鄱陽湖紀偉濤攝中國濕地保護投資機制

InvestingandFinancingSystemofWetlandConservationinChina溫亞利YaliWen北京林業大學經濟管理學院CollegeofEconomicManagement,BFU教授Professor副院長ViceDean

主要內容

Contents一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina二、中國濕地保護投融資機制的發展方向

ThedevelopingtrendofwetlandconservationinvestmentsystemThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina1、中國濕地保護的背景ThebackgroundofwetlandconservationinChina國家和社會越來越重視濕地生態保護Moreattentionbeingpaidbythegovernmentandsocietyonthewetlandconservation公共財政投入不足

Shortageofpublicfinance社會經濟環境壓力越來越大

Facingincreasingpressurefromeconomicdevelopmentandpopulation

保護與利用的沖突較大Theconflictsbetweenconservationandutilizationarestillserious政策及法律體系不完善

Thelegalandpolicysystemsaretobeimproved。一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina2、中國濕地保護投入的總體政策

Generalwetlandconservationinvestmentpolicy

政府投入為主，鼓勵社會參與濕地保護，積極參與和利用國際濕地保護項目及相關投資機制，以濕地保護區和濕地生態保護工程為投入重點，不斷提高濕地保護的投入水平。

Thegovernmentalinvestmentisthemainapproach.Whilethepublicandlocalcommunitiesareencouragedtoparticipateinwetlandconservation.AlsobyimprovingcooperationwithotherNGOswithmoreprojectinvestment，theconstructionofwetlandnaturereserveandtheimplementationofwetlandecologicalengineeringbecomethecoreofwetlandconservation，toincreaseamountofinvestment，stepbystep.一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina3、中國濕地保護投入渠道InvestingChannels濕地保護wetlandconservation(WC)濕地保護專項資金WCspecialbudget相關生態工程建設資金Relevantecologicalprojectconstructionbudget濕地保護區建設資金WNRconstructionbudget濕地生態工程建設資金WCeco-engineeringconstructionbudget國際濕地保護項目Internationalwetlandconservationproject社會資金投入Socialinvestment中央和地方政府投入Centralandlocalgovernments’investment社會捐贈資金Socialdonation商業性融資Commercialfinancing國外政府Foreigngovernment國際組織InternationalNGO一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀3、中國濕地保護投入渠道

InvestingChannelsSixexamplesThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina例1、濕地保護專項資金

Exp.1Special

WetlandconservationBudget“三江三湖”污染治理項目資金投入表

investmentforwaterpollutioncontrol名稱Nameofactivity

投入計算時間Timeperiod投入資金（億）Investment(ahundredmillionyuan)備注(memo)海河(HaiRiver)63年至今From1963tonow350中央投入160億，地方投入190億Thecentralgovernmentinvestmentwas16billionyuan.Thelocalwas19billionsyuan.遼河(LiaoRiver)“九五期間”“Nine5”period48.12淮河(HuaiRiver)94年至今From1994tonow255.9巢湖(ChaoLake)“九五期間”“Nine5”period23.45國債資金2.43億Including24300millionyuannationaldebtbudget太湖(TaiLake)截至2001年Till2001120滇池(TianLake)93年至今From1993tonow77.991996-2003，利用世行貸款1.5億美金From1996to2003,1500milliondollarwasused.資料來源:”三江三湖“治理十五規劃例2、濕地保護工程資金投入

Exp2

wetlandconservationprojectbudget名稱Project投入計算時間Timeperiod投入資金（億）Investment(hundredmillionyuan)備注source退耕還湖工程Conversionoffarmlandtolake109國家投入centralgovernment鄱陽湖退耕還湖工程conversionoffarmlandtolakeinthePoyangLakearea1998-200235.32國家投入centralgovernment塔里木河綜合治理工程integratedTalimRiverHarnessing2001-170國家投入centralgovernment三江源綜合濕地保護integratedSanjiangyuanwetlandconservation75國家計劃投入Plannedinvestmentbythegovernment濕地生態工程資金投入表Table2Budgetinvestedonwetlandconservationprojects資料來源:根據相關工程資料項目name數量（個）Number(unit)面積（萬km2）Area(tenthouandkm2)總計（億元）Total(millionyuan)國家投入（億元）Fromcentralgovernment(millionyuan)地方投入（億元）Fromlocalgovernment(millionyuan)濕地生態系統保護區Wetlandeco-systemNR300601050084002100濕地生態系統保護及示范區Wetlandeco-systemdemonstratedareas17042.091050082802220合計total470102.0921000166804320資料來源：全國林業系統自然保護區建設工程總體規劃，數據為2000年之前的合計情況例3、濕地保護區和濕地生態示范區建設資金投入

Exp3Investmentonwetlandnaturereserveandwetlandecologicaldemonstrateareas國家濕地保護區基本建設投入表Investmentinnationalwetlandnaturereserveforinfrastructure例4、濕地保護相關生態工程資金投入

Exp.4,Investmentinrelevantecologicalprojects年份year小計total天保工程NFPP退耕還林ACF京津治沙SCP重點防護林ShelterbeltP草原建設GR水土保持WSC200211.420.84.31.61.860.81.36200110+1.94.211.135NANA200010+1.272NA0.443NA1.238199910.83.33NA0.50.73NA1.048我國生態環境建設國家基本投資建設表

單位：億元Investmentinnationalecologicalprojectsforprimaryconstruction(billionyuan)資料來源：中國國民經濟發展白皮書（2000-2003）例5、濕地保護社會捐贈資金投入Exp.5Socialdonationforwetlandconservation1999-2001年全國保護母親河行動直接收到的籌資4500多萬元，其中海外籌資1250多萬元。

From1999to2001,apublicactivitynamedasprotectingtheYellowRivergatheredmorethan45millionyuan,includingforeigndonation12.5mln

R.M.B.yuan.

在濕地保護和恢復中,當地社區投工投勞是較普遍的社會參與濕地保護活動.Thecommonwayoflocalcommunityparticipatinginwetlandconservationisthatfarmersinputtheirlaborwithoutpaymentsfromprojectsandactivities.例6、濕地保護國際項目資金投入

Exp.6InvestmentinwetlandconservationfromInternationalProject項目名稱NameofProject國際組織Nameoforganization投入計算時間Timeperiod投入資金（萬美元）Amountofinvestment(tenthousandsUSd.)中國濕地生物多樣性保護與可持續利用(WetlandBiodiversityconservationandsustainableuseinChina)UNDP/GEF1168.9白鶴GEF項目GEFSiberianCraneProjectUNEP/GEF400三江平原濕地保護項目SanjiangPlainwetlandconservationprojectADB/GEF2005-20092746長江濕地保護項目YangtzeRiverWetlandProtectionProjectWWF/BGCI/Earthwatch50001一些國際組織濕地保護項目投入表Someinternationalorganizations’investmentinwetlandconservationinChina注1：為中國長江等三大河流的項目資金總數。注2：數據由相關資料統計合成一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀4、中國濕地保護投入的成效AchievementsandresultsofwetlandconservationinChina政府投入產生了顯著的引導作用Governmentalinvestmentplaysanotabledemonstratingrole重點濕地得到有效保護keywetlandseffectivelyprotected.ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina4、中國濕地保護投入的成效AchievementsandresultsofwetlandconservationinChina濕地生態破壞得到了有效控制Thedestructiononwetlandecologyisundercontrol.濕地保護區快速發展Wetlandnaturereserveshavebeendevelopedrapidly.初步建立起濕地保護投入體系Theelementarywetlandconservationinvestmentsystemhasbeensetup.

1999-2003濕地保護區數量和面積變化情況Thechangeofnumberandareaofwetlandnaturereservesfrom1999to2003inChina濕地自然保護區Wetlandnaturereserve1999年Year19992003年Year2003數量（個）Number(unit)262353面積（公頃）Area(hm2)1662331940200000一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀5、中國濕地保護投入機制的特點CharacteristicsofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina投入總量不斷增加

Grossinvestmentkeepsincreasing.政府投入為主Governmentalinvestmentisthemajorapproach.投入的重點是保護區和濕地保護生態工程

Majorofinvestmentspentonnaturereserveandecologicalconservationprojects.ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina5、中國濕地保護投入機制的特點CharacteristicsofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina多部門投入增加了投入資金的來源

Inputsfrommultipledepartmentsandagenciesenlargeinvestmentsources.與濕地保護相關的生態投入巨大Theinvestmentinecologicalconservationrelevantwithwetlandconservationishuge.國際濕地保護項目成為有效的保護資金來源Internationalwetlandconservationprojectbecomesaneffectivewayofinvestingwetlandconservation.商業機構開始介入濕地保護和可持續利用Somecommercialagenciesstarttobeinvolvedinwetlandprotectionandsustainableuse.一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀6、濕地保護投入機制存在的主要問題Majorproblemsexistedincurrentwetlandconservationinvestmentsystem相對濕地保護事業發展投入總量不足Thegrossinvestmentisstillnotenough.投入不均衡Theinvestmentisunbalanced.渠道不穩定Investmentchannelsarenotstable.資金投入分散，缺乏有效協調機制，資金使用效率相對較低Investmentisfragmentary.Absenceofeffectivecoordinationmechanismcausesrelativelylowefficiencyoffundusing.社會資本進入濕地保護的政策保障體系不完善Securitysystemforensuringsocialcapitalflowingintowetlandconservationistobeimproved.與濕地保護相適應的生態補償機制不健全Ecologicalcompensationsystemadaptivetowetlandconservationisnotperfect.ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀時期Timeperiod投資總額Investment占國內生產重ProportionofGDP生態環境基本建設投入Investmentonecologicalinfrastructure“九五”Ninth5yearplan3460.93%34“八五”Eighth5yearplan1380.73%3.65“九五”與“八五”生態環境建設投入比較表單位：億元Comparativetableofecologicalinvestmentbetweenninth5yearplanandeighth5yearplanunit:billionyuan資料來源：中國國民經濟發展白皮書（2000-2003）ThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina一、中國濕地保護投入機制的現狀林業六大工程投入資金表InvestmentonsiximportantforestryecologicalengineeringThesituationofwetlandconservationinvestmentsysteminChina年度Timeperiod總投資（A,十億元）TotalInvestment國家投資（B,十億元）Fromcentralgovernment（B,billionyuan）國家投資所占比例(%)ProportionofBtoA(%)截至2003年By200394.6779.01283資料來源：國家林業局網站二、中國濕地保護投融資機制的發展方向1、建立政府濕地保護公共財政體系Settingupapublicfinancesystemforwetlandconservation以中央和地方公共財政預算投入為基礎，加大投入Basedonthegovernmentbudget,investmentinwetlandconservationshallbeincreased.以保護區和保護工程為重點，全面支持濕地保護活動的開展thepublicbudgetshouldfocusonnaturereserveandwetlandecologicalprojectstosupportwetlandconservationefforts.ThedevelopingtrendofChina

wetlandconservationinvestmentsystem公共財政主要投入領域圖Majorinvestmentareasbasedonthewetlandpublicbudget二、中國濕地保護投融資機制的發展方向ThedevelopingtrendofChina

wetlandconservationinvestmentsystem濕地公共財政預算所投入的主要領域Majorinvestmentareas生態工程建設EcologicalProject開展宣教活動PublicAwarenessEducation生態補償EcologicalCompensation保護區建設NatureReserve

科學研究和監測ResearchandMonitoring二、中國濕地保護投融資機制的發展方向2、統籌規劃協調各個部門投入的資金使用，提高利用效率

Establishingcooperativemechanismofinvestmentamongdifferentgovernmentdepartmentsandagencies,toimprovetheefficiencyofusingthefund.制定國家濕地保護戰略規劃

Developingthenationalwetlandconservationstrategicplan

ThedevelopingtrendofChina

wetlandconservationinvestmentsystem建立部門間濕地保護投入協調機制Establishinginter-agencycoordinatingmechanismofinvestment制定國家濕地保護戰略規劃Developingthenationalwetlandconservationstrategicplan建立濕地保護投入協調機Establishinginter-agencycoordinatingmechanismofinvestment中央財政投入Centralfinancialinput地方財政投入Localfinancialinput各級地方政府Localgovernment各相關部局RelevantMinistriesanddepartments社會投