必修3Unit4Reading:Chinesescientistwins2015NobelPrizeByDinaConner11December2015TuYouyouhasbecomethefirstfemalescientistofthePeople'sRepublicofChinatoreceiveaNobelPrizeawardedforhercontributiontothefightagainstmalaria,oneofthedeadliestdiseasesinhumanhistory.Thankstoherdiscoveryofqinghaosu,malariapatientsallovertheworldnowhavehadagreatlyincreasedchanceofsurvival.Thankstoherdiscoveryofqinghaosu,malariapatientsallovertheworldnowhavehadagreatlyincreasedchanceofsurvival.得益于她發(fā)現(xiàn)青蒿素，如今全世界瘧疾患者的存活率大大的提高。Bornin1930,inNingbo,ZhejiangProvince,TustudiedmedicineatuniversityinBeijingbetween1951and1955.AftergraduationsheworkedattheAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicine.ShecompletedfurthertrainingcoursesintraditionalChinesemedicine,acquiringabroadknowledgeofbothtraditionalChinesemedicineandWesternmedicine.acquireabroadknowledge獲得了廣泛的知識(shí)Tu'seducationwassoontoproveveryuseful.Inthe1960s,manypeopleweredyingofmalariaandin1969Tubecameheadofateamthatintendedtofindacureforthedisease.Shecollectedover2,000traditionalChinesemedicalrecipesformalariatreatmentandmadehundredsofextractsfromdifferentherbs.Whentheyfailedtoproduceanypromisingresults,TureferredtotheancientbooksoftraditionalChinesemedicineagain.Inspiredbyanover1,600-year-oldtextaboutpreparingqinghaoextractwithcoldwater,Turedesignedtheexperimentsandtriedextractingtheherbatalowtemperatureinordernottodamageitseffectivepart.On4October1971after190failuresshesucceededinmakingqinghaoextractthatcouldtreatmalariainmice.Beintendedto想要做extract≈extort≈removeredesign≈leave≈quitHowever,itwashardtoproduceenoughqinghaoextractforlargetrialsbecauseresearchresourceswerelimited.Tuandherteammanagedtofindsolutionstotheproblem.Whentherewasnoresearchequipment,theyhadtoextractherbsusinghouseholdwatercontainers.Theyworkeddayandnightandtheirhealthbegantosufferbecauseofthepoorconditions,buttheynevergaveup.Evenwithlargeamountsofqinghaoextractproduced,however,theystillfacedanotherproblem.Thetrialsonpatientswerelikelytobepostponedbecausetheydidnothavesufficientsafetydata.Tospeeduptheprocessandensureitssafety,Tuandherteamvolunteeredtotestqinghaoextractonthemselvesfirst.Thetrialsonpatientswerelikelytobepostponedbecausetheydidnothavesufficientsafetydata.由于沒有足夠安全的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)患者的實(shí)驗(yàn)可能會(huì)推遲。speedup加速TheeffortsofTuandherteamfinallypaidoff.InNovember1972,throughtrialanderror,theysuccessfullydiscoveredqinghaosu-themosteffectivepartoftheqinghaoextract.Asakeypartofmanymalariamedicines,qinghaosuhassincebenefitedabout200millionmalariapatients.Morethan40yearsafteritsdiscovery,TuwaseventuallyawardedaNobelPrizeforherwork.InherNobelLecture,sheencouragedscientiststofurtherexplorethetreasurehouseoftraditionalChinesemedicineandraiseittoahigherlevel.Perhapsthenextgenerationofscientists,drawingonthewisdomoftraditionalChinesemedicine,willindeeddiscovermoremedicinesbeneficialtoglobalhealthcare.throughtrialanderror反復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)GrammarUsageGreatdiscoveriescancomefromunlikelysources.Penicilliniswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthemostimportantmedicaldiscoveriesinhistory,butitwasnotwhatAlexanderFlemingwaslookingforwhenhefounditinSeptember1928.unlikelysources出人意料的來(lái)源Fleming,ascientistfromScotland,returnedtohislaboratoryafteraholidayandfoundsomemouldononeofhisplatesofbacteria.Heobservedthatthebacteriasurroundingthemouldweredead.Surprisedbythis,Flemingperformedsometests.Theresultsindicatedthatsomethingproducedbythemouldhadkilledthebacteria.Hewasawarethatitcouldbeveryusefulfortreatingwounds.Formorethan10years,Fleminghadbeenresearchingpenicillinandtryingtomakeitintoaneffectivemedicine.Finally,hisworkcaughttheattentionofsomeotherscientistswhowereabletodoit.Sinceitsmassproductionbeganinthe1940spenicillinhassavedmillionsoflives.OnemightthinkFlemingdiscoveredpenicillinbyaccident,butactuallythisisfarfromthetruth.Hewasintelligentandexperiencedenoughtonoticeitspotential,andhishardworkanddeterminationhelpedgetitsmassproductionstarted.AsLouisPasteursaid,“Fortunefavoursthepreparedmind."effectivemedicine有效的藥物massproduction量產(chǎn)ExtendedReading:TheValueofScienceWhenIwasyounger,Ithoughtsciencewouldmakegoodthingsforeverybody.Itwasobviouslyuseful;itwasgood.ButthenduringthewarIworkedontheatomicbomb.Thisresultofsciencewasobviouslyveryserious-itrepresentedthedestructionofpeopleanditputourfutureatrisk.Ihadtoaskmyself,“Istheresomeevilinvolvedinscience?"atomicbomb原子彈destructionPutanotherway,whatisthevalueofthescienceIhadlongdevotedmyselfto-thethingIhadloved-whenIsawwhatterriblethingsitcoulddo?ItwasaquestionIhadtoanswer.Ithoughtlongandhardaboutthisquestion,andIwilltrytoansweritinthistalk.devotedmyselfto我致力于Putanotherway換言之Thefirstwayinwhichscienceisofvalueisfamiliartoeveryone:scientificknowledgeenablesustodoandmakeallkindsofthings.Ofcourse,ifwemakegoodthings,itisnotonlytothecreditofscience;itisalsotothecreditofthemoralchoicewhichledustogoodwork.Scientificknowledgeisanenablingpowertodoeithergoodorbad-butitdoesnotcarryinstructionsonhowtoapplyit.Suchpowerhasobviousvalueeventhoughthepowermaybenegatedbywhatonedoeswithit.Befamiliarto與...相似Scientificknowledgeisanenablingpowertodoeithergoodorbad-butitdoesnotcarryinstructionsonhowtoapplyit.Suchpowerhasobviousvalueeventhoughthepowermaybenegatedbywhatonedoeswithit.科學(xué)知識(shí)是一種讓我們可以行善也可以作惡的力量—但是該如何運(yùn)用，它并未自帶說(shuō)明書。這樣的力量其價(jià)值顯而易見，盡管，這力量會(huì)被某人用它所做的事否定。Anothervalueofscienceistheintellectualenjoymentitcanprovideuswith.Whenwelookatanyquestiondeeplyenough,wefeeltheexcitementandmysterycomingtousagainandagain.Withmoreknowledgecomesadeeper,morewonderfulmysteryinspiringonetolookdeeperstill.Neverconcernedthattheanswermayletusdown,withpleasureandconfidenceweturnovereachnewstonetofindimaginedstrangenessleadingontomorewonderfulquestionsandmysteries.Thankstothescientificeffortwehavebeenledtoimagineallsortsofthingsmorefantasticthanpoetsanddreamersofthepastevercould.theintellectualenjoyment智力享受Neverconcernedthattheanswermayletusdown,withpleasureandconfidenceweturnovereachnewstonetofindimaginedstrangenessleadingontomorewonderfulquestionsandmysteries.從不擔(dān)心答案會(huì)令人失望，帶著愉悅和信心，我們翻開每一塊新的石頭發(fā)現(xiàn)意想不到的奇妙，它們指向更多精妙的問題與奧秘。Iwouldnowliketoturntoathirdvaluethatsciencehas.Thescientisthasalotofexperiencewithignoranceanddoubtanduncertainty,andthisexperienceisofverygreatimportance.Whenascientistdoesn'tknowtheanswertoaproblem,heisignorant.Whenhehasanideaastowhattheresultis,heisuncertain.Andwhenheisprettysureofwhattheresultisgoingtobe,heisstillinsomedoubt.Thescientisthasalotofexperiencewithignoranceanddoubtanduncertainty,andthisexperienceisofverygreatimportance.科學(xué)家經(jīng)常會(huì)經(jīng)歷無(wú)知，懷疑和不確定，而這種經(jīng)歷非常重要。Now,wescientiststakeitforgrantedthatitisperfectlypossibletoliveandnotknow.Butourfreedomtodoubtwasbornoutofadeepandstrongstruggleagainstauthorityintheearlydaysofscience.Inordertoprogress,wemustnotforgettheimportanceofthisstruggle;wemustrecognizeourigno