PAGE中英文資料翻譯AMaintenanceOptimizationProgramforUtilities’TransmissionandDistributionSystemsABSTRACT:Today,preservingandenhancingsystemreliabilityandreducingoperationsandmaintenancecostsaretopprioritiesforelectricutilities.Assystemequipmentcontinuetoageandgraduallydeteriorate,theprobabilityofserviceinterruptionduetocomponentfailureincreases.Aneffectivemaintenancestrategyisessentialindeliveringsafeandreliableelectricpowertocustomerseconomically.Theobjectiveofthispaperistoprovideaframeworkforapredictive,condition-based,andcosteffectivemaintenanceoptimizationprogramfortransmissionanddistributionsystems.1INTRODUCTIONInprinciple,improvingsystemreliabilityandreducingOperationsandMaintenancecostsaretopprioritiesofelectricutilities.Inanincreasinglycompetitivepowerdeliveryenvironment,electricutilitiesareforcedtoapplymoreproactivemethodsofutilityassetmanagement.OneofthemaincomponentsofelectricpowerdeliveryassetmanagementisthecapitalbudgetingandOperationsandMaintenanceofexistingfacilities.Sinceinmanycasesthecostofconstructionandequipmentpurchasesarefixed,OperationsandMaintenanceexpendituresistheprimarycandidateforcostcuttingandpotentialsavings.Assystemequipmentcontinuetoageandgraduallydeteriorate,theprobabilityofserviceinterruptionduetocomponentfailureincreases.Electricutilitiesareconfrontedwithmanychallengesinthisneweraofcompetition:risingOperationsandMaintenancecosts,growingdemandonsystems,maintaininghighlevelsofreliabilityandpowerquality,andmanagingequipmentaging.Therefore,thehealthofequipmentisofutmostimportancetotheindustrybecauserevenuesareaffectedbytheconditionofequipment.Whendemandishighandequipmentisinworkingorder,substantialrevenuescanberealized.Onthecontrary,unhealthyequipmentcanresultinserviceinterruption,customerdissatisfaction,lossofgoodwill,andeventuallossofcustomers.Aneffectivemaintenancestrategyisessentialtodeliveringsafeandreliableelectricpowertocustomerseconomically.2RELIABILITYCENTEREDMAINTENANCE(RCM)Duringthelate1960’s,theaircraftindustrywasonthevergeofmanufacturingthefirst“jumbojets”.Thenew747’swerethreetimesthesizeofanyotherpassengerjetscurrentlyintheair.Therecognizedsizeofthe747,itsnewengines,anditsmanytechnologyadvancesinstructures,avionics,andthelike,allledtoFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toinitiallytakethepositionthatpreventivemaintenanceonthe747wouldbeveryextensive–soextensive,infact,thattheairlinescouldnotlikelyoperatethisairplaneinaprofitablefashion.ThisproblemledtheaircraftindustrytocompletelyreevaluateitsPMprogram.Whatresultedfromthiseffortwasawholenewapproachthatemployedadecision-treeprocessforrankingPMtasksthatwerenecessarytopreservecriticalaircraftfunctionsduringflight[3].ThisnewtechniquewaseventuallyapprovedbytheFAAandsoonthereafterevolvedintowhatisknownasReliabilityCenteredMaintenance(RCM).RCMusedbytheairlineindustryledtomajorreductioninlabor,materialcostandinventorycost.Furtheritappliedtonuclearpowerindustryinthe1980’s.Today,RCMisthemaintenancetechniqueofchoiceformanyindustriesincludingpowerindustries.UnliketheairlineindustrywhichhadtheadvantageofbeingabletoworkwithmanufacturerstocreateanRCMprogramforanewgenerationofequipment,theutilityindustry,especiallytheelectricpowergenerationindustry,hashadtoadoptRCMasamodificationoflong-establishedmaintenancepracticesatexistingplants[4].DespitethecostsassociatedwiththeimplementationoftheseRCMprogramsin“midstream”,theyhavebeenfoundtopayforthemselvesinveryshortorder.RCM,ashasbeenmainlyappliedtonuclearpowerplants,oftenrequiresthelargestamountofmaintenancebecauseofsafetyandenvironmentalconsiderations.However,withthesesuccessfulprogramsnowoperating,fossilpowerplantsandpowertransmissionanddistributionsystemshaverecentlybeengettingintothemix.Becausethesefacilitiesfacealessrestrictiveregulatoryenvironment,theyshouldbeabletodirectlyapplythestreamlinesformsofRCMmuchmoreeasily,thusreducingtheimplementationcosts.ThefirststepinrevampingamaintenanceprogramistoimplementanRCMapproachwhichwillhelpestablishprioritiesforanewprogram.Specifically,RCMisasetofmethodsandtoolsaimedathelpingautilitytodeterminetheminimumsetofpreventivemaintenancetasksnecessarytoappropriatelyaddresscriticalequipmentfailureswithoutcompromisingservicereliability.RCMisastructuredprocessusedtodetermineoptimalmaintenancerequirementsforequipmentinaparticularoperatingenvironment.Itcombinesthestrategiesofcorrectivemaintenance,preventivemaintenanceandpredictivemaintenance,andappliesthesestrategieswhereeachisappropriate,basedontheconsequenceandfrequencyoffunctionalfailures.Thiscombinationproducesamaintenanceprogramwhichoptimizesbothreliabilityandcosteffectiveness.Formajorpiecesofequipment,suchaspowertransformers,RCMmayindicatethatpredictivemaintenanceisanattractiveoption,giventhedecreasingcostofsensoranddiagnostictechnologyandtheincreasingcostofrunningtheequipmenttofailure.RCMisacondition-basedmaintenanceprogramthatfocusesonpreventingfailuresthatarelikelytobethemostserious.RCMandPredictiveMaintenance(PDM)analysescomplementeachother,andwhentheyareperformedconcurrently,offeranexcellentapproachtomaintenanceoptimization.Inthelastfewyears,thesophisticationofmonitoringequipmentonthemarketandthefallingpriceofelectronicsandcomputershavemadetheon-sitemonitoringapplicationsacosteffectivereality.TheverybasicconceptsandunderlyingprinciplesoftheRCMcanbeexplainedveryeasily.Itsmainmethodologycanbereducedtothefollowingfourpoints:1)preservesystemfunctions2)identifydominantfailuremodes3)prioritizefunctionneedssothatbudgetcanbefocusedonpreservingmostcriticalfunctions4)selectonlyapplicableandeffectivemaintenancetasksSomeofthebenefitsofRCMare:1)Reducesmajorcorrectiveactions2)Eliminatesunnecessaryoverhaulsandroutinetasksthatprovidelittlebenefits3)Optimizesthefrequencyofrequiredoverhauls4)Increasesuseofpredictivetechnologythathelpwithresourceplanning5)Decreasesuseofintrusivetasksthatcaninduceequipmentfailures6)Improvescost-effectivenessofroutinetasks7)Createsdocumentedtechnicalbasesformaintenanceprograms8)Allowseasyimplementationbyincorporatingexistingmaintenancepracticesthathaveproventobecost-effective9)ProcessesKnowledge,communications,andteamworkInexpensivesolidstatesensorsarebeingdeveloped,forexample,thatcanbeinsertedintransformeroiltodetectthepresenceofgasesproducedwheninsulationbeginstodeteriorate.Oncetheinformationfrompredictivemaintenancetechnologybecomesavailable,itneedstobeintegratedwithon-linedatafromacrossapowernetworkandfromhistoricalrecords.3NEWTECHNOLOGIESTherearemanytechnologiesavailabletoday,andseveralnewmethodsarebeinginvestigatedtodeterminetheequipmentcondition[5].Thefollowingarejustafewapplicationsformonitoringpowerdeliveryequipment:UltrasonicNoiseAnalysisThepresenceoftonesintheultrasonicrangecanbeanindicationofleaksofair,gas,steam,andvacuum.Ultrasonicnoisecanbeemittedasaresultoffrictionbetweenmovingparts.PartialDischargeDetectionThistechnologyemploysanelectricalsensortodetecttheinitialinsulationbreakdowninelectricalequipmentsuchasinsulatorsandterminators.Partialdischargedetectionisusedtodetectincipientfailuresbeforesignificantdamageoccurs.TransformerGas-in-OilAnalysisThisisneededtokeepthetransformeron-lineasmuchaspossible.Oneindicatorofabnormalitiesisthedissolvedgascontentinthetransformeroil.Certaingaslevelscanindicateaging,theneedformaintenance,orpotentialfailure.InfraredThermographyThermographysurveysinvolvingtheuseofaninfraredcameratodetecthotspotsinlargemotorsusedinpowerplants.SoundIntensityMeasurementSoundIntensityMeterisneededtoidentifypotentialproblemsinequipmentandrecordthehistoricalchangesinsoundandoutputofequipmentFortransmissionanddistributionsystems,sensorssuchastransformerfaultgasanalyzermightprovetobebeneficial.Thisdeviceprovidesreal-timemeasurementofthefourkeygasesassociatedwithfaultcurrentsintransformer:carbonmonoxide,hydrogen,acetylene,andethylene.Thenextstepistoincorporateanadditionalsensortodetectthepresenceofmoisturewhichcanreducedielectricstrengthandleadtofailure.Thiswillbeusedwithanotherdevicethatmeasuresthetransformerloadingsothattheevolutionofkeygasesandmoisturecanbecharacterizedasafunctionoftheload.Withthemoisturesensorandloadcurrentmonitorwecandevelopaccuratecriteriaforloadingtransformersunderstressfulconditionsratherthanhavingtorelyontheoverlyconservativeratingsnowprovided.4PROPOSEDINTEGRATEDAPPROACHAnintegratedapproachfortransmissionanddistributionsystemswouldensurethatequipmentorsubsystemsleadingtoserveaparticularloadwouldreceiveuniformandconsistentlevelofmaintenanceinalldepartments,thusenhancingandoptimizingthemaintenanceprocess.Inordertoestablishamaintenanceprogram,theRCMprocessneedstobethedrivingpoint.Figure2.Showsdifferentstrategiesrequiredforamaintenanceoptimizationprogram.TheclassicalRCMprocessinvolvesidentifyingthesystemstobestudied,theirfunctions,functionalfailures,failuremodes,failurecauses,andthemaintenancetaskselectio.Themostcriticalpiecesofequipmentwhichaffecttheoverallfunctionofthesystemneedtobeidentified.Inotherwords,weneedtoidentifyequipmentwithsevereconsequenceswhenfailed.Also,criticalcustomersandtheequipmentleadingtotheirloadsneedtobeidentified.Allequipmentaffectingthesecustomersneedtobeanalyzed,andthemostcriticalpiecesofequipmentshouldbedetermined.Wealsoneedtounderstandthecustomerneedsintermsofreliability,safety,powerquality,cost,etc.Theseattributesmustbeweightedtodeterminetheoptimummaintenancepolicytodealwiththesecustomers.Inordertooptimizetheutilities’maintenanceprogram,allrelevantinformationmustbeusedtomosteffectivelyinitiate,schedule,track,record,andanalyzemaintenancetasks.Anopencommunicationprotocolthatenablesvariousmonitoringdevices(regardlessofthemanufacturer)totalktoeachother,withutilityoffices,andwithcontrolcenterswouldbestsuittheneedsofelectricutilitiesbyintegratingvariousdatasourcesandothersoftwaremodules.Currently,manylargeutilityorganizationsperformsomeequipmentdiagnostictests.Manyhavecomputerizedtheirmaintenanceworkmanagementfunctionsincludingretainingmaintenancehistories,loggingsignificantoperationalactivities,andmaintainingalibraryofdesigninformationforequipment.Thepropercommunication,integrationandanalysisofallofthisinformationwouldresultinmoreaccuraterecommendationsconcerningwhentoperformmaintenanceand/orhowtooperateaspecificpieceofequipment.Atypicalproblemintheindustryisthat,attimes,alargeamountofdataiscollectedbutitisnotintegratedandprocessedexpedientlyforaquickevaluation.ThisresultsintheinabilitytomakeimmediateOperationsandMaintenances,therebyaddingcostforthecollectionofdatawhilefailingtoprovidecostbenefitwhichcouldhavebeenrealized.Otherfactorsthatmaycontributetomaintenanceimprovementare:applicationofinexpensivesensortechniquesandeffectivediagnosticstomaintainequipment’shealth;datacoordinationfrommultiplesourcesforanalysisanddecisionmaking;asystemforefficientexchangeofinformationacrossT&Dandsubstations;andexperiencedpooloftrainedprofessionals.Themanagementshouldbepreparedtoinvestinstaffandhardware/softwaretoactivelymanagethemaintenanceprogram.AteamapproachtoRCMmustberetainedandtheconceptofRCMmustbeacceptedintheorganization.Inordertouseappropriatesoftwareandhardware,educationandtrainingeffortsshouldbeanintegralpartofthisprocess.Theunderstandingofthebasicsofutility’smaintenanceprogramandtheworkingknowledgeofthetoolsrequiredbythestaffmustbeassured.Thekeytosustainingasuccessfulmaintenanceprogramisthedevelopmentofaprocessthatwillensurethecontinuanceofmaintenanceprogramoveralongperiodoftime.Itisnecessarytoperiodicallyreviewandupdatethemaintenanceprogramusingastructuredmethod.5CONCLUSIONToday,cuttingoperationsandmaintenancecostsandpreservingservicereliabilityarethetopprioritiesformanagersofutilitytransmissionanddistributionsystems.TheconceptofRCMissoundandshouldprovideutilitieswithastructuredapproachtoamaintenanceprogramwithanoptimumbalancebetweencostofmaintenanceandreliabilityimprovement.RCMandPDManalysescomplementeachother,andwhenperformedsimultaneously,offeranexcellentapproachtomaintenanceoptimization.

一種實(shí)用的輸配電系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)優(yōu)化計(jì)劃摘要：今天，維護(hù)和提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性和降低運(yùn)營和維護(hù)成本是電力的首要任務(wù)。由于系統(tǒng)設(shè)備繼續(xù)老化，并逐漸惡化，由于組件故障增加的服務(wù)中斷的概率。一個有效的維護(hù)策略是在提供安全可靠的電力客戶經(jīng)濟(jì)所必需的。本文的目的是提供一個預(yù)測，條件為基礎(chǔ)的框架，且成本有效的維護(hù)，輸電和配電系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化方案。1引言原則上，提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性和降低運(yùn)營和維護(hù)成本是電力的重中之重。在競爭日益激烈的電力輸送環(huán)境，電力公司被迫申請實(shí)用資產(chǎn)管理更加積極主動的方法。的電力交貨資產(chǎn)管理的主要組成部分之一，是資本預(yù)算和現(xiàn)有設(shè)施的。由于在許多情況下，建設(shè)和設(shè)備采購的成本是固定的，運(yùn)營和維護(hù)的支出為削減成本和潛在的儲蓄的主要候選人。由于系統(tǒng)設(shè)備繼續(xù)老化，并逐漸惡化，由于組件故障增加的服務(wù)中斷的概率。電力公司都面臨著許多挑戰(zhàn)，在這種競爭的新時代：上升的成本，系統(tǒng)上的需求不斷增長，保持高可靠性和電能質(zhì)量水平和管理設(shè)備老化。因此，健康的設(shè)備是由設(shè)備條件的影響，因?yàn)槭杖胄袠I(yè)至關(guān)重要。當(dāng)需求高和設(shè)備的工作秩序，豐厚的收入可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。相反，不健康的設(shè)備可能會導(dǎo)致服務(wù)中斷，顧客不滿，善意的損失，并最終失去客戶。提供安全可靠的電力客戶經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的維護(hù)策略是必不可少的。前二戰(zhàn)時期期間，產(chǎn)業(yè)是不是非常高度機(jī)械化，因此停機(jī)時間的影響并不十分顯著。此外，設(shè)備簡單容易解決，公司的表現(xiàn)主要是糾正性維護(hù)（CM）。郵政第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，直到20世紀(jì)70年代中期的時代，提高機(jī)械化導(dǎo)致更紛繁復(fù)雜的設(shè)備。公司已開始大量依靠此設(shè)備。這種依賴導(dǎo)致的預(yù)防性維護(hù)（PM）的概念。下午，在1960年，主要包括在固定的時間間隔進(jìn)行設(shè)備大修。此外，這臺設(shè)備的成本增加，導(dǎo)致管理開始尋找方法來提高這些資產(chǎn)的生命。最新的時代開始了與中航工業(yè)在早期到1970年代中期。在想，以確保設(shè)備持續(xù)盡可能長的正確和經(jīng)營的企業(yè)造成新的高度機(jī)械化設(shè)備的巨額費(fèi)用。這個時代，也標(biāo)志著在提高安全意識（尤其是在航空業(yè)）和環(huán)境后果。越來越多，發(fā)生故障的安全或環(huán)境的危害。所有這一切導(dǎo)致的維修費(fèi)用的增加。在某些行業(yè)，維護(hù)成本代表的第二個最高甚至經(jīng)營成本最高的組件。維護(hù)策略：在一般情況下，維護(hù)計(jì)劃或無計(jì)劃.糾正性維修是一種被動的戰(zhàn)略，這是無計(jì)劃和故障發(fā)生后，正在開展。我們的目的是恢復(fù)一個項(xiàng)目到一個國家能夠履行其所需的功能。計(jì)劃中的維護(hù)策略在本質(zhì)上是積極的，可分為兩組：預(yù)防和狀態(tài)監(jiān)測。有時也被稱為預(yù)定的預(yù)防性維護(hù)，定期進(jìn)行維護(hù)。這個類別下，可以選擇有四個基本任務(wù)：時間導(dǎo)演的任務(wù)涉及到的操作數(shù)，工作時間，或季節(jié)性變化。未能發(fā)現(xiàn)是用于識別設(shè)備故障不屬于明顯的經(jīng)營人員（隱性故障）。通常用于保護(hù)設(shè)備。條件導(dǎo)演適用的情況時，設(shè)備條件達(dá)到了一個極限，或者續(xù)令人滿意操作時不能保證。它可以防止早期失效，成為真正的失敗。運(yùn)行故障是一個選擇的選項(xiàng)，只有在不能確定的事件，技術(shù)上是正確的，符合成本效益的任務(wù)。當(dāng)它認(rèn)為有必要的基礎(chǔ)上定期檢查，診斷測試或其他狀態(tài)監(jiān)測手段，進(jìn)行了預(yù)測性維修（PDM）。狀態(tài)監(jiān)測是用來預(yù)測設(shè)備故障監(jiān)測或診斷活動。2以可靠性為中心的維修（RCM）在20世紀(jì)60年代末，中航工業(yè)在生產(chǎn)第一“的大型噴氣式客機(jī)”的邊緣。新747的三倍大小目前在空氣中的其他客機(jī)。747，新的發(fā)動機(jī)，其結(jié)構(gòu)，航空電子設(shè)備，并像所有聯(lián)邦航空管理局（FAA）最初采取的立場，即747預(yù)防性維護(hù)將是非常廣泛的，很多技術(shù)進(jìn)步公認(rèn)的大小如此廣泛，事實(shí)上，航空公司不可能在一個有利可圖的方式經(jīng)營這架飛機(jī)。這個問題導(dǎo)致飛機(jī)制造業(yè)完全重新評估它的PM計(jì)劃。是什么導(dǎo)致這方面的努力是一種全新的方式，聘請排名PM任務(wù)，必要時要保留的關(guān)鍵飛機(jī)飛行[3]功能決定樹的過程。這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，最終由美國聯(lián)邦航空局的批準(zhǔn)，不久發(fā)展到什么是已知的可靠性為中心的維修（RCM）的。德盛導(dǎo)致主要勞動力，原材料成本和庫存成本降低航空業(yè)使用。此外，它適用于在1980年的核電產(chǎn)業(yè)。今天，RCM是許多行業(yè)，包括電力行業(yè)選擇的維修技術(shù)。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能夠與制造商合作，創(chuàng)建一個為新一代設(shè)備的RCM方案不同的是航空業(yè)，公用事業(yè)行業(yè)，尤其是發(fā)電行業(yè)，已采取作為一個歷史悠久的修改德盛現(xiàn)有電廠的維修方法。盡管在“中游”德盛計(jì)劃的實(shí)施有關(guān)的費(fèi)用，他們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在很短的時間內(nèi)支付。RCM，已被主要應(yīng)用于核電廠，往往需要最大的維修量，因?yàn)榘踩铜h(huán)境方面的考慮。然而，這些成功的方案現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營，化石發(fā)電廠和輸電和配電系統(tǒng)，最近已進(jìn)入混合。因?yàn)檫@些設(shè)施都面臨著一個不太嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管環(huán)境，他們應(yīng)該能夠直接適用簡化RCM的形式更容易，從而降低了實(shí)施成本。改造維修方案的第一步是要落實(shí)在RCM的方法幫助建立一個新的方案的優(yōu)先次序。具體來說，RCM是一套旨在幫助一個實(shí)用程序來確定一套最低限度的預(yù)防性維修任務(wù)，要妥善處理關(guān)鍵設(shè)備故障不影響服務(wù)的可靠性的方法和工具。RCM是一種結(jié)構(gòu)化的過程，在一個特定的經(jīng)營環(huán)境，以確定最佳的設(shè)備維護(hù)要求。它結(jié)合了糾正性維護(hù)，預(yù)防性維護(hù)和預(yù)測性維護(hù)策略，并適用于這些策略是適當(dāng)?shù)?，其中每個功能失敗的后果和頻率的基礎(chǔ)上。這種結(jié)合產(chǎn)生的維修計(jì)劃，優(yōu)化可靠性和成本效益。對于重大件設(shè)備，電力變壓器，如RCM可能表明，預(yù)測性維修是一個有吸引力的選擇，傳感器和診斷技術(shù)和運(yùn)行設(shè)備故障增加了成本的降低成本。RCM是一個基于條件的維護(hù)計(jì)劃，重點(diǎn)是防止有可能是最嚴(yán)重的失敗。RCM和預(yù)測維修（PDM）的分析相得益彰，當(dāng)它們同時執(zhí)行，維護(hù)優(yōu)化提供了一個極好的方法。在過去的幾年中，監(jiān)測設(shè)備市場上的成熟，電子和計(jì)算機(jī)的價(jià)格下降了現(xiàn)場監(jiān)測應(yīng)用具有成本效益的現(xiàn)實(shí)?？梢院苋菀捉忉尩幕靖拍詈突驹瓌t的RCM。其主要方法可以歸結(jié)為以下四點(diǎn)：1）保護(hù)系統(tǒng)功能

2）確定主要失效模式

3）優(yōu)先功能的需求，使預(yù)算可以集中保存最關(guān)鍵的功能

4）選擇只適用和有效的維護(hù)任務(wù)

RCM