Unit3SectionA

Welcometotheunit&

Reading2021英語內容索引課前篇自主預習課堂篇互動探究[素養導航]

[晨讀晚誦]Haveyoueverwonderedwhyyourbrotherorsisterdoesn’tlookexactlylikeyoudespitehavingthesamefamilytree?Youhavethesameparents,andthereforetheexactsameancestors,butsomehowyourDNAtestscomebackwithverydifferentresults.Howisthisevenpossible?Childreninherit①halfoftheirDNAfromeachparent,viathespermfromthefatherandtheeggfromthemother.Ourbodiescontain46

chromosomes②,or23pairs.However,eachreproductivecellhasonly23individualchromosomes.Whenthebodiesofourforbearscreatedtheirsexcells,thecellsengagedingenetic

reshuffling③,meaningeachofthe23chromosomesisauniquecombinationofanoriginalpair.Thisprocessisalsocalledgeneticrecombination.

ThisiswhyDr.ProsantaChakrabarty,ascientistwhostudiesfishtohelpexplaintheevolutionofhumanbeingsandourplanet,saysthatyoursistercouldbe10%more“French”thanyou,despitehavingthesameancestors.Andthefurtheryougobackinyourlineage④,themoreconfusingitcanbe.Youinherit25%ofeachgrandparent’sDNA.However,thisprocessofrecombinationmeansthatinevitably⑤someoftheirgeneticmake-upwillbelostalongtheway.Thiscouldmeanthatthegenesyouinheritedfromyourgrandparentscouldbecompletelydifferenttothoseyourcousinreceived.Thosestudyinggenealogy⑥shouldalsobeawarethatmodernDNAtestingmightnotgiveyouanaccurateideaofyourancestryasitistestedagainstacurrent,butincompletedatabase.Dr.ProsantaChakrabartysaysthatonly1%ofourgeneticmake-upisuniquetous,andthatitisanincompletemash-up(混搭)ofourancestors’.So,thenexttimesomeonesaysyoulookabitlikeyou’refromacertaincountry,youmaywellbe.Butitmightnotshowupinyourtests.詞海拾貝①inheritvt.繼承②chromosomen.染色體③geneticreshuffling基因重組④lineagen.譜系,血統⑤inevitablyadv.不可避免地⑥genealogyn.家譜典句欣賞Whenthebodiesofourforbearscreatedtheirsexcells,thecellsengagedingeneticreshuffling,meaningeachofthe23chromosomesisauniquecombinationofanoriginalpair.譯文:當我們先輩的身體產生生殖細胞時,這些細胞會進行基因重組,這意味著23條染色體中的每一條都是一對原始染色體的獨特組合。分析:這是一個復合句。when引導時間狀語從句,meaningeachof...是現在分詞短語作伴隨狀語,其中包含省略了that的賓語從句。探究思辨What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?答案

InordertoexplainwhyDNAtestresultsmaybedifferenteventhoughpeoplehavethesamegenealogy.課前篇自主預習Ⅰ.知識體系圖解

重點詞匯

寫作詞匯1.

n.牙科醫生

2.

vi.專門研究(或從事);專攻

3.

vt.影響;侵襲,使感染;深深打動

4.

vt.找到,發現;確認,認出;顯示,說明身份

5.

n.方式,方法;財富,錢財

6.

vt.恢復;修復;使復原,使復位

dentist

specialize

affectidentify

means

restore

7.

n.發生的速度,步伐,節奏;快節奏

vi.&vt.來回踱步,走來走去;確定速度,調整節奏8.

vi.發生,出現;(由……)引起,產生

9.

vt.限制,限定;束縛,妨礙;約束,管束

10.

vt.禁止;使不可能

11.

n.抵抗力;抵制,反對;抵抗,反抗

12.

vt.&vi.討論,辯論;仔細考慮,思考

n.討論,爭論;辯論13.

adj.成熟的;時機成熟的

pace

ariserestrict

prohibit

resistance

debateripe

閱讀詞匯14.surgeonn.

15.physiciann.

16.game-changingadj.

17.celln.

18.contractvt.

n.

19.cancern.

20.deletevt.

外科醫生醫師,內科醫生改變游戲規則的細胞感染疾病;與……訂立合同(契約)

合同,合約癌癥;邪惡,毒瘤刪去,刪除21.ultimatelyadv.

22.weaponn.

23.fundamentaladj.

n.

24.characteristicn.

adj.

25.findingn.

最終;根本上武器,手段;兵器十分重大的,根本的;基礎的,基本的基本規律,根本法則,基礎特征,特點典型的,獨特的調查發現拓展詞匯26.

n.藥劑師,藥商;化學家→

adj.化學的

27.

n.病毒→

adj.病毒的,病毒性的

28.

adj.反常的,畸形的→

adj.正常的

29.

vi.&vt.奮力對付,努力處理;摔跤→

n.摔跤

30.

n.懷疑,疑惑→

adj.可疑的

chemistchemical

virusviral

abnormalnormal

wrestlewrestling

doubtdoubtful重點短語

1.

與……分享……

2.

在……中發揮關鍵作用

3.

取決于;依靠

4.

與……有關

5.

范圍廣泛的

6.

用作;充當

share...with...

playacriticalrolein

dependon

relateto

awiderangeofserveas

7.leadto

8.atafastpace

9.prohibitsbfromdoingsth

10.figureout

11.putsthinplace

12.gainabetterunderstandingof

13.wrestlewith

14.aripeoldage

導致,造成快節奏地禁止某人做某事查明,弄清準備就緒更好地理解努力處理高齡Ⅱ.閱讀導學A.根據P30—P31課文內容,選擇正確答案。1.Whatdeterminesaperson’smathematicaltalent?A.Hisparents.B.Hislifespan.C.Education.D.Genes.答案

D

2.What’soneoftheproperfunctionsofgenomeediting?A.Restoringhearingtothedeaf.B.Killingabnormalgenes.C.Creating“designerbabies”.D.Keepingpeoplewarm.答案

A

3.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A.Education.B.Economy.C.Science.D.Entertainment.答案

C

B.閱讀P30—P31課文,完成下面的表格。

exciting2.game-changingshapingneededdeveloplifespan7.contractingeffectiveprevention

range

restoringhearingariseappropriatelyresistance16.characteristics

wildtotobeexploredinnovations課堂篇互動探究重點詞匯1Adentistspecializesinthecareofpeople’steeth.(P29)牙醫專門護理人們的牙齒。◆specializevi.專門研究(或從事),專攻Hecouldspecializeintropicalmedicine.他能專門研究熱帶醫藥。Thefirmspecializedincommercialbrochures.這家公司專門生產商業手冊。【詞匯拓展】specializein

專攻;精通;以……為專業specialadj.

特別的;專門的n.

特色菜speciallyadv.

特別地;專門地specialistn.

專家Manystudentsspecialize

inplayingcomputergames.很多學生擅長玩電腦游戲。Wewanttopreserveourtown’sspecialcharacter.我們想要保持我們鎮的特色。Eachspecialisthasateamofdoctorsunderhimorher.每位專家手下都有一組醫生。-ize是一個常見的后綴,一般表示“使成為……;……化”,常見的此類結構的動詞有apologize,computerize,criticize,emphasize,familiarize,globalize,industrialize,realize,summarize,symbolize。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)Manystudentswanttospecialize

engineering.

(2)Mostofthesetoolshavebeen

(special)adaptedfordisabledpeople.

(3)Theybroughtinanoutside

(special)toinstallthecomputersystem.

inspeciallyspecialist2Italsocontainsinformationthathelpsdetermineourlifespanandaffectsourchancesofcontractingcertaindiseases.(P30)

它(基因組)還包含了其他信息,這些信息有助于決定我們壽命的長短并影響我們患某些疾病的概率。◆affectvt.影響;侵襲,使感染;深深打動Manyexternalinfluencescanaffectyourstateofmind.許多外在因素都可能影響你的心情。Thediseasehasaffectedfully30percentofthepopulation.這種病感染了足足30%的人口。【易錯辨析】effect/affect這兩個詞都可以表示“影響”。其區別是:(1)effect是名詞,常用在havea(n)...effecton這個短語中;effect也可以作動詞,但不表示“影響”,而表示“產生,招致,引起;實現”等。Doesthemedicinehaveanyeffectonpatients?這種藥對病人有效嗎?Theprimeministereffectedagreatmanypolicychanges.這位首相在政策上實現了許多變革。(2)affect是動詞,通常指不良影響。此外,還有“感動;感染”的意思。Theriseinpriceswillaffectallclasses.物價的上漲使各階層的人都受到影響。Weweredeeplyaffectedbythenewsofherdeath.她死亡的消息使我們唏噓不已。【詞匯拓展】effectiveadj.

有效的;有作用的;實際上的effectivelyadv. 有效地beofnoeffect

無效bring/putsthintoeffect

實行,實施;使生效,使起作用takeeffect

見效;生效;實行;起作用ineffect

實際上;生效come/gointoeffect

生效,實施havea(n)...effecton

對……產生……影響Ithasbeendemonstratedthatthisdrugiseffective.這藥已證實是有效的。Thetwoexpressionsare,in

effect,identical.這兩種說法實際上一模一樣。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)Allthepatients

(affect)bymalariaareseparatedfromtheoutside.

(2)Theadvertisingcampaigndidn’thavemucheffect

sales.

affected

on3Geneticistshavebeentryingtoidentifywhichgenesrelatetowhichdiseases,astheybelievegenomeeditingisaneffectivemeansofdiseasetreatmentandprevention.(P30)遺傳學家一直試圖找出哪些基因與哪些疾病有關,因為他們認為基因組編輯是治療和預防疾病的一種有效手段。◆identifyvt.找到,發現;確認,認出;顯示,說明身份Scientistshaveidentifiedalinkbetweendietandcancer.科學家發現了飲食與癌癥之間的關聯。【詞匯拓展1】identificationn. 識別;鑒定;確認identityn.

身份;個性,特征identifysb/sthwithsb/sth

認為某人/某物等同于某人/某物identifywithsb/sth

認同某人/某物;與……產生共鳴Hehadtoconcealhisidentitytoescapethepolice.為了躲避警方,他只好隱瞞身份。He’sacharacterthatreadersfeeltheycanidentify

with.他是一位讀者能與之產生共鳴的人物。【遷移應用1】單句語法填空(1)Eachchildwastaggedwithanumberfor

(identify).

(2)Shewouldonlyplayaroleifshecouldidentify

thecharacter.

identificationwith◆meansn.方法,方式;財富,錢財Doestheendalwaysjustifythemeans?只要目的正確,是否就可以不擇手段?【詞匯拓展2】meaningn.

意義;含義meaningfuladj. 有意義的meaninglessadj. 無意義的byallmeans

盡一切辦法;務必bymeansof

借助;依靠bynomeans

決不,一點兒也不Thecoupleexchangedmeaningfulglancesbutsaidnothing.夫妻倆意味深長地交換了一下眼色,但什么都沒說。Iamby

no

meansanunsociableperson.我絕不是一個不合群的人。【遷移應用2】單句語法填空(1)Canyoudevise

meansofovercomingtheproblem?

(2)

nomeanswillthismethodproducesatisfactoryresults.

aBy4Asthetechnologycontinuestodevelopatafastpace,however,questionsariseabouthowtouseitappropriately.(P31)然而,隨著這一技術不斷迅猛發展,如何使用好這一技術也成了問題。◆pacen.發生的速度,步伐,節奏;快節奏vi.&vt.來回踱步,走來走去;確定速度,調整節奏Heisanaggressiveplayerwithplentyofpace.他是一個速度快的進攻型球員。Theringroadallowstraffictoflowataremarkablyfastpace.環行路使車輛能以相當快的速度行駛。Heturnedonthelightandbegantopacebackwardsandforwards.他打開電燈并開始走來走去。【詞匯拓展1】atapaceof以……速度keeppacewith

與……并駕齊驅;與……步調一致setthepace

定速度;起帶頭作用gather/increase/quickenpace

加快步伐;加快速度atasnail’space 以蝸牛般的步子atone’sownpace 以自己的節奏stand/staythepace 跟上別人;跟上節奏Inthisbusinesswehavetokeep

pace

withourforeigncompetitors.在這個行業中,我們必須跟外國競爭者保持同步發展。Thegreatthingaboutacycletripisthatyoucangoat

your

own

pace.騎自行車旅行的優點是你可以按自己的步調走。【遷移應用1】完成句子(1)如果你受不了這種緊張的節奏,就不應該做這樣的工作。Youshouldn’thavesuchajobifyoucan’t

.

(2)較年幼的孩子努力跟上較年長的孩子。Theyoungerchildrenstruggledto

theolderones.

stand/staythepacekeeppacewith◆arisevi.發生,出現;由……引起,產生Disagreementaroseabouthowtoplantheshow.在如何計劃演出的問題上出現了分歧。Somelearningdifficultiesarisefromthewaychildrenaretaughtatschool.一些學習困難源于孩子在學校接受教育的方式。【詞匯拓展2】arisefrom/outof 因……產生;由……引起resultfrom

產生于……,由……引起Thecurrentdebatearose

out

oftheconcernsofparents.目前的爭執是由父母的擔心引起的。Hisfailureresulted

fromnotworkinghardenough.他的失敗是工作不夠努力造成的。【易錯辨析】arise/rise/raise/arouse(1)arise(arose,arisen)意為“出現;產生”,是不及物動詞。Emotionalormentalproblemscanarisefromaphysicalcause.身體上的原因可以引起情緒或精神上的問題。(2)rise(rose,risen)意為“上升;提高;增長”,是不及物動詞。Housepriceshave

risensharplyinrecentmonths.房價在最近幾個月里急劇上漲。(3)raise(raised,raised)意為“舉起;提高;增加;提出”,是及物動詞。Wemustdoeverythingwecantoraisepeople’slivingstandards.我們要盡一切努力來提高人民的生活水平。(4)arouse(aroused,aroused)意為“喚醒;引起;激起”,是及物動詞。Thisissuehasarousedmuchresentmentamongthemasses.這個問題在民眾中間引起了強烈的不滿。【遷移應用2】用動詞的正確形式填空(arise,rise,raise,arouse)(1)Atabouttwoo’clock,wewere

byaknockonthedoor.

(2)Whenhesawtheprincipal,he

hishandinsalutation.

(3)Youhavetoknowhowthetrouble

beforeyoucandealwithit.

(4)Deathratesfromheartdisease

considerablyinrecentyears.

arousedraised

arosehaverisen5Shouldwerestrictouruseofthistechnologytothetreatmentandpreventionofdiseases?(P31)

我們應該把這項技術的使用限制在治療和預防疾病上嗎?◆restrictvt.限制,限定;束縛,妨礙;約束,管束I’mrestrictingmyselftooneglassofwineaday.我限制自己每天只喝一杯酒。Havingsmallchildrentendstorestrictyourfreedom.有年幼的孩子往往會限制你的自由。【詞匯拓展】restrictionn.限制;約束restrictiveadj.

限制性的;約束的restrict...to...

把……限制于……Theregulationswereseenasarestrictiononpersonalfreedom.這些規定被視作對個人自由的限制。Thetournamentis

restricted

toplayersundertheageof23.這次比賽只允許23歲以下的選手參加。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)Theparkisopentothepublicwithout

(restrict).

(2)Thehospitalmayrestrictbookings

peoplelivinglocally.

restrictionto6Shouldweprohibitgeneticistsfromusingittoenhancehealthybodies?(P31)

我們是否應該禁止遺傳學家使用它(基因組編輯技術)來增強身體健康?◆prohibitvt.禁止;使不可能Smokinginthecinemaisstrictlyprohibited.電影院里嚴禁吸煙。Thehighcostprohibitsthewidespreaduseofthedrug.該藥昂貴,影響其廣泛應用。【詞匯拓展】prohibitionn.

禁止;禁令prohibitiveadj.

禁止性的;起阻止作用的prohibitsbfromdoingsth

禁止某人做某事Prohibitionofthepracticeistheonlysolution.禁止這種行為是唯一的解決辦法。Thehighcostofequipmentprohibitsmanypeoplefrom

takingupthissport.昂貴的裝備令許多人對這項運動望而卻步。跟prohibit有相同用法和意義的動詞還有ban,forbid,discourage,prevent,keep,stop等。Hewas

bannedfromdrivingforsixmonths.他被禁止駕駛六個月。Heforbadethemfrommentioningthesubjectagain.他不準他們再提到這個話題。Shynesspreventedmefromsayingwhathadhappened.羞怯妨礙我說出所發生的事情。【遷移應用】用所給詞的適當形式填空(1)Thelawprohibitstobacconistsfrom

(sell)cigarettestochildren.

(2)Atreatyforthe

(prohibit)ofnucleartestshasbeendrawnup.

sellingprohibition7Onedaysoonwewillbeabletousegenomeeditingtoincreasethehumanresistancetocoldsandflus...(P31)不久的將來,我們將能夠利用基因組編輯來提高人類對感冒和流感的抵抗力……◆resistancen.抵抗力;抵制,反對;抵抗,反抗Someofushavealowerresistancetocoldsthanothers.我們有些人對感冒的抵抗力不如別人。Everyonewhoinsistsonexercisinghasstrongresistance.堅持鍛煉的人,抵抗力都很強。Therewasfierceresistancetothenewlaws.新法律遭到了強烈抵制。【詞匯拓展】resistvt.

忍住,抵制,抵擋resistantadj.

有抵抗力的,抵抗的,反抗的resistdoingsth

抵制做某事can’tresistdoingsth

忍不住做某事beresistantto

對……有抵抗力;耐……Icouldn’t

resist

tellinghimthesecret.我忍不住把那個秘密告訴了他。Thisnewtypeofinfectionis

resistant

toantibiotics.這種新傳染病對抗生素有抗藥力。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)

(resist)tochangehasnearlydestroyedtheindustry.

(2)Thewoodhasbeenspeciallytreatedtoberesistant

decay.

(3)Hefoundithardtoresist

(buy)newbooksoncehehadsomemoney.

Resistance

tobuying8Thismeansputtingappropriatecontrolsin

placetomakesurethatgenomeeditingwillworktoouradvantage.(P31)這意味著我們要加以適當的控制,確保基因組編輯會朝著對我們有利的方向發展。◆putsthinplace準備就緒Beforeyouleavetheoffice,everythingshouldbeput

in

place.在離開辦公室之前,應把所有物品擺放好。Theysayurgentmeasuresmustbeput

in

placetoprotecttheenvironment.他們說必須盡快采取措施來保護環境。【詞匯拓展】inplace

在適當的位置;適當的inplaceof

代替;取代outofplace

不在合適的位置上;不合適的takeplace

發生;舉行taketheplaceof 代替Iliketohaveeverythingin

place.我喜歡一切都在其適當的位置。Hissenseoftouchgraduallytook

the

place

ofsight.他的觸覺逐漸代替了視覺。【遷移應用】完成句子(1)我們可能永遠不會知道那一夜發生了什么事。Wemayneverdiscoverwhat

thatnight.

(2)這張大桌子放在這么小的房間里有點格格不入。Thelargetableis

insuchasmallroom.

tookplaceoutofplace9Without

doubt,genomeeditingisoneofthegreatestinnovationsinthehistoryofscience.(P31)

毫無疑問,基因組編輯是科學史上最偉大的創新之一。◆withoutdoubt毫無疑問,的確Without

doubt,sheisoneofthebestteachersintheschool.不可否認,她是該校最優秀的教師之一。Without

doubt,thiswasthemostimportantrelationshipIdevelopedatcollege.這無疑是我在大學時期建立的最重要的關系了。【詞匯拓展】doubtn.

懷疑,疑問vt.

懷疑,不確信doubtfuladj.

懷疑的;不確定的beyonddoubt

毫無疑問withoutdoubt

無疑地;確實throwdoubton

對……產生懷疑indoubt

感到懷疑,拿不準nodoubt

無疑;很可能doubt+(that) 從句(否定句)doubt+whether/if 從句(肯定句)Thereisnodoubtthat...毋庸置疑……,毫無疑問……Let’strytoclearupourdifficultanddoubtfulpoints.讓我們設法解決難點和疑點。There

is

no

doubt

thathermarriageisbeyondrepair.毫無疑問她的婚姻無法挽救。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)Theydoubted

allthisworkwouldpayoff.

(2)Thisis

doubtthefinestwineIhaveeverdrunk.

(3)Thearrangementsfortheeventstillseemedtobe

doubt.

if/whetherwithout

in重點句式1Ultimately,this

new

technology

might

even

make

it

possible

to

prevent

diseases

from

ever

developing

by

correcting

abnormal

genes

early

on.(P31)

最終,這項新技術甚至有可能通過早期糾正異常基因來預防疾病的發展。【句式剖析】句中的it是形式賓語,possible是賓語補足語,真正的賓語是topreventdiseasesfromeverdeveloping...。這是“make+形式賓語it+賓語補足語+真正的賓語”結構。make作使役動詞時,后面通常接復合賓語。Hemadeitknownthathewaslookingforanotherjob.他告訴別人說他在找新工作。IhopeImadeitcleartohimthathewasnolongerwelcomehere.我希望我已經向他講清楚,他在這里不再受歡迎。【句式拓展】(1)make+賓語+形容詞/名詞(2)make+賓語+省略to的不定式(3)make+賓語+過去分詞TheInternetmakesourlifeandworkmoreconvenient.互聯網使我們的生活和工作更方便了。Shemadeherchildrenwashtheirhandsbeforeeating.她要孩子們在吃東西前洗手。Thespeakerraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.發言人提高了嗓音以便別人聽到他說的話。若此句型中作賓語補足語的名詞為表示職位或頭銜的名詞,此名詞前不加任何冠詞;省略to的不定式作賓語補足語時,變為被動語態后,不定式須帶to。Hewastheyoungest,buttheydecidedtomakehimcaptain.他最年輕,但他們仍決定選他當隊長。Childrenshouldbemadetounderstandtheimportanceofsavingwater.應該讓孩子們懂得節約用水的重要性。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)Takingsomemedicinemademe

(feel)muchbetter.

(2)Weshouldnotmakeourplan

(know)toeverybody.

(3)Theworkersweremade

(work)overtenhoursadaybytheboss.

(4)Hehasmade

aruletoreadEnglishaloudinthemorning.

feel

knowntowork

it2We

have

to

figure

out

how

to

keep

the

technology

from

running

wild.(P31)

我們必須弄清楚如何防止這一技術失控。【句式剖析】句中的howtokeepthetechnologyfromrunningwild是“特殊疑問詞+不定式”結構,作figureout的賓語。Idon’tknowhowtoexplainittomyparents.我不知道該如何向父母解釋這件事。“特殊疑問詞/whether+不定式”結構(1)特殊疑問詞:what,which,when,where,how,who,whom等。(2)語法功能:在句中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語、補語等。(3)可接該結構作賓語的動詞:ask,consider,decide,discuss,explain,forget,know,learn,remember,show,tell,wonder等。Wehaven’tdecidedwhentoholdthespeechcontest.我們還沒有決定舉行演講比賽的時間。Manypeoplehaveaskedmehowtobalancewriting,workandlife.有很多人問我如何平衡寫作、工作和生活。【遷移應用】單句語法填空(1)Ispentmanydaysthinkingover

toacceptthejob.

(2)Youhavetoknowwhere

(stand)foragoodviewpoint.

(3)Studentswanttoattendtheclassthataimstoteach

toreadfast.

whether

tostand

how3Scientists

say

that

locating

these

sixteen

genetic

markers

will

greatly

improve

their

understanding

of

how

genes

affect

lifespans.(P33)

科學家說,定位這16個遺傳標記將大大增進他們對基因如何影響壽命的理解。【句式剖析】該句是一個復合句,其中that連接賓語從句;在賓語從句中,主語為動詞-ing短語locatingthesesixteengeneticmarkers;howgenesaffectlifespans也是賓語從句,作介詞of的賓語。動詞-ing作主語時,往往表示一般性的、經常性的或抽象性的動作或行為,其邏輯主語通常是形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格,謂語動詞通常要用單數。Missingthebusmeanswaitingforhalfanhour.錯過了這班公交車意味著再等半個小時。Collectingstampsisagoodhobby,whichcanenrichourlives.集郵是一個很好的愛好,可以豐富我們的生活。Hisbeinglateagainmadehismanagerveryangry.他又遲到了,這使得他的經理很生氣。【句式拓展】動詞-ing短語作主語時,可用it作形式主語,而把真正的主語(動詞-ing短語)置于句末。但值得注意的是,動詞-ing作后置主語的情況遠不及不定式那么普遍,通常只限于以下幾個名詞或形容詞后面。(1)名詞g