專四必備語法一、時態、語態時態、語態需要掌握要點：1.體現未來時形式：(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般目前時替代未來時，但要注意區別從句類型，如：I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴她你什么時候再來。(賓語從句)比較：I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打時我告訴她。(狀語從句)(2)在makesure，makecertain，see(toit)后that從句中，謂語動詞用一般目前時替代未來時，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其她形式)2.完畢時是時態測試重點，注意與完畢時連用句型和時間狀語：(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+體現過去發生狀況從句，主句用過去完畢時。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(體現19時已發生狀況)(2)by+未來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般目前時從句，主句用未來完畢時。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon，wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或詳細數字)years/days/months，主句用目前完畢時，但在itis+詳細時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多時候不用完畢時。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數詞/形容詞最高檔+that定語從句中，謂語動詞常用目前完畢時。如：Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…，hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用過去完畢時。3.完畢進行時指動作在完畢時基本上還要繼續下去。如：Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages，butnothinghashappened.時態、語態答題思緒：(1)先根據選項區別點確定考題要點為時態，然后回到題句中尋找給出或暗示時間狀語，縮小選用范圍，進而選出對旳答案；(2)根據謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語關系，確定句子是積極語態還是被動語態。二、不定式1.不定式做主語(1)引導邏輯主語介詞：不定式邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導,但下列體現人性格行為特性形容詞做表語時，不定式邏輯主語則由of引導：absurd，bold，brave，courageous，careful，careless，clever，wise，foolish，silly，stupid，good，nice，kind，thoughtful，considerate，greedy，generous，honest，modest，polite，rude，cruel，selfish，lazy，wicked，wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主語補足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補足語句型。注意不定式體現動作發生時間，并采用對應形式。如：besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.2.不定式做賓語掌握規定接不定式做賓語動詞：afford，arrange，attempt，claim，desire，determine，expect，fail，guarantee，endeavor，intend，pledge，pretend，resolve，request，swear，tend，venture。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep，thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定語(1)被修飾名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高檔或next，last，only，nota，the，very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一種登上月球女性(2)假如其動詞規定不定式做賓語，對應名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendencytodo→tendtodo，decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)假如其形容詞形式規定接不定式做補語，對應名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambitiontodo“干……雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo“對……好奇心”→becurioustodo“對……好奇”abilitytodo“做……能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin，randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)體現方式、原因、時間、機會、權利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞波及：way，method，reason，time，place，chance，occasion，opportunity，evidence，power，right，movement，drive(運動)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something，nothing，little，much，alot習慣上用不定式做定語。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress，thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做狀語不定式做狀語重要體現目、程度、成果、方式。(1)inorderto(do)，soasto(do)構造引導目狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：(2)so…asto，such…asto，enough…to，too…to構造做程度狀語。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed，don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做成果狀語只能出目前句子末尾，體現不快樂成果，有時用only加強語氣。常用不定式動詞有find，hear，see，betold，form，give，make，produce等。如：Greatlyagitated，Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor，onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo…to，too…notto，but/onlytoo…to，tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto體現必然意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你消息，我太快樂了。三、動名詞1.必要接動名詞做賓語動詞牢記下列規定接動名詞做賓語動詞：acknowledge，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，admit，confess，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，excuse，fancy，favor，finish，forgive，imagine，involve，justify，mention，pardon，practice，postpone，recall，recollect，risk，resist，suggest，tolerate。如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中to是介詞，不是不定式符號：objectto，resortto，reactto，contributeto，lookforwardto，beaccustomedto，becommittedto，beexposedto，besubjectedto，bedevotedto，bededicatedto，beopposedto，bereconciledto，becontraryto，be(get)usedto，comecloseto，getdownto，giveoneselfupto，prefer…to，seeto，setto，taketo，inadditionto，withregardto，withaviewto，onthewayto。如：四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應清晰：●目前分詞體現積極，體現動作在進行。●過去分詞體現被動，體現動作結束了狀態或成果。1.分詞做定語，弄清目前分詞與過去分詞區別分詞短語做定語相稱于省略了定語從句，考生應掌握：(1)目前分詞與被修飾詞之間具有積極意義。如：It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相稱于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相稱于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending，say，ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相稱于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely，withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相稱于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem，sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相稱于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相稱于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：deceased，departed，elapsed，faded，fallen，gone，grown-up，retired，returned，risen，set，vanished，much-travelled，newlyarrived，recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一種逃犯 aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一種褪了色窗簾 anewlyarrivedstudent一種新來學生2.分詞做狀語，注意區別分詞一般式與完畢式(1)體現時間，多置于句首，注意假如分詞體現動作時間先于謂語動詞，要用完畢式。如：Havingcompletedonetask，westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發生)(2)體現原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據狀況有時要用完畢式，有時用一般式。如：Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety，beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer，havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest，wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)體現伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction，completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)體現到果，置于句尾，用分詞一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown，themunusable.(5)體現補充闡明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports，eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor，eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分詞獨立主格構造分詞邏輯主語一般為句子主語，否則分詞短語要有自己邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨立主格構造。分詞獨立主格構造只是句子一種某些。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm，wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin，theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.五、非謂語動詞其她考點1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區別動詞使用方法meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing提議(做某事)forgettodo忘掉(要做事)remembertodo記得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘掉(已做事)rememberdoing記得(已做過事)goontodo繼而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下來去做另一件事goondoing繼續(做本來事)stopdoing停止正在做事regrettodo(對將要做事)遺憾regretdoing(對已做過事)懊悔2.不定式習常使用方法句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型意思靠近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter，Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.3.動名詞習常使用方法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非謂語動詞使用方法(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞持續規定。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect規定接不定式做賓語)(2)做目狀語或程度狀語時用fortheretobe，做其她狀語用therebeing。如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication，theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent. (fortheretobe…在句中做目狀語)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight，soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語)Therebeingnofurtherquestions，we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因狀語)(3)引導主語用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外介詞賓語，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語氣1.主從句謂語動詞時態(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞規范搭配： 主句 從句與目前事實相反 would/情態動詞過去式+do were(不分人稱)/did與過去事實相反 would/情態動詞過去式+havedone haddone與未來事實相反 would/情態動詞過去式+do shoulddo/weretodo如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable，thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened，shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)區別主從句體現不一樣步間概念：主從句謂語動詞所指時間不一樣，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應根據實際狀況來調整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic，ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與目前事實相反，從句與過去事實相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection，hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與目前事實相反，從句與過去事實相反)(3)識別事實和假設混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime. (句子前半某些為假設狀況，而“父母病了”是事實)Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible，butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半某些為假設，后半某些是事實)2.名詞性從句虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形體現虛擬。考生應熟悉：(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：desire，advise，recommend，command，direct，order，ask，demand，request，require，insist，maintain，move，propose，prefer，urge，vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：advisable，desirable，insistent，preferable，urgent，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，essential，imperative，important，necessary，obligatory，possible，probable，proper，vital，advised，arranged，commanded，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，required，suggested。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：insistence，preference，recommendation，suggestion，proposal，motion，desire，requirement，request，order，necessity，importance，regulation，rule，resolution，understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious，aswellasworldly，frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.3.含蓄虛擬條件句謂語動詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設條件不通過if從句體現，而是暗含在其她構造中。考生應熟悉：(1)連詞but，butthat，or，orelse；副詞otherwise，unfortunately等體現轉折假設。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately，itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened；otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設條件，常用有：without，butfor，undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完畢式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou，butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態動詞完畢式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation，butIdidn’t.4.常用虛擬形式句型(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完畢式體現虛擬句型：wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose…hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing…Ifonly…Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain，becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie，thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與目前事實相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相稱于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp)，wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視狀況選用恰當形式。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種使用方法常常采用倒裝構造。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions，betheyChristian，Islamic，Buddhist，Jewish，andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday，beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem，wentquitesmoothly.七、情態動詞注意情態動詞完畢式使用方法有兩方面含義：1.體現已經發生狀況(1)musthave+過去分詞，體現對已發生狀況必然推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom，forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically：“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)can’t/couldn’thave+過去分詞，體現對已發生狀況否認推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如：Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter；otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，體現對已發生事情做不必然、也許性很小推測，或實際上主線沒發生，譯為“也許……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant，apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.體現虛擬語氣(1)needn’thave+過去分詞，體現做了不必做事，譯為“其實沒必要……”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty，weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，體現應當做某事但實際上未做，或本不應當做但實際上做了，譯為“本(不)應當……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished；Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+過去分詞，體現動作按理該發生了，但實際上未發生，譯為“該……”，與should完畢式含義類似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock，whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+過去分詞，體現過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：Whatyousaidisright，butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞，體現過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.3.幾種情態動詞常考句型(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最佳”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled，youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型變體cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto為usedto(do)否認式。(4)should除了“應當”一層意思外，大綱還規定要掌握其“居然”意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級1.形容詞句法功能形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語。考生應注意：(1)以“a”開頭形容詞如alone，alike，asleep，awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結尾詞是形容詞，如friendly，leisurely，lovely等。(3)下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，規定形容詞做表語：remain，keep，become，get，grow，go，come，turn，stay，stand，run，prove，seem，appear，look。2.考比較級時，考生應把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級形式與否和比較連詞對應出現，即與否符合原級比較及比較級構造。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas，orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole，ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比較成分與否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders，moreoftenthannot，findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比較級修飾語如alittle，alot，the，any，even，far，hardly，lots，much，rather，尚有體現倍數比較詞等，她們位置是：修飾語+as…as…，或修飾語+more…than…。如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No，Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻體現比較概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.3.最高檔形式應注意問題比較級形式體現最高檔意義時，比較對象范圍應用：anyother+單數名詞theother+復數名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級構造轉變成最高檔意義關鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會導致邏輯混亂錯誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語體現不一樣。4.有關比較級特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者同樣都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach，fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake，anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者同樣都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝構造)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth，soistheatmosphere.九、平行構造1.注意比較構造中相比較內容在語法形式上與否相似。如：Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties，themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其她具有并列或比較意義短語。(1)ratherthan，letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在構造上連接兩個語法形式相似成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive，letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity，neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)假如平行兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，并且介詞相似，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：Attimes，morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞1.與所指代名詞在性、數、格上與否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm，andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.2.that指代作用that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞(如是復數，用those)，背面一般跟有修飾語，如出目前比較構造中thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener，anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one指代作用one指代不確指單數可數名詞，復數為ones。theone指代確指單數可數名詞。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.十一、主謂一致問題1.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其她構造修飾，因此距離較遠，考生易誤認主語。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.2.關系代詞做主語定語從句中，謂語數要與先行詞一致。如：Despitemuchresearch，therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor，butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.3.動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.4.主語帶有(together/along)with，suchas，aswellas，accompaniedby，including，ratherthan等附加成分，謂語數不受附加成分影響。如：Thepresidentofthecollege，togetherwiththedeans，isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.5.體現時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數。6.某些固定構造中謂語數：agreatmany+可數名詞復數,謂語用復數manya+可數名詞單數，謂語用單數anumberof+可數名詞復數,謂語用復數thenumberof+可數名詞復數,謂語用單數themajorityof+可數名詞復數，謂語用復數each/every+可數名詞單數，謂語用單數neither/eitherof+可數名詞復數，謂語用單數morethanone+可數名詞單數，謂語用單數oneandahalf+可數名詞復數,謂語用單數thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof謂語數與of背面名詞一致十二、倒裝構造1.下列否認詞及具有否認意義詞組修飾狀語時，若置于句首，句子主謂要某些倒裝never，no，neither，notonly，hardly，scarcely，little，seldom，rarely，notuntil，nowhere，atnotime，onnoaccount，innorespect，innosense，bynomeans，innoway，nolonger，noless，nomore，nosoonerthan，undernocircumstances，invain，stillless。如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline，itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.2.以only修飾狀語開頭句子，句子主謂要某些倒裝Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.3.如下列副詞或短語開頭句子，句子主謂要某些倒裝often，so，well，tosuchadegree，tosuchanextent，tosuchextremes，tosuchapoint，manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.4.如下列副詞開頭句子，句子主謂要所有倒裝(1)出于修辭需要，體現方向副詞：out，down，in，up，away，on。如：Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于習常使用方法：here，there，now，thus，hence，then。如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.5.讓步從句倒裝(1)as引導讓步狀語從句，必要采用倒裝構造，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調內容置于句首。如：MuchasIhavetraveled，Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher，inthoroughness，whateverthejob.(2)出目前句型be+主語+其她，comewhatmay中。如：Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday，beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem，wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay，I’llbeonyourside.6.比較從句倒裝as，than引導比較從句中，假如主語是名詞短語且較長，常常采用倒裝構造(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種構造主語一般為名詞，假如是代詞則不倒裝。如：Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.十三、復合句——形容詞性(定語)從句1.尤其要注意whose使用方法whose在從句中做定語，修飾名詞。因此，假如關系代詞背面緊接是名詞，且關系代詞又不在從句中做主語或賓語，那么，這個關系代詞就應當是whose。如：2.介詞+which使用方法假如從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關系代詞與否在從句中做狀語，而狀語通常用介詞短語充當，于是可以得知，關系代詞前面應有介詞，再分析所給選項，根據與名詞搭配作出對旳選用。如：Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as與which用作關系代詞區別(1)as與thesame，such，so，as等關聯使用。如：Astheforestgoes，sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引導非限定性定語從句，但as在句中位置比較靈活，可出目前句首、句中、句末，而which只能出目前句末，尤其是當先行詞是整個句子時。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions，juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted，economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常用此類構造有：ashasbeensaidbefore，ashasbeenmentionedabove，ascanbeimagined，asisknowntoall，ashasbeenannounced，ascanbeseenfromthesefigures，asmight/couldbeexpected，asisoftenthecase，ashasbeenpointedout，asoftenhappens，aswillbeshown等。4.關系代詞that與which用于引導定語從句區別(1)假如關系代詞在從句中做賓語，用that，which都可以，并且可以省略；(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything，nothing，little，all，everything時，關系代詞用that；(3)先行詞由形容詞最高檔或序數詞修飾或由next，last，only，very修飾時，用that；(4)非限定性定語從句只能用which引導；(5)關系代詞前面假如有介詞，只能用which。5.but做關系代詞，用于否認句，相稱于who…not，that…not這個構造特點是主句中常有否認詞或具有否認意義詞。如：Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、復合句——名詞性從句一種句子起名詞作用，在句中做主語、賓語／介詞賓語、表語、同位語，那么這個句子就是名詞性從句。1.what/whatever使用方法考生應把握：what是關系代詞，它起著引導從句并在從句中擔當一種成分這兩個作用。如：Theylosttheirwayintheforest，andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引導主語從句又在從句中做主語)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引導表語從句又在從句中做表語)2.whoever和whomever區別whoever和whomever相稱于anyonewho，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語還是做賓語。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst. (whoever在從句中做主語)3.有關同位語從句問題(1)引導詞一般為that，但有時因名詞內容需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why，when，where，how引導。that不體現任何意義，其她詞體現時間、地點、原因等。如：Theproblem，whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation，athomeorabroad，remainsuntouched.(2)同位語從句有時與先行詞隔開，注意識別。如：Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.4.whether與if在引導名詞性從句時區別(1)主語從句只能用whether引導；(2)whether一般多用于賓語從句必然式，而if引導從句可以有否認式；(3)whetherornot可以連在一起用，而ifornot則不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引導介詞賓語從句，if則不能；(5)賓語從句提至謂語前面時，只能用whether引導；(6)在question，ask背面一般只用whether，question同位語從句也用whether引導；(7)后接不定式時，只能用whether。5.動詞believe，expect，fancy，imagine，suppose，think后賓語從句如為否認式，一般將否認詞轉移到主句謂語上。十五、復合句——副詞性(狀語)從句副詞在句中起狀語作用，故假如起狀語作用某些為一種句子，那么該句便是副詞性從句，也稱狀語從句。狀語從句可細分為：時間、地點、條件、原因、讓步、目、成果、比較、方式等。狀語從句測試重點為：考察考生對主從句之間邏輯意義關系把握，看其與否能選用對旳附屬連詞。1.條件狀語從句常考知識點(1)if與unless使用方法。if和unless都是引導條件狀語從句連詞，考生應尤其注意unless使用方法，由于它體現背面條件，相稱于ifnot“假如不”、“除非”。如：Indebating，onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts，denytherelevanceofhisproof，ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof，ifrelevant，issufficient.(2)復合連詞aslongas，solongas，asfaras，onconditionthat，intheeventthat；動詞及分詞provided(that)，providing(that)，giventhat，suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引導條件狀語從句。如：YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes，heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed，Iwilltellher.(假如……)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(假如……)Supposeitrained，wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue，whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如……)(3)祈使句體現條件。如：Dresswarmly，orelseyou’llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry，andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.2.讓步狀語從句常考知識點(1)as引導讓步從句，規定用倒裝構造，把強調某些置于句首。如：Muchashelikesher，hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe，thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引導讓步從句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle，somepsychologistssay，whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)復合連接詞forallthat和分詞granting/granted(that)引導讓步從句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress，youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp，theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.時間狀語從句常考知識點(1)before體現漢語“只有/必要……才能”。如:Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.(2)when引導時間從句時，假如出目先后半句，則體現“這/那時忽然”。如：IhavejuststartedbackforthehousetochangemyclotheswhenIheardthevoices.(3)whenitcomesto是習常使用方法，意為“當談到……時”。如：Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores，andthisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoclassroomtests.(4)名詞短語、介詞短語each/everytime，themoment/second/minute，inthetime，bythetime起連詞作用。如:Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.Mypainmusth