內臟學總論

專業詞匯Splanchnology內臟學

viscera內臟

digestivesystem消化系統

mouthcavity口腔

permanentteeth恒牙

deciduousteeth乳牙

salivarygland唾液腺

pharynx咽

esophagus食管

stomach胃

smallintestine小腸

duodenum十二指腸

jejunum空腸

ileum回腸

largeintestine大腸

caecum盲腸

vermiformappendix闌尾

colon結腸

ascendingcolon升結腸

transversecolon橫結腸

descendingcolon降結腸

sigmoidcolon乙狀結腸

rectum直腸

analcanal肛管

anus肛門

liver肝

gallbladder肝囊

cysticduct肝囊管

commonbileduct(orcholedochalduct)膽總管

pancreas胰DigestiveSystem消化系統

消化系統——消化管（上下消化道分界），大、小消化腺概念、消化系統功能

口腔——

顎——硬腭、軟腭、顎舌弓、顎咽弓、顎垂、咽峽

牙——乳牙、恒牙、牙式、牙的基本結構（冠、根、頸）

舌——功能、分部、四類舌乳頭、舌系帶、舌下阜、舌下襞

三大唾液腺——名稱、位置、開口

咽——位置、分部（鼻咽、口咽、喉咽及各部的重要結構）及交通

食管——位置、分部、三個狹窄的位置、壁肌層的特點

胃——位置、形態、分部、胃壁肌層（幽門括約肌）

小腸——分部，功能

十二指腸——形態、分部及各部特點和重要結構（十二指腸大乳頭等）

空、回腸的區別

大腸——分部、功能

盲腸——位置、回盲口、回盲瓣

闌尾——位置、根部體表投影（麥氏點）

結腸——分部、特點

直腸——位置、兩彎曲、三橫襞

肛管——位置、結構（肛柱、肛瓣、肛竇、齒狀線）

消化腺

肝臟——位置、功能、形態（膈面、臟面）、臟面H型溝、肝門和肝蒂

肝外膽道——膽囊作用、底的體表投影、膽囊三角、輸膽管道

胰——位置、分部和功能、胰管開口

Constituents:2partsAlimentarycanal消化管

Digestiveglands消化腺

GeneralDescriptionFunctions:

IngestfoodsSecreteenzymesAbsorbnutrientsEliminateunusedresidues三維動畫：消化系統DigestiveSystemmouth口腔

pharynx咽

esophagus食管

stomach胃

smallintestines小腸

duodenum十二指腸

jejunum空腸

ileum

回腸

largeintestines大腸

cecum盲腸

appendix闌尾

colon結腸

rectum直腸

analcanal肛管AlimentarycanalⅠ.TheMouth（口腔）oralcavity:

2parts:

oralvestibular,oralcavityproper

Walls:orallips,cheeks,palate,tongue.isthmusoffauces

Contents:teeth,tongue,salivaryglands

palate腭

hardpalate硬腭

softpalate軟腭*

palatinevelum腭帆

palatoglossalarch腭舌弓

palatopharyngealarch腭咽弓

palatinetonsil腭扁桃體

isthmusoffauces咽峽*

uvula懸雍垂

freemarginofpalatinevelumpalatoglossalarch腭舌弓

rootoftongue.舌根

Theteeth牙

deciduousteeth乳牙

permanentteeth恒牙

Thestructure*:

crown牙冠

root牙根

neckofteeth

牙頸

dentine牙本質

enamel釉質，琺瑯質

cement粘合質

periodontal

membrane牙周膜

dentalcavity,rootcanalapicalforamendentalpulp牙髓國外驚艷的牙科三維醫學動畫deciduousteeth乳牙:20

2pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofmolars磨牙permanent

teeth恒牙:28-322pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofpremolars前磨牙

3pairsofmolars磨牙(wisdomtooth智齒)deciduousteeth乳牙:20

2pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofmolars磨牙deciduousteeth:developmentdeciduousteeth:developmentpermanent

teeth恒牙:28-322pairsofincisors切牙

1pairofcaninetooth尖牙

2pairsofpremolars前磨牙

3pairsofmolars磨牙

(wisdomtooth智齒)Thetongue舌

3parts---root,apexandbody

2surfaces---dorsumandinferiorsurface

Dorsum

V-shapedterminalsulcus

4kindsofpapillae乳頭*哪些有味蕾----filiformpapillae絲狀乳頭

fungiformpapillae菌狀乳頭

foliatepapillae葉狀乳頭

vallatepapillae輪廓乳頭

lingualtonsil舌扁桃體

Inferiorsurfaceoftongue

frenulumoftongue（舌系帶）

sublingualcaruncle（舌下阜）

sublingualfolds（舌下襞）Structures

mucosa黏膜,musclesofthetongue舌肌Thesalivaryglands:唾液腺

parotidgland腮腺

sublingualgland舌下腺

submandibulargland下頜下腺

Thename,positions,andopeningofitsducts

Oropharynx口咽Nasopharynx鼻咽*Laryngopharynx喉咽Ⅱ.Thepharynx咽:Position:

infrontofthe1~6thcervicalvertebrae分部及各部的重要結構重點Featuresandstructures:

nasalpart*----tubaltorus咽鼓管圓枕

pharyngealrecess咽隱窩

oralpart---

palatinetonsil腭扁桃體,tubaltonsil舌扁桃體

laryngealpart---

piriformrecess梨狀隱窩

Communicationofpharynx咽的交通:

anteriorly---choanae（鼻后孔）---nasalcavity---isthmusoffauces（咽峽）---oralcavity---apertureoflarynx（喉口）---laryngealcavity

inferiorly---esophagus食管

laterally---pharyngealopeningofauditorytube---tympaniccavity

（鼓室）三維醫學動畫上消化道Ⅲ.Theesophagus食管:

3parts:cervical,thoracicandabdominalparts3constrictions（狹窄）*:

1st---c6atitscommencement,15cmfromtheincisorteeth2nd---t4whereiscrossedbytheleftprincipalbronchusanteriorly,25cmfromtheincisorteeth

3rd---t10whereitpassesthroughthediaphragm,40cmfromtheincisorteethⅣ.Thestomach胃/分部*:Theshapeandparts2openings:cardia賁門,pylorus幽門

2surfaces:anteriorandposterior

2curvatures:greatercurvature胃大彎

lessercurvature胃小彎

angularincisure角切跡

4parts:cardiacpart賁門部

fundusofstomach胃底

bodyofstomach胃體

pyloricpart幽門部

pyloricantrum幽門竇

pyloriccanal幽門管Thepositionandrelations---theposition:

Itsbetweentheendoftheesophagusandthebeginningofthesmallintestine.Itliesintheepigastric,umbilicalandlefthypochondriacregionsofabdomen.

cardiacorifice賁門–atleftsideof11ththoracicvertebrapyloricorifice–atrightsideof1stlumbarvertebra

---therelations:

anteriorly---

leftcostalmargindiaphragm橫隔膜leftpleura胸膜thebaseoftheleftlungtheleftpleuralcavitythepericardium心包膜leftandquadratelobesofthelivertheanteriorabdominalwalltransversecolon

posteriorly---

thediaphragmthespleentheleftsuprarenalglandtheupperpartoftheleftkidneythesplenicarterytheleftcolicflexuretheanteriorsurfaceofthepancreastheupperlayerofthetransversemesocolon

“stomachbed

”

omentalbursa

Thestructuresofthewallofstomach:

4layers

---mucosa:

粘膜

mucousfoldslongitudinalmucousfoldspyloricvalve

---submucosa粘膜下層

---muscularlayers:

肌層

innerobliquelayerintermediatecircularlayerpyloricsphincter

outerlongitudinallayer

---serousmembrane外膜Ⅴ.Theduodenum

十二指腸*C-shaped4parts---

superiorpart上部

descendingpart降部*

horizontalpart水平部

ascendingpart升部

longitudinalfoldandmajorduodenalpapilla

Ⅵ.Jejunumandileum空腸和回腸Jejunum三多一少IleumUpper2/5Lower3/5Widerindiameterandwallisthicker;ThinerindiameterandwallisthinnerColorisredderandhasmorevascularColorisnotredderthanjejunumandhaslesservascularThecircularmucosalfoldsarelargerandmoreThecircularmucosalfoldsareshorterandfewOnlysolitarylymphaticfolliclesSolitaryandaggregatedlymphaticfollicles

Ⅵ.Jejunumandileum空腸和回腸

Ⅶ.Largeintestine大腸

Parts---colon結腸

cecum盲腸

rectum直腸

analcanal肛管

Structures---

exceptrectumanalcanalandappendix*3colicbands結腸帶

haustrations結腸袋

epiploicappendices腸脂垂Thececumandvermiformappendix

盲腸和闌尾

position:

intherightiliacfossa,abovethelateralhalfoftheinguinalligamentandbelowtheileocecalvalves.

structure:

ileocecalvalves回盲瓣

openingofthevermiformappendix

Vermiformappendix

闌尾:

shape:

wormshapedtube,2—20cminlength,about8.3cminaverage

Position:

rightiliacoringuinalregion,

spingsfromtheposteromedialwallofthececum.

commonpositionsofthetip:

retrocecally,盲腸后位

inferiortothececum盲腸下位，

behindorfrontofileum回腸前、后位,intothelesserpelvis盆位

Surfaceprojection

oftherootofvermiformappendix---

McBurney’spointMcBurney’spoint麥氏點Atthejunctionofthemeddleandlateralthirdsofalinethatjointstherightanteriorsuperioriliacspineandtheumbilicus.AppendicitisColon結腸:

4parts----

ascendingcolon升結腸

transversecolon橫結腸

descendingcolon降結腸

sigmoidcolon乙狀結腸

Therectum

直腸position---

Itliesintheposteriorpartoflesspelvis,anteriortothesacrumandcoccyx.shape---

2flexures:Sacralflexure骶曲

Perinealflexure會陰曲

Ampullaofrectum直腸壺腹

structures---

3transversefoldsofrectum

The

AnalCanal肛管:

position:structures:

mucousmembrane---

analcolumns肛柱

analvalves肛瓣

analsinuses肛竇

dentateline齒狀線

analpecten(hemorrhoidalring痔環）

whiteline白線

submucosa---

muscularlayer---

sphincteraniinternus肛門內括約肌

sphincteraniexternus肛門外括約肌

salivaryglands唾液腺:parotidgland腮腺

submandibulargland

下頜下腺

sublingualgland舌下腺

liver肝

pancreas

胰腺Digestiveglands

消化腺TheliverExternalfeaturesPositionandrelationsInternalstructureGallbladderandthebiliaryducts

Theexternalfeatures:

---1.2~1.5kg(male)1.0~1.3kg(female)---cuniform:

2extremities:

right(larger)left(smaller)

2surfaces:

diaphragmaticsurface膈面

visceralsurface臟面

2borders:anteriorborderposteriorborder

---2ligaments:

falciformligament鐮狀韌帶

coronaryligament冠狀韌帶

righttriangularligamentlefttriangularligament

---2lobes:

rightlobe(large)leftlobe(small)

---barearea裸區：膈面后部diaphragmatic(superior)surface:visceral(inferior)surface:---“H”shapedgroove:

thefissureforligamentumtereshepatis（肝圓韌帶）

thefissureforligamentumvenosum（靜脈韌帶）

thefossaforgallbladder（膽囊）

thefossaforvenacava（下腔靜脈）

(thesecondaryportahepatisandhepaticveins)

thetransversefissure橫裂

(portahepatis肝門)

properhepaticartery肝固有動脈

hepaticducts肝管

hepaticportalvein肝門靜脈

nerves,lymphaticvessels

---4lobes:therightandleftlobesthecaudatelobe尾葉

thequadratelobe方葉portahepatis肝門

Theanteriorborder:

---thenotchforligamentumtereshepatis肝圓韌帶切跡

---thenotchforgallbladder膽囊切跡

Theposteriorborder:

barearea裸區

Thepositionandrelations:

Position:

righthypochondriacandepigastricregions.

righthalfoftheanteriorborderatthesameleveloftherightcostalarchatthemiddlelineofthebody,theanteriorborderbelowthexiphoidprocessabout2-4cm.

Relations:diaphragmaticsurface（膈面）--

diaphragm,lungs,pleuraandpleuralcavities,heart,pericardiumandpericardialcavityvisceralsurface(臟面）---esophagus,stomach,duodenum,

gallbladderrightcolicflexure,rightkidneyrightsuprarenalglandThefunction:

itisverycomplicated,butoneofthemissecretingthebiletodigestthefatinthefood肝動脈

TheinternalstructureGlissonsystemLiverse