaysareavoided.Second,thedesignreviewprocessconsiderablyimprovesthequalityofthefacilityand/orcivilworksproject.Thoseimprovementstranslateintofacilitiesthataremorefunctional,haveareducedenvironmentalimpact,andaresaferfortheoccupants.Third,adesignreviewsystemthatincreasesproductivitywillnotonlyreducethecostofaccomplishingthedesignreviewbyreducingthenumberofparticipantsandthetimenecessarytocompletethereviewphases,butwillalsoshortenthefacilitydeliverycycle.Thereduceddeliverydurationwillprovidethecustomerwithbeneficialoccupancyearlier.Earlieroccupancytranslatesintosignificanttotalprojectsavingstothecustomer.DesignReviewProcessSeveraldesignreviewsareoftenconductedduringthedesignphaseofaproject.Thenumberofdesignreviewsforeachprojectdependsuponthesizeoftheproject,thecomplexityandnatureofit,andtheprocurementmethodusedtobuythefacility.Forinstance,reviewmanagersattheCorpsofEngineersestimatethat,onaverage,eachnewdesign/bid/buildconstructionprojecthasthreedesignreviews:conceptdesign,95%design,anddesignsubmit.Fordesign/buildprojects,thenumberofdesignreviewsperprojectisfourorfive:tworeviewsbeforetherequestforproposalandtwoorthreemoreduringdesign.Forsmallprojectsprocuredthroughtraditionalmeans,thenumberofreviewsmaybetwo:the35%designreview,andthe95%designreview.Inatypicalhistoricalapproachfordesignreview,theprocessstartswhenthedesignersubmitsthepreviouslyagreedorpartialdesigntotheprojectmanager,whothendistributescopiesofthesubmittaltoallthemembersofthereviewteam.Participantsinthereviewprocessthensubmitcommentstotheprojectmanagerinvariousformsandformats,whichincludehard-copywrittencomments,faxedcomments,ande-mailcomments.Theprojectmanagerthenreviewsandifnecessarythecommentsandsubmitsthemtothedesignerforaction.Whenthedesignerhascompletedtheresponsetothesecomments,theprojectmanagercallsareviewconferencebetweenallthemembersofthereviewteamandthearchitect/engineer.Priortotheconference,theprojectmanagersendscopiesofthedesigncommentsandthedesignerresponsetoallmembersofthereviewteam.Underthismethodthedesigneranswersthereviewercommentsatthereviewconference.Asaconsequence,allreviewershavetoattendtheconference.Moreover,sincereviewcommentsaresubmittedunformattedandunsorted,thereviewconferencemustbeconductedinaninterdisciplinaryformandthereforemustinvolveallparticipantsfortheentiredurationofthemeeting.DesignReviewAutomationTheCorpsofEngineersrecognizedtheneedtodevelopanautomatedreviewmanagementsystemcapableofsupportingthedesignreviewprocessasearlyasthemid-1980s.Thefocusoftheeffortwastodevelopamainframesystemtosupportthecollection,collation,andexchangeofinformationrequiredtoaccomplishthereviewprocess.Theinitialexperience,althoughpartiallysuccessful,waslimitedbyremoteconnectivitytothemainframeapplication.TherapidgrowthoftheWorldWideWebasaback-bonefore-businesssolutionspromptedareviewandupdateoftheconceptsofremotecollaborationondesignreview。Aseriesoffocusgroupswasheldintheearly1990stoidentifyspecialautomationgoals.Theendingsfromtheseenterprise-widesurveysrevealedtheneedtoimprovefourfunctions:executionofthedesignreview,qualityofthedesign,managementofthereviewprocess,andabilitytocaptureandreusecorporateknowledge.Theinitiallydevelopedmainframe-basedsystemin1986wasreplacedin1998withamuchimprovedWeb-basedsystem,theDesignReviewandCheckingSystem.Thethreekeydesignconsiderationsforthedevelopmentareshownhere:1、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingexecutionofdesignreview:Thesystemmustbereadilyavailable,fullysupported,andwelldocumented;Thesystemmustsupportelectronicsubmissionofcommentstoprojectmanagers;Reviewersmustbeabletoreadotherreviewers'commentsandfollowdiscussions;Commentsmustbeabletobesortedbydisciplines;Designersmustbeabletoanswercommentsdirectlytoreviewersandresolveissuesbeforethereviewconference;Supervisorsmusthavetheabilitytoscreen/scrubreviewercommentsbeforetheyaresubmittedtodesigners.2、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingmanagementofreviewprocess:Thesystemmustsupportreal-timereviewstatusreporting;Thesystemmustfostertheabilitytocommunicatebetweenparticipants.3、Characteristicsnecessaryforsupportofcaptureandreuseofcorporateknowledge:Priorreviewcommentsmustbeeasilyretrievedandreused;Thesystemmustallowcapture,validation,andreuseofapprovedlessonslearnedwhiletheapplicationisbeingused.WebCollaborationasSolutionManyofthedesignrequirementslistedaboveforthedevelopmentofDrCheckswerecenteredontheneedtoeasilyfostercommunicationsbetweendesignreviewparticipants.Theseprocessesarefullydocumented.AtthetimeofinitialdevelopmentofDrChecks,e-businessapplicationswerejustbecomingrecognizedasaviablealternative.Sincethelate1990sthismediumhasshownitsabilitytohostawidevarietyofenterprise-wideapplications.TheWebfosterscollaborationonenterprise-wideapplicationsforavarietyofreasons:1、Centrallyhostedapplicationeasessoftware-maintenanceandeliminatessoftwaredistributionandversioncontrolrequirements;2、Browser-basedaccesssignificantlyreducesneedforend-userapplicationtraining;3、Initialandmaintenanceexpensesforapplicationuser'sinformationtechnologyaresignificantlyreducedwithbrowseraccessedsystems;4、Sincealmost100%ofenterpriseusersalreadyhavee-mail,thiscanbeusedasauniversalconnectivitymedium.ConclusionsAcasestudyreviewoftheactualresultsofusingaWebcollaborationapplicationforthedesignreviewprocesshasshownthisapproachtobeaneffectivewayofimprovingtheprocess.Improvementshavebeenobservedintheareasofdesignreviewmanagement,commentmanagement,anddesignreviewmeetings.Asignificantcostsavings72.5%ofthereviewconferencecosthasbeenfoundtobepossiblewitheachCorpsofEngineersdesignreview.Incombinationwiththeirtightlymanagedreviewprocess,Webcollaborationhasbeenabletoreducetheirdesignreviewissuesidentificationfrom28to17days,andtheactualresolutionofdesignissueshasbeenreducedto28daysfrommanymonths.Inaddition,StateDepartmentusersofWeb-basedcollaborationondesignreviewestimatetheoverallimpactontotalprojectcostisareductionof1/2%.Follow-oneffortstobuilduponthisinitialcollaborativeefforthaveproducedWebapplicationsforrelateddesignactivities,suchasanintegratedlessons-learnedcapture,evaluation,andreuseability,requestforinformation,bidderinquiry,criteriamanagement,andsecuretransfer.通過Web協作改進設計審查摘要:深入分析了網絡協作的影響表明,它是一種非常有效的媒介進行設計審查和提供了許多超過傳統的用手工方法去評論收集和解決問題的方法。結果從兩個聯邦機構顯示的信號來看并不能減少參政黨要求的進行設計評審和數量所需的時間。通過對美國工程兵項目使用web協作來設計審查的的過程進行經濟分析的結果表明，使用web設計審查協作可以節約73%的會議時間和旅行成本。CE數據庫主題詞:互聯網;經濟分析;設計;評論。 概述一個基礎設施建設的過程包含以下幾步：規劃、設計、采購、建設和使用。決定在規劃和設計階段比在決定在構建和使用階段對整個設備的購置成本有著更大的影響。建設和經濟發展委員會報告指出，50%的在建設過程和啟動階段遇到的問題與在設計階段的信息交換管理有關。在構建階段設計機構的改變將導致成本和時間超支。聯邦機構報告，通過正式審查的設計可以大大降低這種設施的總成本。這是因為，在設施建造的過程中原本的設計需要更少的變化和修正。此外，FFC報道，30%-50%的在結構構件階段由于錯誤而做出的改變都與對設計文件的誤解有關。因此，一個正式的設計審查的過程應該包含很多的質量管理計劃以及提供專業的設計管理服務。設計審查的目標現代設施和基礎設施系統是一種相當復雜的系統，在這種設施的設計過程中通常需要一組來自不同地方的專家。對這種全面設計的評價通常都是由團隊經驗豐富的工程師、建筑師、項目經理以及來自不同地方的最終用戶來進行。此外，設計審查應該由一個獨立的團隊來進行，以避免任何利益上的聯系。設計審查是一個關于相互競爭的利益、目標，以及必須及時解決的問題的信息交流的過程。一個好的設計審查過程應該包含以下幾點：檢測在設計過程中出現的錯誤、遺漏和不一致等問題；識別導致建設成本增加的不適當的施工方法和材料；證明符合標準、規范和規定；識別會導致設備難以維護和操作的組件和構建系統；提高工程質量,集成、施工能力和可維護性；減少建設過程中訂單的改變，那么建設過程中延期的現象會隨之下降；減少在施工工程中對信息數量的要求；在項目周期的其他階段獲取知識，可以從這些知識中獲得回報；提高客戶滿意度和建設有用性的設施。設計審查的好處設計審查的過程是實現質量管理計劃和改善設計功能的一個重要組成部分。在不同的項目中進行設計審查的過程會取得不同的好處。設計審查過程有三個直接的好處：首先，這個過程可以避免在項目投標之前由于檢測設計錯誤、遺漏或者不一致的問題導致的未來不可意料的事件發生。因此，也可以避免索賠和工程延期。其次，設計審查的過程可以大大提高設備或者土建工程的質量。這些改進可以轉變為更多多功能的設施，減少環境的影響，使居住者更安全。第三，設計審查系統不僅僅能通過提高效率來降低設計審查的成本、參與者的數量以及完成設計審查的必要時間，而且也可以縮短交付周期。減少交付時間將為客戶提供更早的入住機會。更早的入住就給客戶節約了更多的時間。設計審查過程一個項目在設計階段的時候往往會進行幾個設計評估。為每個項目進行設計審查的數量取決于項目的規模大小、復雜性、本質性和用于購買設備的采購方法。例如，審查經理對工程兵項目的評估，平均而言，沒一個新的設計、報價、建設項目有三個設計評審過程：概念設計、95%設計、設計提交。設計或者建造項目，每個項目需要四個或五個設計評審：在兩個評論之前需要提案和兩個或三個設計方案。對于通過傳統手段獲取的小型項目，評論的數量可能有兩個：35%的設計評審和5%的設計評審。一個通過典型的歷史方法進行的設計審查過程，這個過程開始于設計師提交設計或者部分設計之前，然后項目經理將審查文件提交給審查小組的