優點英語第07講動詞與情態動詞動詞和動詞短語一、定義與分類表示動作或狀態的詞叫做動詞。動詞決定著句子意思的表達，同時又決定著句子的語法結構。1.根據動詞在句中的功能，動詞可分為四類，分別是:實義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態動詞。*說明:很多動詞是兼類詞。如:Wearehavingameeting.我們正在開會。(have是實義動詞，意為“舉行、進行”。)HehasgonetoNewYork.他已去紐約。(have是助動詞，幫助構成現在完成時。)2.根據動詞后是否帶有賓語，可分為及物動詞與不及物動詞兩類(英語縮寫形式分別為vt.和vi.)，及物動詞后帶賓語，不及物動詞后不帶賓語。*說明:同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞，有時可用作不及物動詞。如:Shecandanceandsing，她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動詞，不帶賓語。)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動詞，跟manyEnglishsongs作賓語。)常見的不及物動詞有:apolopize,appear,arrive,come,go,run,walk,die,fall,flow,happen,rise,stay,sit,lie,stand等。實義動詞又可分為延續性動詞和非延續性動詞:持續性動詞(延續動詞) 表示一種可以持續的行為過程或狀態。drink,eat,fly,have,keep,know,lie,live,play,rain,read,run,sing.sleep,smoke, snow,stand.talk,wait.walk,wear,work非延續性動詞(終止動詞) 表示行為或過程是在短暫瞬間完成的。admit,arrive,begin,borrow,buy,break ,close,come,die,fall,go,hit,join,jump,leave,lose,marry,open,put,start,stop,lay動詞根據是否受主語的人稱和數的限制，可分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩類。如:·Shesingsverywell.她唱得很好。(sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數形式sings。)ShewantstolearnEnglishwell她想學好英語。(tolearn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動詞。)*說明:英語中共有三種非謂語動詞:動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞，根據動詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是:單字詞、短語動詞、動詞短語。如:·TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.英語里有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。(contains是單字動詞。)Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries.學生們學會查字典。(lookup是短語動詞。)Theyoungoughttotakecareoftheold.年輕人應照料老人。(takecareof是動詞短語。)動詞有五種基本形式:原形、第三人稱單數形式、過去式、過去分詞、-ing形式。如:look---looks---looked---looked---lookingnotice---notices---noticed--noticed---noticing二、系動詞系動詞亦稱連系動詞(LinkVerb)，作為系動詞，它本身有詞義但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語)，構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特征等。"說明:有些系動詞又是實義動詞，該動詞表達實義時，有詞義，可單獨作謂語。如:·Hefellillyesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系動詞，后跟表語ill，說明主語情況。Hefellofftheladder，他從梯子上摔下來。(fell是實義動詞，單獨作謂語。1.狀態系動詞:用來陳述事實，表示主語狀態，只有be一詞。如:·Heisateacher.(is與表語一起說明主語的身份。)Shewasunhappyyesterday.(was與表語unhappy一起說明主語的狀態。)持續系動詞:用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度。主要有:keep,stay,remain,lie,stand,hold,rest,continue。如:·Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterrestsamystery.表像系動詞，表示“看起來像”，有:seem,appear,look等。如:Helookstired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.感官系動詞，感官系動詞主要有:look，feel，smell，sound，taste。如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.變化系動詞，這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有:become，grow，turn，fall,get，go，come，run。如:Hebecamemadafterthat.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.Itisgettinghotter.終止系動詞，表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove，turnout，表達“證實”，“變成”“最終表明”之意。如:·Therumorprovedfalse·Thesearchproveddifficult.Hisplantunedoutasuccess.(turnout表終止性結果)【注意】1.有些連系動詞與形容詞的搭配較為固定，如:cometrue(變成現實)，drawnear(臨近)，fallasleep(入睡)，fallill(生病)，gobad(變質)，gomad(發瘋)，gohungry(挨餓)，gowrong(出毛病)，getlost(迷路)，getready(準備好)，keepcalm(保持冷靜)，keepcleanandtidy(保持整潔)makecertain(確認)，makesure(確信)，rundry(干枯)，standfirm(不讓步)，standstill(站著不動)Ifyoucomecleanaboutwhathappened,Iwillpromisetokeepittomyself.發生了什么事你都告訴我，我保證不會對別人講的。Thepredictioniscomingtrue.Somethingwentwrongwiththecomputer.Thechargesofwaterandelectricitywillfallduetomorrow;don'tforgettopayit.水電費到明天就到期了，別忘記交。2.seem，appear，prove，turnout,等連系動詞后可接tobe，也可不接(tobe)后如果是名詞且無形容詞修飾，tobe常不省)。Sheseemed(tobe)anhonestwoman·Sheseemedtobeanurse.·Sheappears(tobe)asleep.Thepartyturnedout(tobe)verysuccessful.三、助動詞1.協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞的詞叫助動詞。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞。助動詞自身無詞義，不可單獨使用。如:Hedoesn'tlikeEnglish.(doesn't是助動詞，無詞義;like是主要動詞，有詞義)動完成下功用(1)表示時態。如:Heissinging.(構成正在進行時)Hehasgotmarried.(構成現在完成時)(2)表示語態。如:HewassenttoEngland.(3)構成疑問句。如:Doyoulikecollegelife?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?與not合用，構成否定句。如:·Idon'tlikehim.(5)加強語氣。如:Docometothepartytomorrowevening·Hedidknowthat.最常用的助動詞有:be，have，do，shall，will，should，would等。4.助動詞的用法:(1)助動詞be的用法①構成進行時態:be+現在分詞。如:·Theyarehavingameeting.Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.②構成被動語態:be+過去分詞。如:·ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom.Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.③be+動詞不定式，可表示下列內容:a.表示最近、未來的計劃或安排。如:HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..Wearetoteachthefreshmen.*說明:這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態表達法。但其體現了決心和不可更改之意。b.表示命令、安排等。如:Youaretoexplainthis.Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.d.征求意見。如:HowamItoanswerhim?·Whoistogothere?e.表示相約、商定。如:Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.f.表示“注定會..”。如:Tomistoocareless.soheistofail.Tom太粗心了，所以他注定會失敗。(2)助動詞have的用法①構成完成時態:have+過去分詞。如:·HehasleftforLondon.Bytheendoflastmonththeyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork到上個月底，他們已經完成了半數工作。②構成完成進行時:have+been+現在分詞。如:·IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.③構成被動語態的完成式:have+been+過去分詞。如:·EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.(3)助動do的用法①構成一般疑問句。如:DoyouwanttopasstheCET?·DidyoustudyGerman?②do+not構成否定句。如:.Idonotwanttobecriticized，我不想挨批評。Hedoesn'tliketostudy.Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish過去，很多學生不知道英語的重要性。③構成否定祈使句。如:·Don'tgothere.Don'tbesoabsent-minded*說明:構成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does④放在動詞原形前，加強該動詞的語氣。如:Docometomybirthdayparty.一定要來我的生日派對。Ididgothere.我的確去過那兒。Idomissyou.我真的想你。⑤用于倒裝句。如:NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我從未聽說過這樣的事情。OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish只有當開始我們的大學生活，我們才意識到英語的重要性。*說明:引起此類倒裝句的副詞有never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,little，onlyso，well等。EQ\o\ac(○,6)用作代動詞。例如:----DoyoulikeBeijing?----Yes,Ido.(do作代動詞，代替likeBeijing.)助動詞shall和will的用法。Shall/will作助動詞可與動詞原形構成一般將來時。如:·IshallstudyharderatEnglish.·HewillgotoShanghai.*說明:在過去的語法中，助動詞時shal1用于第一人稱，will只用于第二、第三人稱。現在，尤其在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但作助動詞時shall只用于第一人稱，若用于第二、第三人稱就是情態動詞，試比較:Heshallcome.他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)Hewillcome.他要來。(will與動詞原形構成一般將來時。)(5)助動should,would的用法EQ\o\ac(○,1)should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構成過去將來時，只用于第一人稱。如:ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.昨天我給他打電話問我下周做什么。比較:“WhatshallIdonextweek?"Iasked.(shall變成間接引語時，變成should。)EQ\o\ac(○,2)would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構成過去將來時，用于第二、第三人稱。如:Hesaidhewouldcome.比較:"Iwillgo,"hesaid.(will變成間接引語時，變成了Hesaidhewouldcomewill變成wouldgo變成come。)情態動詞定義：表示說話人的態度和語氣的動詞，本身有一定的詞義，但不能單獨作謂語，和后面的動詞原形共同構成謂語。情態動詞包括：can(could),may(might),must,haveto,shall(should,will(would),dare(dared),need(needed),oughtto等。特點：1.各個情態動詞自身都有一定的詞義。2.情態動詞不能在句中獨立擔當謂語。3.情態動詞在句中不受任何人稱，性，數變化的影響。4.情態動詞后接的不定式（除ought外）都不帶to，即接動詞原形。一、can和could1.“能夠”，表示能力（體力、知識、技能）can的過去式是could。Tooursurprise,shecandriveacarbutcan’trideabicycle.Hecouldspeakseverallanguageswhenhewasyoung.2.“能夠”，表示建議或請求他人許可。---CanIgonow?---Yes,youcan./No,youcan’t.此時可與may互換。在疑問句中還可用could,might代替，不是過去式，只是語氣更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答語中。---CouldIcometoseeyoutomorrow?---Yes,youcan.(No,I’mafraidnot.)3.表示推測（驚訝、懷疑、不相信的態度），用于疑問句、否定句和感嘆句中。Hecan’tbesleepingnow,forthelightison.Canthisbetrue?4.canbe+形容詞，表示“有時會”Itcanbeashotas40℃inmyhometowninsummer.5.beableto通常表示能做并且已經做了的事，can/could僅表示能力。如：Iwasabletoswimtothebankwhentheshipsank.Icouldlifttheheavybox.二、may/might1.表示請求和允許。might比may語氣更委婉，而不是過去式。否定回答時可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。---Might/MayIsmokeinthisroom?---No,youmustn’t.MightIaskaquestion?2.表示可能性。might的可能性較小。Thephoneisringing.ItmaybeTom.Hesaidhewouldphoneme.Itmightbetrue.Yourmothermay/mightnotknowthetruth.3.用于祈使句，表示祝愿。Mayyousucceed!4.may/mightaswell“不妨，最好”Iamtoobusynow.Youmayaswellaskhimforhelp.我現在太忙了，你不妨去求助于他。三、shall/should/oughttoshall的用法1.shall用于一、三人稱，表示征求對方的意見。Shallwegotothecinematonight?今晚去看電影好不好？2.shall用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。1）.Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkhard.(警告)2）.HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishit.(允諾)3）.Heshallbepunished.(威脅)should的用法1.“應該”-----表示建議或勸告Youshouldgiveupsmoking.2.“應該”-----表示推測It’stoolate.Heshouldbesleepingnow.3.表示一種驚訝語氣，譯為“竟然，居然”Iamsoshockedthatheshouldtalktohisparentslikethat.他竟然那樣對父母講話，太讓我震驚了。oughtto表示“應該”，更強調一種責任或義務Westudentsoughttoofferourseatstotheoldwhentakingabus.在公四、will/would1)表示請求、建議等，would更委婉。Will/Wouldyoupassthedictionarytome,please?2)表示意志、愿望和決心。1.Iwillneverdothatagain.2.Theyaskedhimifhewouldgoabroad.3)would表示過去反復發生的動作或某種傾向。would表示過去習慣時比usedto正式，且沒有“現已無此習慣”的含義。1.Duringthevacation,hewouldvisitmeeveryotherday.2.Thewoundwouldnotheal.4)表示某種傾向性Fishwilldiewithoutwater.Thedoorwon’topen.五、must1.表示必要性。如：Allpassengersinthebusmustwearseatbelts.2.must構成的一般疑問句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t或者don'thaveto。如：—Mustwefinishourworktoday?—Yes，youmustfinishitasquicklyaspossible.(一No，youdon'thaveto/No，youneedn'tb3.must的否定形式mustn't表示“禁止，不許”。如：Youmustn'tenterthestadiumwithoutaticket.表示“偏要”，常用于疑問句中，表示說話人的反感或厭煩。如：Mustyouplaythepianoatsuchalatetime?It'smidnight.六、need/dare1)dare作情態動詞用時,常用于疑問句、否定句和條件從句中,過去式形式為dared。1．HowdareyousayI’munfair?2．Hedaren’tspeakEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,darehe?3．Ifwedarednotgotherethatday，wecouldn’tgetthebeautifulflowers.2)need作情態動詞用時,常用于疑問句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto,should代替。1．Youneedn’tcomesoearly.2.---NeedIfinishtheworktoday?---Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.3)dare和need作實義動詞用時，有人稱、時態和數的變化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接帶to的不定式。在疑問句和否定句中，dare后面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。而need后面只能接帶to的不定式。1.Idaretoswimacrossthisriver.2.Hedoesn’tdare(to)answer.3.Heneedstofinishhishomeworktoday.情態動詞+havedone的用法總結1.couldhavedone表示“本來能做但卻沒做”。couldn’thavedone多用于語氣強烈的否定,意為“過去不可能做過”eg：（1）Hecouldhavepassedtheexam,buthewastoocareless.他本來能夠及格的，但是他太粗心了。（2）Theaccidentcouldhavebeenavoided;thedrivercouldn’thavesloweddown.這事故本來是可以避免的;司機肯定沒減速。2.may/mighthavedone意為“可能做過”。might所表示的可能性比較弱mighthavedone還可表示“本可能做而實際上未做”,含有輕微的責備語氣。eg：Youmighthavegivenhimmorehelp,thoughyouwerebusywithyourwork.你本來可以給他更多的幫助,盡管你工作很忙。3.musthavedone意為“（過去）一定做過”,只用于肯定句。eg：Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.昨晚一定下雨了,因為地面是濕的。4.can'thavedone意為“(過去)不可能做過”eg：Mrsmithcan'thavehavegonetoBeijing,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.5.should/oughttohavedone“本該做某事而實際上未做”;shouldnothavedone/oughtnothavedone表示“不該做某事反而做了”。eg:Look,Maryiscrying.Ishould'nt/oughtn'thavespokentohersorudely.6.needn’thavedone“本來不必做某事而實際上卻做了”。eg:Igotupearly,butIneedn’thavedoneso,becauseIhadnoworktodothatmorning.我起床起得很早，但我本來不必起那么早的，因為我那天早上沒什么事做。檢測訓練基礎過關Ⅰ.選詞填空1.—MustIfinishthetaskrightnow?一No，you_______.(don'thaveto/mustn’t)2.It'ssonear.we_______havetakenataxi.(shouldn't/can't)3.You_______havespentsomuchtimeplayingcomputergames.(mustn't/oughtn'tto)4.―ShallIleavetheroomsothatyoutwocantalk?―No,you_______.(mustn't/needn't)5.He_______havemissedthetrain;hearrivedatthetrainstationtwohoursearlier.(can't/mustn't)6.You_______startatonceifyouwanttocatchthebus.(haveto/oughtto)7.They_______stayintheofficelastnightbecauseofthesnowstorm.(hadto/must)8.We_______havehelpedhim;inthatcase,hewouldhavebeenabletofinishthework.(should/can)9.Hefinishedalltheworkhimself;infact,he_______haveaskedhisfriendsforhelp.(need/could)10.Somethingterrible________havehappenedifLiChangwasnotcomingtoeatinhisrestaurantashealwaysdid.(haveto/must)能力提升Text1（2022·河北·石家莊市第二十四中學高一開學考試）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當的內容（1個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。Daisywasalittlegirl___1___hadalwayslongedtohelpendangeredspeciesofwildlife.Onedayshewokeupandfounda___2___(fly)carpetbyherbed.IttookhertoadistantlandwhereDaisycanfindtheanimalsthatwerein___3___(dangerous).Thecarpettravelled___4___fastthatnextminutetheywereinZimbabwe.Daisyturnedaroundandfoundthatshe___5___(watch)byanelephant.“Haveyoucometotakemyphoto?”itasked.___6___reliefDaisyburstinto___7___(laugh).“Don’tlaugh,”saidtheelephant,“Weusedtobeanendangeredspecies.Farmers___8___(hunt)uswithoutmercy.Theysaidwedestroyedtheirfarms,andmoneyfromtouristsonlywenttothelargetourcompanies.Sothegovernmentdecided___9___(help).Theyallowedtouriststohuntonlyacertainnumberofanimalsiftheypaidthefarmers.Nowthefarmersarehappyandournumbers______10______(increase).Sogoodthingsarebeingdoneheretosavelocalwildlife.”Text2（2020·浙江·麗水外國語實驗學校高一開學考試）閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當的內容（1個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。China,oncefamousforfourinventionsinancienttimes,hasonceagainshoweditsability__11__（change）theworldwithits“newfourgreatinventions”：electronicpayments,sharedbicycles,high-speedrailwaysandonlineshopping.Withelectronicpayments,peoplecanbuyandeat____12____theywantsimplywithatapoftheirphones.Electronicpaymentsaresoconvenientthattheyarereallypopularwithfolks.Evenpancakesellersarefound____13____（use）Alipay.Thebikesthemselvesarenotnew,____14____theoperatingmodelofbike-sharingisinnovative.Chinesecompanieshavesurprisedtheworldwiththebusinessmodelofbike-sharingwhich___15___（include）hightechnologies,andareenteringoverseasmarketssuchasSingaporeandBritain.Thelaunchofhigh-speedtrainshasa

___16___（big）influenceonpeople’schoiceoftravelingthanexpected.ThenewlylaunchedFuxingHaocantravelatan____17____（amaze）speedof300km/h,makingthe1,318kmjoumeyinfiveandthree-quarterhours.Chinaalsotakestheleadinonlineshoppingwithvariouse-commerceplatforms.___18___the11.11shoppingdayin2018,saleshit10billionyuaninthefirst2minutesaftermidnightand____19____（reach）213.5billionbytheendoftheday.Thankstothelargeamountsofcapital（資金）Chinahasinvestedinencouraginginmovation（創新）,Chinahasentered____20____newinnovativetime.真題初體驗（2021浙江卷）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當的內容（1個單詞）或括號內單詞的正確形式。Itdoesn'timpresslikeGeorgeWashington'splantationonthePotomac,butLincoln'shomeindowntownSpringfield,Illinois,___36___（prove）irresistibletovisitorssinceitopenedtothepublic.Beautifullyrestored（修復）toits1860appearance,thehousewasAbrahamandMaryLincoln'shomefor17years.In1844theyboughtit___37___$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir___38___（marry）ceremonyin1842.Whenthehousewasbuilt,itwasmuch___39___（small）thanitistoday.Mary'sniecewrote,"Thelittlehome___40___（paint）white.Itwassweetandfresh.Marylovedit.Shewasextremelypretty,andherhousewasareflectionof___41___（she）,everythingingoodtasteandinperfectorder.AlthoughMarylovedflowers,___42___shenorherhusbandwasknownasagardener.Along-timeneighborsaidtheyneverplantedtreesandonlykeptagardenforoneyear.Mary'ssister,FrancesToddWallace,oftencameover___43___（plant）flowersinthefrontyard.___44___Lincolnsenlargedthehousetoafulltwostoriesin1856tomeettheneedsoftheirgrowingfamily.ThreeofthefourLincolnsonswerebornhere.AfterLincolnwaselectedPresidentoftheUSin1861,theyrentedthehouseand____45____（sell）mostoftheirfurniture.（2020山東卷）閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個適當的單詞或括號內單詞的正確形式。Manypeoplehavethehobbyofcollectingthings,e.g.stamps,postcardsorantiques.Inthe18thand19thcenturies,___36___(wealth)peopletravelledandcollectedplants,historicalobjectsandworksofart.Theykepttheircollectionathomeuntilitgottoobig___37___untiltheydied,andthenitwasgiventoamuseum.The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane,forexample,___38___(form)thecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseum___39___openedin1759.Thepartsofamuseumopentothepublic___40___(call)galleriesorrooms.Often,onlyasmallpartofamuseum’scollection___41___(be)ondisplay.Mostofitisstoredawayorusedforresearch.Manymuseumsarelivelyplacesandtheyattractalotofvisitors.Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithcomputersimulations(模擬)andimagine___42___(they)livingatadifferenttimeinhistoryor___43___(walk)througharainfo