霧霾治理中英文對照外文翻譯文獻霧霾治理中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：TheresearchofhazegovernanceissuesMarkusHAbstractHazeisPM2.5particlesfloatingintheatmospheresuchasdust,aerosolparticles,incertainhumidity,temperatureandotherweatherconditionshaverelativelystablestateoftheweatherphenomenon.Fogdisaster,istheresultofairpollutionforalongtime.Howtocontrolairpollutionisoneoftheurgentproblemsfacingmankind.Hazeweathermainlyisthedevelopmentpattern,causedbytheunreasonableindustrialstructureandenergystructure,itsrootsinthefossilenergy,alsoisacoalburning,oneisthefuel,anotherwayismoreextensive,alargeamountofpollutantdischarge,themainreasonsincludetheatmosphericairpressureislow.Thegrounddust,whichislowhumidityoftheair,thegroundandcarflowmakestirupdust.Automobileexhaustishazeisafactor,aswellasthefactoryproducesecondarypollution,etc.Thispapermainlystudiesthetypicalhazeliteratureisreviewed,mainlyanalyzesthecauseofthehazeandfoggovernancecountermeasuresandSuggestions.AndfromtheAngleoftheoreticalanalysis,drawlessonsfromtheintermediatemicroeconomictheory,givestheutilitymaximizationtomaximizethenetincomeandsociallevelsofsmogpollution.Finally,pointedoutthedirectionoffurtherresearch,therootcauseofthehazeinthefuturethemainempiricalresearchisprospected.Keywords:Haze;Literaturereview;Controlmeasures;Experience1IntroductionStudieshaveshownthatrecentstrongfogweatherisatmosphericstability,man-madepollutants,togetherwiththeabundantwatervaporanddust,isanaturalfactorsandhumanfactorscombinedactionofenvironmentalpollutionevent.Becauseofairflowandthelocationoftheadjacent,foginevitablepenetration,diffusion,etc.,nocountry,whichcitycanescapeinthefoghazecoveredlargearea.Allovertheworldhavetakenplaceindifferentlevelsofsmogevent,suchabeautifulenvironmentofthecountry,includingSingaporethereweredifferentdegreesofhazeweather,otherareMalaysia,Indiaandothercountries,hascausedextensiveconcernofthepeopleallovertheworld.Intoday'sincreasinglysocialandeconomicdevelopment,peoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontothesurroundingenvironment.Environmentnotonlyaffectsthefuturedevelopmentofthefoundation,alsoaffectspeople'shealth.Notassuredlaborhealth,humanresourcesrequiredforfurthereconomicdevelopmentbecomesmadrasreflected.Inmeteorology,duetoalargenumberoftinydropsofwaterfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilityislessthan1.0kmiscalledfog;Duetothesmalldrydustparticlesfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilitylessthan10.0kmcalledhaze,sometimescalledgrayhaze.Amixtureofbothiscalledsmog.Andourmainobjectofgovernanceishaze,fogandsomerelativelyminor.Inspiteofthefogdayalsoaffectthesafetyofpeopletravel,butcomparedwithhazecausedbyenvironmentalproblemswillsoonbemuchless.2LiteraturereviewThroughthestudyofresourceandenvironmentaleconomicsasweknow,commandtypegovernancemechanismisoftenlowefficiency.Justusecommandcontrolsuchhighlyregulativetools,notwellplaytheroleofreducingsmog.Thailand'scasestudyispointedoutthatthefailuremodeof"onesizefitsall"isnotconsideringtheregionalheterogeneity,complexityandburningashmotivationsbehind,sotheauthorsuggeststheexperiencesofthelocalcasestudyshouldbeextendedtoplanningandpolicyprocess,strengthentheautonomyoflocalgovernment,strengtheninter-regionalcooperation.Britishscholarsconductedmoredetailedresearch,analysisofthecompositionproblemofashhaze,thehazeformationmechanismhaveamoreclearunderstanding.Theythinktheashhazeweatherthantheashhazeweather,theparticleconcentrationincreases;theamountofwatersolubleinorganicionsintheparticulatematteralsoincreases.Tostudythewatersolublecomponentsofairparticulatescanunderstandthecrucialfactorfortheformationofurbanhaze.Intheprocessofcaseanalysisincities,theythinkthatplaysamainroleintheprocessofparticulatematteristheautomobileexhaustemissions.Throughthestudyofparticulatematter,11differentdiameterrangeisgreyhazeandtheashhazedays,therangeofparticlesinthewatersolubleinorganicanalysiswhichinorganiconmostaffectedbytheformationofhaze.Theyalsocorrectedthepreviousdefinitionofhaze,onlypayattentiontothevisibilityofthepast,donotemphasizethehumidity,thehumidityhaveimportantinfluenceontheformationandcontinuationofhaze.Grayhazeisvisibilitylessthan10kmandhumiditylessthan90%oftheweather.Theresultsoftheempiricalanalysis:grayhazedaysPM1.8/PM10isveryhigh,thevalueofthecorrelationismainlyduetothecoarseparticlesfromthesurfaceisfasterthanthenewlyformedfineparticlesdisperse,reinforcethestabilityoftheweather,andthinboundarylayerphenomenon.Particledistributionintheashhazedaysthanhigherashhazedaya€?speak,3.2-5.6micronsthickparticlepeakthan0.56-1.0mumfineparticulatematterishigher.DuetothesamplingtimeinApril,arelativelyhighwindspeedcanalsohelproaddustsuspended.Root,nitrate,ammoniumsulfateionsisinthehazeformation.Highhumidityhelpstoformdropletsofparticulatematter.Octoberisthemainsourceofparticulatematteraftercornharvestbiomassburning(highashcontentofinorganicioncontent).Potassiumascloudsfreezingnucleiforlowexothermicandvisibilityhassignificanteffect.Suspensionofroaddust,soildust,constructiondustismainlyisthesourceofcalciumandmagnesiumions.PM1.8andPM10intheroot,nitrateandammoniumsulfateintheashhazedaysmore,thereasonisthatrelativelyhighhumiditysulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxideandammoniaaftertherapidtransformationofmulti-phasereaction.Nitrateandsulfuricacidrootmaterialproportioncanbeusedasapollutionfromnon-pointpollutionormobilepollutionindex,becausethecarexhaustemissionsmorenitrogen,andsulfurmorecomefromthecombustionofcoal.AndresearcherssaytheashhazeweatheristhemainreasonisthattheinitialgaspollutantsrapidlyintoinorganicionleadtoPM2.5ofexplosivegrowth,especiallytheburningoffossilfuelsandemissionsincreasednixformation;Metalionsareoxidationcatalysts,nitrogendioxideintheprocessofsulfurdioxideintosulfatealsoplayedtheroleofcatalyst,inorganicsulfide,nitrideionsincreasedtheformationofhaze.Externalreasonisthatstrongcoldairandgeographicalunusualcycleofatmosphericconditions.Airpollutionreduceatmosphericoxidationabilityenhancement,visibility,worseningenvironmentquality.Theconversionprocessbetweenpollutionsourceandsedimentisverycomplex,jointlyaffecttheenvironment.Sulfurdioxide,nitrogenoxideandcarbonmonoxideismainlycomesfromfossilfuelcombustionandemissions,combustionandemissionsofnitrogenoxidesofsulfurdioxideintosulfatehasimportantrole.Inaddition,continuousgrayhazeweather,alsowiththegeographyandatmosphericenvironmentisrelatedtostopthespreadofthecontaminant.Ashhazeweatherlowpressureaccumulationofatmosphericpollutants,hightemperatureandhighhumidity,lowwindspeed,atmosphericboundarylayeristoothin,advectionisthemorecommonform,sharplyreducepollutantdispersioninspace,leadingtoregionalconcentrationsofpollutants,makestheashhazelastalongtime.

3Empiricalstudyofhazepollutioncontrol

3.1Industrialpollution

Oneisstrictlypunishillegalemissions.TheUnitedStateshasastrictpunishmentmeasurestodealwithillegalemissions.Californiarelatedlawsandregulations,suchasillegalemissionswillbefinedforenterprise,themaximumfineof$50000aday,afinetimefromillegalemissionstomeettherequirementsoftherectificationoftheday.,inadditiontothefineandconfiscationofillegalincomeofeconomicbenefits,environmentaldamagewillhavecivilactionandpublicinterestlitigationshallbeinvestigatedforcompensation,themostseverepunishmentcorporatebusinesslicenseisrevoked,greatlyimprovetheillegalcostofenterprises.Thesecondistheenvironmentalpermitsystemdifferentiation,dynamic.Finland'sthirdlargestcitytamperedaccordingtospecificemissionsituationofeachenterpriseallkindsofindustrypollutionpermitsstandard.Supervisionpersonnelandenterprisetechnicalpersonnelrepeatednegotiations,andseektheopinionsofthestakeholdergroups,throughconsultationanddiscussionforapplytospecificenterprisesoftradablepermits.3.2IndustryplanningSingaporegovernmentrequiresmorecloselywithindustrylayoutmustbewiththeenvironmentalplanning,industrialzoneshouldbethenextdirectionandawayfromtheoriginalecologicalsystem.Inaddition,theSingaporeforeachspecificareaoftheenvironmentalfunctionzoning,issuedadetailedenvironmentalqualitystandardsystem,andsetupstrictemissionstandardsforindustrialprojects.Thesecondisthroughcentralheatingco-generationimplementation.InFinland,nearlyalltownsanddenselyarepopulatedareabywayofcogenerationcentralheating.DistributedinallpartsofthecountryofthethermalpowerplantUSESwasteheatpowergenerationheatingwater,toprovidecustomerswithcentralheatingandwashingwithhotwater.Eachresidentialareaofcentralheatingautomaticcontrolcentercanbeadjustedaccordingtothevariationofoutdoortemperatureheatingtemperature.Inthebackwaterheatingpipeheatingbycentralheatingpipelinesbeingsentbacktothethermalpowerplant,theimplementationrecycledafteruse.SwedenisoneoftheArcticCircle,heatingrelationshipbothqualityoflife,andisrelatedtoenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalpollution.Sweden'smostresidentialareaandofficebuildingusecentralheating,heatingfacilitiesoftenhaveoutdoorsensorhead.Indoortemperatureisassumedinacertaintemperature,theamountofheatingcentralheatingastheoutdoortemperaturechangeandadjustment,thismakestheindoortemperatureofSwedenbasicmaintainedpeoplelivingneedstemperaturealltheyearround.Swedendepartmentspecificallysetupenergyconsultantinlocalgovernments,tohelpthefamiliesofdifferentdesigndifferentschemeofenergyuse,includingheating,tominimizehouseholdspending,andatthesametimeprotecttheenvironment.3.3ThecityplanningThantheSwedishcityofHamaresidentsmustsignanecologicalenvironmentalcontractstocheck-in,fullyembodiestheHamathantheconceptofecologicalcity.Motorvehiclepollution,andfirstisthecontrolofmotorvehiclepollution.Motorvehiclepollutionisacomplicatedproblem,andatadeeperleveloftrafficplanningandurbanspacelayout.Singaporethroughthetaxpolicy,vehiclequotasystem,fuelqualitystandards,completeinspectionmaintenancesystem,regionalpassportandaseriesofsystem;Roadcongestioncharges;Busservice,establishandimproveavarietyofpreferentialencouragingpublictransit;Prospectiveofthecomprehensivetrafficplanningisaseriesofmeasuressuchascomprehensivegovernanceofmotorvehiclepollution.Secondistopromotecleanvehiclesandproducttechnologyandmeasures.LosAngelescitygovernmentvigorouslypromotescleanvehicletechnologyandproducttocutpollution.Inaddition,bytaxandtaxincentivestopromotetransportationelectrification,promotetheuseofahybridcar.Thirdistoencouragelowcarbontravel.Hama,itsresidentsareencouragedtousebicycles,electriccarsandbusesandotherlow-carbonwaytotravel.

譯文：

霧霾治理問題研究

MarkusH

摘要

霧霾是漂浮大氣中的PM2.5等尺寸微粒、粉塵、氣溶膠等粒子，在一定的濕度、溫度等天氣條件相對穩定狀態下產生的天氣現象。霧霾災害，是大氣長期污染造成的結果。如何治理大氣污染，是全人類面臨急需解決的問題之一。霧霾天氣主要是發展方式粗放、產業結構和能源結構不盡合理造成的，其根源還在化石能源，一個是燒煤，一個是燃油，另外發展方式比較粗放，排放了大量的污染物，主要原因包括：大氣空氣氣壓低。地面灰塵大，空氣濕度低，地面的人和車流動使灰塵攪動起來。汽車尾氣是是霧霾的一個因素，以及工廠制造出的二次污染等。本文主要對代表性的霧霾研究文獻進行了綜述，主要分析了當前霧霾的成因和霧霾治理的對策建議。并從理論分析的視角，借鑒中級微觀經濟理論，給出了效用最大化和社會凈收益最大化的霧霾污染水平。最后通過指出進一步研究的方向，對未來霧霾主要成因的實證研究進行了展望。

關鍵詞:霧霾;文獻綜述;治理措施；經驗

1引言

研究表明，最近的強霧霾天氣是大氣穩定、人為污染物排放、豐富水汽和浮塵共同作用的結果，是一次自然因素與人為因素共同作用的環境污染事件。由于空氣的流動與區位的相鄰，霧霾必然會發生滲透、擴散等，沒有哪個國家，哪個城市可以在霧霾籠罩的大區域里獨善其身。世界各地都發生了不同程度的霧霾事件，包括新加坡這樣的環境優美的國家，都出現了不同程度的霧霾天氣，其他還有馬來西亞，印度等國家，引起了各國人民的廣泛關注。在社會經濟日益發展的今天，人們越來越重視周邊的環境。環境不僅影響到未來發展的基礎，還影響著人們的健康。勞動力的健康得不到保證，經濟進一步發展所需的人力資源就變成無源之水。在氣象學上，把由于大量微小水滴浮于空中，使水平能見度小于1.0km的稱為霧;由于細微干塵粒浮于空中，使水平能見度小于10.0km的稱為霾，有時形象的稱之為灰霾。兩者的混合就是通常所說的霧霾。而我們要治理的主要對象是霾，而霧相對次要一些。盡管大霧天也影響人們的安全出行，但比起霾所引起的環境問題就要遜色的多。

2文獻綜述

通過資源與環境經濟學的學習我們知道，命令型的治理機制往往效率較低。僅僅利用命令控制這樣高度規制性的工具，不能很好地起到減少霧霾的作用。EdselE.在泰國清邁的案例研究中指出“一刀切”的模式失敗之處在于未考慮各地區的異質性、復雜性和灰分燃燒的背后動因，因此作者建議應將本地案例研究中的經驗推廣到計劃和政策的制定過程中，鞏固本地政府的自治權利，加強跨區域的合作。英國學者進行了更細致的研究，分析了灰霾的組分問題，對霧霾的形成機制有一個更清晰的認識。他們認為灰霾天氣比非灰霾天氣，顆粒物集中度增加，顆粒物中的水溶性無機物離子量也增加。研究空氣顆粒物的水溶性成分可以了解城市灰霾形成的關鍵因素。在城市案例分析中，他們認為顆粒物形成過程中起主要作用的是汽車尾氣排放。通過研究11種不同直徑范圍的顆粒物，比較灰霾天和非灰霾天顆粒物中水溶性無機物的分布范圍，分析哪種無機物對霧霾形成的影響最大。他們還糾正了以往對霾的定義，過去只注重可視度，并不強調濕度，而濕度對霾的形成和延續有重大影響。灰霾指的是可視性低于10公里且濕度小于90%的天氣狀況。實證分析的結果:灰霾天PM1.8/PM10的值相關性非常高，主要是由于來自地層表面的粗顆粒物比新形成的細顆粒物消散的快，穩定的天氣和薄邊界層強化了這一現象。灰霾天的顆粒物分布范圍比非灰霾天峰值更高，3.2－5.6μm的粗顆粒物峰值要比0.56－1.0μm的細顆粒物更高。由于采樣時間在四月，相對較高的風速也有助于道路灰塵懸浮。硫酸根、硝酸、銨離子是在霾中形成。高濕度有助于形成液滴的顆粒物。十月是玉米收獲后顆粒物的主要來源(高灰分的無機離子含量)。鉀為低放熱和云凍結核