TransitiontotheModernAge----孫麗整理pptTransitiontheModernAgeWarsoftheRosesTheEnglishReformationElizabethI(1558-1603)TheEnglishRenaissanceJamesIandReligiousControversyCharlesIandtheParliamentTheCivilWarsTheCommonwealth(1649-1660)RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution

整理pptI.WarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)TheWarsoftheRosesrefertoaseriesofdynasticwarsfoughtbetweentwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily:theHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkforthethroneofEnglandfrom1455to1485.ThenameWarsoftheRoseswascoinedbythe19thcenturynovelistWalterScott,referringtobattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbytheredroseandtheHouseofYork,symbolizedbythewhite.整理pptCauses:AftertheHundredYears’War,Englandwasinthehandsofanumberofrichandambitiousnobles.AstheHundredYears’Warended,theyhadtoseekanewoutletfortheirambitionbyanattempttodominatethegovernmentathome.Theendanditsconsequences:HenryTudorfromtheHouseofLancastermarriedElizabethofYorktounitethetwohousesandthenstartedtheruleoftheTudorstill1603(HenryVII).整理ppta.TheWarlastedfor30years,butthelifeoftheordinarypeoplewaslittleaffected.b.Thenobleclasswasgreatlyweakened,formorethan80nobleswerekilledinthebattles.c.Theking’spowernowbecamesupreme.HewastogiveEnglandafirmrulebothathomeandabroad.整理pptHenryVII(ruledEnglandfrom1485-1509)HenryVII(1485-1509)succeededthethrone aftertheendoftheWarsoftheRosestoestablishtheTudorHouse.Hesetupacourt,knownastheStarChamber.Thiscourthadthepowertotakenoblestocourtiftheygotoutofhand.HeinvadedFranceunsuccessfullyandsatdownwiththeFrenchkingatapeaceconference.HewasinterestedinexplorationandsentJohnCabottosailforEngland.整理pptII.TheEnglishReformationHenryVIIIlaunchedthefirstgreatblowtotheCatholicChurchinEngland,whoisrememberedforhavingsixwives.整理pptCauses:

a.HedesiredforreformintheChurchencouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther(indulgence).b.Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresentedbythepeoplec.Henryneededmoney.d.ThedirectcausewashisdivorcewithCatherine(hewantedtomarryAnne).整理pptTheProcess:CutthereligiousconnectionwiththePopeandestablishedtheChurchofEnglandDissolvedPope’smonasteries(修道院)andnunneriesPassedtheActofSuccessionandActofSupremacyandtookthetitleSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandLittlewasdoneintheology(神學).整理pptHenryVIIIwasfollowedbyhischildrenEdwardVI(6years),MaryTudor(5years)andElizabethI(45years).a.EdwardVIRealreligiouschangecameinEdwardVI’stime—aswitchtoProtestanttheology.b.BloodyMary(thefirstQueenRegnant)ShelosttheFrenchportofCalais,thelastBritishpossessionontheContinent.Becauseofhermotherandherhusband(KingPhilipofSpain),shepersecutedtheprotestantsandforcedthemtobecomeCatholics.整理pptIII.ElizabethI(1558-1603)Elizabethwas25whenshecametothethrone.sheremainedsingle.Elizabeth’sreignwasatimeoftriumphandsuccesswhengreatachievementsweremadeinliterature,poetry,explorationandbattles.Dyingwithoutaheir,shewassucceededbyMaryStuart’sson,KingJamesVIofScotland(KingJamesIofEngland).整理ppt整理pptDestructionoftheArmadaAfleetof130vesselswassenttoconquerEngland.TheArmadasaileduptheEnglishChannelbutprovednomatchforthemoremaneuverableandsmallerBritishshipsanddispersedbystorms.UnderElizabeth’sleadership,EnglandexperiencedthetrueculturalreawakeningorrenaissancewhichbeganinItalyacenturyago.Underherrule,greatliteraryachievementsweremade(thegreatestdramatistoftheagewasWilliamShakespeare).整理pptIV.TheEnglishRenaissanceRenaissancesawthetransitioninEuropefromtheMiddleAgestothemodernera.RenaissancewastherevivalofclassicalliteratureandartisticstyleinEuropeanhistory.ThewordisfromFrench,meaning“rebirth”,andwasfirstappliedbytheSwisshistorianJacobBurckhardtin1860.整理pptIV.TheEnglishRenaissanceRenaissancebeganinnorthernItalyintheearly14thcentury.InEngland,RenaissancewasusuallythoughtofasbeginningwiththeaccessionoftheHouseofTudortothethronein1485.RenaissancereacheditspeakduringthereignofElizabethIandcontinuedtothemid-17thcentury.整理pptRenaissanceproducedfamousfiguresinEnglandsuchasWilliamShakespeare,EdmundSpenser,ThomasMoreandFrancisBacon.ThegreatestdramatistoftheagewasWilliamShakespeare.Thebestofhisplays—Hamlet,Othello,KingLearandMacbeth—arestillfamousintheworld’sliteraturecircle.IV.TheEnglishRenaissance整理pptFrancisBaconastatesmanandphilosopher,knownforhisEssays整理pptSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested;Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Readingmakthafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty,themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.整理pptV.JamesIandReligiousControversyKingJamesVIofScotland,sonofMaryStuart,QueenofScots,succeededElizabethandbecameKingJamesIofEngland.HewasthefirstoftheStuartstotakethethrone.JamesbelievedintheincompatibleDivineRightofKings(君權神授),andakingwasonlyresponsibletoGodinsteadoftheParliament.

整理pptChristianity

RomanCatholicChurchEasternOrthodoxChurchProtestantChurchPuritansJamesI’sreignwastroubledbyreligiouscontroversy.整理ppt

天主教之所以稱為羅馬天主教，是因其在羅馬起始，在羅馬興盛，直至今天。全世界的天主教區、教職，及其一切信徒皆聽命于羅馬的梵蒂崗，而羅馬的代表人物就是所謂“普世之父”的教皇。羅馬天主教的錯謬(一)奉行教皇專權制度(二)神化馬利亞，奉她為神母:人可以求她吩咐耶穌赦人的罪，耶穌不能不聽從她。

(三)教皇與神甫有赦罪的權柄：整理ppt新教:16世紀歐洲宗教改革后分化出來而不屬于天主教的各宗派之統稱。

否定了天主教必須以教會以及神職人員為中介的主張;取消了拉丁語圣經的壟斷地位;新教反對圣母及圣徒崇拜.在組織上，新教各派都否定天主教集一切權力于教皇的教階制,強調各教會的獨立性整理ppt

清教:thoseextremistscallingforfurtherreformationintheProtestantChurch.歐洲宗教改革時代后期在英國出現的一支新教教派。清教徒只承認圣經是信仰的唯一權威，強調所有信徒無論平民還是國王在上帝面前一律平等。反對國王和主教專權。贊許現世財富的積累，提倡節儉、勤奮的進取精神。整理pptThePuritansandtheNewWorlda.KingJamesVersionorAuthorizedVersionin1611wastheconcessionoftheking.b.makingthemconformorharryingthemfromthelandEngland

1609Holland

NewPlymouthinAmerica

Mayflower1620整理pptGunpowderPlotReligiousunrestreacheditsheightwhentheGunpowderPlotbrokeoutin1605,agreatuprisingofEnglishCatholics,whoweredistressedbyJames’Pro-protestantattitudeandhisincreasedseverityofpunitivelawsagainstthepracticeofCatholics.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowupKingJamesandhisministersintheParliament.Fortunatelytheplotwasdiscovered.ThePlottersincludingGuyFawkeswereexecuted.整理pptGunpowderPlotGuyFawkesNightbecomesanannualeventcelebratedonNovember5thinEnglandwithfireworksandbonfires.整理pptVI.CharlesIandtheParliamentCharlesI’relationwiththeParliament--intendtooverridetheParliament--CharlesI’srelationwiththeParliamentwasdisastrousfromthestart.He,likehisfather,thoughtofhisrighttoruleasGod-given---“divinerightofkings”整理pptVICharlesIandtheParliamentParliamentplayedanindispensableroleasitsabilitytoraisetaxesfarexceededallothersourcesofrevenueattheCrown'sdisposal.CharlesIsquabbledovertherighttolevytaxes.ParliamentrespondedwiththePetitionofRightin1628.CharlesfinallyhadenoughofitanddissolvedtheParliamentin1629.HeruledwithoutParliamentfor11years.整理pptLongParliament:(Nov.1640—March1660)TheestablishmentoftheLongParliamentmarkedanewroundofconflictbetweenthekingandtheParliament.VICharlesIandtheParliamentShortParliament:(threeweeks)OnApril13,1640,hehadtorecalltheParliamentasheneededmoneytofightawaragainsttheScots.OnMay5,1640,hedissolvedtheParliamentasitopposedthewarandwouldnotgranthimmoney.整理pptVIITheCivilWars(PuritanRevolution)CharlesItheParliamenttheWest,theNorththeSouth,theEastCavaliers騎士黨Roundheads圓顱黨CatholicsPuritanstraditionalurbanmiddleclassfeudalistscapitalistsTheFirstCivilWar(1642-1646)OliverCromwellledtheParliamentarianstovictory.整理pptVIITheCivilWars(1642-1651in3stages)TheSecondCivilwarlastedfrom1648to1649.Inthiswar,KingCharlesjoinedsideswithScotlandbutstilllostthewar.KingCharleswasexecutedin1649("tyrant,traitor,murdererandpublicenemy”).TheThirdCivilWarlastedfrom1649to1651.Inthiswar,KingCharlesIIinvadedEnglandtotakebackcontrolofthemonarchy.HewasdefeatedbyCromwellatthebattleofWorcesterandthewarended.整理pptConsequences:TheEnglishCivilWarnotonlyoverthrewfeudalsysteminEnglandbutalsoshookthefoundationofthefeudalruleinEurope.TheEnglishCivilWarledtothetrialand

executionofCharlesI,exileofhisson,CharlesII,andreplacementof

Englishmonarchy

withCommonwealthofEngland

under

OliverCromwell'spersonalrule.

VIITheCivilWars(1642-1651in3stages)整理pptVIII.TheCommonwealth(1649-1660)OliverCromwellsignedthedeathwarrantof“Tyrant,Traitor,MurdererandPublicEnemy”.2.CharlesIwastriedandexecuted.EnglandwasdeclaredaCommonwealth共和國andCromwellbecameLordProtector護國公in1649.3.Cromwellkilledallthepeopletakingpartinarebellion,suppressedopponentsinhisarmyandruledthecountrybydecrees.整理pptOliverCromwell

克倫威爾PuritanleaderoftheParliamentarians整理pptIX.BeginningofConstitutionalMonarchyRestoration

斯圖亞特王朝復辟

PeopleregrettedtheexecutionoftheKing.