MeetwithJonathan’sfriendsontheJoinhiminhisbrother’sbirthdayA)By B)By C)By D)ByQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Takingavacation B)ReviewingforhislastC)Savingenoughmoneyforarainy D)FindingabetterwaytoearnA)Preparingforhisfinal C)WorkingparttimeasaNegotiatingwithhisbossfora D)HelthewomanwithherA)Finishherterm C)LearnalittlebitofSaveenough D)Askherparent’sA)Hehasrichsailing C)HeisalsoeagertogotoHespeaksSpanish D)HeiseasytogetalongSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),D).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ShewenttothesameuniversityasherSheworkedasanurseintheFirstWorldShewontheNobelPrizetwoShewasalsoaNobelPrizeA)ShefoughtbravelyinaseriesofmilitaryShedevelopedX-rayfacilitiesformilitaryhospitShehelpedtosetupseveralmilitaryShemadedonationstosavewoundedA)Bothdiedofblood C)Bthwonmilitary D)BothmarriedtheirQuestions19to21arebasedonthepasageyouhavejustA)TheywerethefirstsettlersinEurpTheyweretheconquerorsofTheydiscoveredIcelandintheninthTheysettledonasmallislandnorthofA)ItwassomefivehundredwestofItwascoveredwithgreenmosttimeoftheItwasarockymassoflandcoveredwith ThemakingofEuropean D)TheEuropeans’ArcticQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Workhardforabetter C)DreamabouttheMakemistakesnowand D)SaveagainstarainyA)TeachforeignlanguagesfortherestofhisChangewhathehasforhispastimaginaryExchangehistwo-storyhouseforabeachDwellonthedreamshehaddreamedwhenA)Criminal C)OrientalCity D)InternationalA)Dreamandmake C)BecontentwithwhatyouTakethingseasyin D)EnjoywhateveryouarePart Reading (40minutesDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingTechnologicalchangesbroughtdramaticnewoptionstoAmericanslivinginthe1990s.Duringthisdecadenewformsofentertainment,commerce,research,andcommunicationbecamecommonceintheU.S.Thedrivingbehindmuchofthischangewasa(n)26popularlyknownastheInternet.TheInternetwasdevelopedduringthe1970sbytheDepartmentofDefense.Inthecaseofanattack,militaryadviserssuggestedthe27ofbeingabletooperateonecomputerfromanotherterminal.Intheearlydays,theInternetwasusedmainlybyscientiststocommunicatewithotherscientists.TheInternet28underernmentcontroluntil1984.OneearlyproblemfacedbyInternetuserswasspeed.Phonelinescouldonlytransmitinformationata29rate.Thedevelopmentoffiber-optic(光纖)cablesallowedforbillionsofbitsofinformationtobereceivedeveryminute.CompanieslikeIndevelopedfastermicroprocessors,soalcomputerscouldprocssthe30signalsatamorerapidrate.Intheearly1990s,theWorldWideWebwasdeveloped,inlargpar,for31purposes.Corporationscreatedhomepageswheretheycouldcetextandgraphicstosellproducts.Soonairinetikets,ho32,andevencarsandhomescouldbepurchasedonline.Universities33researchdataontheInrnesstudentscouldfind34informationwithoutleavingtheirdormitories.Companiessoondiscoveredthatwrkoudbedoneathomeand35online,soawholenewclass mutersbegantoearnalivingfromhomeofficeunhavenandwearingpajamas(睡衣).AA）advantageB）commercial G）limitedH）I）maintanedJ）occupationsK）postedL）remainedM）submittedO）SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheHealthBenefitsofAbout15yearsago,Iwasinvitedtojoinaknittinggroup.IagreedtogiveitaMymotherhadtaughtmetoknitat15,andIknittedinclassthroughoutcollegeandforafewyearsthereafter.Thendecadespassedwithoutmytouchingaknittingneedle.ButwithintwoMondaysinthegroup,Iwashooked,notonlyonknittingbutalsooncrocheting(鉤織)，andIwasonmywayto ingahighlyproductivecrafter.I’vemadecountlessbabyblankets,sweaters,scarves,hats,capsfornewborns.Itakeaknittingprojectwitheverywhere,especiallywhenIhavetositstillandlisten.AsIdiscoveredincollege,whenmyhandsarebusy,mymindstaysfocusedonthehereandnow.Itseems,too,thatI’mpartofanationalrenewalofinterestinneedleandotherhandicrafts(手工藝).TheCraftYarnCouncilreportsthatathirdofwomenages25-35nowknitorcrochet.Evenmenandschoolchildrenareswellingtheranks,amongthemmyfriend’sthreesmallgrandsons.LastApril,thecouncilcreateda“StitchAwayStress”ninhonorofNationalStressAwarenessMonth.Dr.HerbertBenson,apioneerinmind/bodymedicineandauthorofTheRelaxationResponse,saysthattherepetitiveactionofneedleworkcaninducearelaxedstatslikethatassociatedwithmeditation(沉)andyoga.Onceyougetbeyondtheinitiallearningcurve,knittingandcrochetingcanlowerheartrateandbloodButunlikemeditation,craftactivitiesresultintangibleandoftenusefulproductsthatcanenhanceself-esteem.Ikeepphotosofmysingular plishmentsonmytoboostmyspiritswhenneeded.Sincethe1990s,thecouncilhassurveyedhundredsofthousandsofknittersandcrocheters,whoroutinelyliststressreliefandcreativefulfillmentastheactivities’mainbenefits.Amongthemisthefatherofaprematurelyborndaughterwhoreportedthatduringthebaby’sfiveweeksintheintensivecareunit,“learninghowtoknitinfanthatsgavemeasenseofpurposeduringatimethatIfeltveryhelpless.It’sahobbythatI’vestuckwith,anditcontinuestohelpmecopewithstressatwork,provideasenseoforderinhectic(忙亂的)days,andallowmybraintimetosolveproblems.”Arecentfromtheyarn(紡紗)RedHearttitled“HelthBneftsfCrochetingandKnitting”promptedmetoexplorewhatelsemightbeknownaboutthehealthvaluefactiviieslikeknitting.Myresearchrevealedthattherewardsgowellbeyondrecingstressandanxietywiththesatsftonofcration.Forexample,KarenHayes,alifecoachinToronto,cndctsknittingtherapyprograms,includingKnittoQuittohelpsmokersgiveupthehabit,andKnittoHealforpeoplecopngwithhealthcrises,likeacancerdiagnosisorseriousillnessofafamilymember.Schoolsandprisonswithcraftprogramreportthattheyhaveacalmingeffectandenhancesocialskills.Andhavingtofollowinstructionsoncomplexcraftrojectsanimprovechildren’smathskills.I）Somepeoplefindthatcraftworkhlpthemcontroltheirweight.Justasit’schallengingtosmokewhileknitting,whenhandsareholdingneedlesandhooks,there’slesssnackingandmindlesseatingoutofboredom.I’vefoundthatmyhandiworkwithyarnhashelpedmyarthritic(患關節炎的)fingersremainmoredexterous(靈巧的)asIage.AwomanencouragedtotryknittingandcrochetingafterdeveloanautoimmunediseasethatcausedalotofhandpainreportedontheCraftYarnCouncilsitethatherhandsarenowlessstiffandpainful.A2009UniversityofBritishColumbiastudyof38womenwithaneatingdisorderwhoweretaughttoknitfoundthatlearningthecraftledtosignificantimprovements.Seventy-fourpercentofthewomensaidtheactivitylessenedtheirfearsandkeptthemfromthinkingabouttheirproblem.BetsanCorkhill,awellnesscoachinBath,England,andauthorofthebookKnitforHealth&Wellness,establishedawebsiteStitchlinks,toexplorethevalueofwhatshecallstherapeuticknitting.Amongherrespondents,54percentofthosewhowereclinicallydepressedsaidthatknittingmadethemfeelhappyorveryhappy.Inastudyof60self-selectedpeoplewithpersistentpain,Ms.Corkhillandcolleaguesreportedthatknittingenabledthemtoredirecttheirfocus,reducingtheirawarenessofpain.Shesuggestedthatthebraincanprocessjustsomuchatonce,andthatactivitieslikeknittingandcrochetingmakeitharderforthebraintoregisterpainsignals.Perhapsmostexcitingisresearchthatsuggeststhatcraftslikeknittingandcrochetingmayhelptokeepoffadeclineinbrainfunctionwithage.Ina2011study,researchersledDr.YonasGedaattheMayoClinicinRochesterinterviewedarandom(隨機的)sampleof1,321peopleages70-89,mostwhomwerecognitively(在認知方面normalaboutthecognitiveactivitiestheyengagedinlateinlifeThestudy,intheJournalofNeuropsychiatry&ClinicalNeurosciences,foundthatthosewhoengagedincraftslikeknittingandcrochetinghadadiminishedchanceofdevelomildcognitivedisorderandmemoryloss.M）Althoughitispossiblethatonlypeoplewhoarecognitivelyhealthywouldpursuesuchactivities,thosewhoreadnewspapersormagazinesoryedmusicdidnotshowsimilarbenefits.Theresearchersspeculatethatcraftactivitiespromotethedevelopmentofnervepathwaysinthebrainthathelptomaintaincognitivehealth.Insupportofthatsuggestion,a2014studybyDeniseC.ParkoftheUniversityofTexasatDallasandcolleaguesdemonstratedthatlearningtoknitordodigitalphotographyenhancedmemoryfunctioninolderadults.Thosewhoengagedinactivitiesthatwerenotinlectuallychallengingeitherinasocialgrouporalone,didnotshowsuchimprovements.Giventhatsustainedsocialcontactshavebeenshowntosupporthealthandalonglife,thosewishingtoizethehealthvalueofcraftsmightconsiderjoiningagroupoflike-mindedfolks.Iforonetrynottomissasingleweeklymeetingofmyknittinggroup.Whentheauthorwasacollegestudent,shefoundthatknittinghelpedherKnittingcanhelppeoplestayawayfromEvenmenandchildrenarenowjoiningthearmyofBeingamemberofacraftsgroupenhancesone’shealthandprolongsone’sTheauthorlearnttoknitasateenager,butitwasnotuntilshewasmhldertathebecamekeenlyWhenpeopleareknitting,theytendtoeatfewerSurveyfindingsshowthatknittingcanhelppeoplerelievestAccordingtoastudy,knittersandcrochetersarelesslikelytosuffrmildcognitiveTheproductsofknittingcanincreaseone’ssenseof -rSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Ehpassgeisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkdA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingNobodyreallyknowshowbigLagosis.What’sindisputableisthatit’sgrowingveryquicBetweennowand2050,theurbanpopulationofAfricacouldtriple.Yetcitiesinsub-SaharanAfrica notgettingricherthewaycitiesintherestoftheworldhave.MosturbanAfricansliveinslums(貧民窟);migrantsareoftennotmuchbetteroffthantheywereinthecountryside.Why?Theimmediateproblemispoverty.MostofAfricaisurbanizingatalowerlevelof ethanotherregionsoftheworlddid.Thatmeansthere’slittlemoneyaroundforinvestmentthatwouldmakecitiesliveableandmoreproductive.Withoutupgradesandnewcapacity,bridges,roadsandpowersystemsareunabletocopewithexpandingpopulations.WiththeexceptionofSouthAfrica,theonlylightrailmetrosysteminsub-SaharanAfricaisinAddisAbaba,Ethiopia.Trafficjamleadstoexpenseandunpredictability,thingsthatkeepinvestorsaway.Inotherpartsoftheworld,increasingagriculturalproductivityandindustrializationwenttogether.Moreproductivefarmersmeanttherewasasurplusthatcouldfeedcities;inturn,thatcreatedapooloflabourforfactories.ButAfricancitiesaredifferent.Theyaretoooftenbuiltaroundconsumingnaturalresources.ernmentisconcentratedincapitals,soisthemoney.MosturbanAfricansworkforasmallminorityoftherich,whotendtobeinvolvedineithercronyish(有裙帶關系的)businessesorpolitics.SinceAfricanagricultureisstillbroadlyunproductive,foodisimported,consumingaportionofSowhatcanbedone?ThoughAfricancountriesarepoor,notallAfricancitiesare.InLagos,foreignoilworkerspayasmuchas$65,000peryearinrentforamodestapartmentinasafepartoftown.Ifthat ewerebettertaxed,itmightprovidetherevenueforbetterinfrastructure.Ifcityleadersweremoreaccountabletotheirresidents,theymightfavourprojectsdesignedtohelpthemmore.Yetevenasnewroadsarebuilt,newpeoplearrive.Whenacity’spopulationgrowsby5%ayear,itisdifficulttokeepup.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutcitiesinsub-SaharanTheyhavemoreslumsthanothercitiesintheTheyaregrowingfast ingTheyareasmodernizedasmanycitiesTheyattractmigrantswhowanttobebetterWhatdoestheauthorimplyabouturbanizationinotherpartsoftheItbenefitedfromthecontributionofItstartedwhen ewasrelativelyItbenefitedfromtheacceleratedriseinItstartedwiththeimprovementofpeople’sWhyissub-SaharanAfricaunappealingtoItlacksadequatetransportThelivingexpensestherearetooItisonthewholetoodenselyThelocalernmentsareInwhatwaydoestheauthorsayAfricancitiesareTheyhaveattractedhugenumbersoffarmTheystillrelyheavilyonagriculturalTheyhavedevelopedattheexpenseofTheydependfarmoreonforeignWhatmightbeasolutiontotheproblemsfacingAicaniLoweringofapartmentBettereducationforMorerationaloverallAmoreresponsiblePassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingForthepastseveraldecades,itseemsthere’sbeenageneralconsensusonhowtogetaheadinAmerica:Getacollegeeducation,findareliablejob,andbuyyourownhome.ButdoAmericansstillbelieveinthatpath,andiftheydo,isitThemostrecentNationalJournalpollaskedrespondentsabouttheAmericandream,whatittakestoachievetheirgoals,andwhetherornottheyfeltasignificantamountofcontrolovertheirabilitytobesuccessful.Overwhelmingly,theresultsshowthattoday,theideaoftheAmericandream—andwhatittakestoachieveit—looksquitedifferentthanitdidinthelate20thcentury.Byandlarge,peoplefeltthattheiractionsandhardwork—notoutsides—werethedecidingfactorinhowtheirlivesturnedout.Butrespondentshaddecidedlymixedfeelingsaboutwhatactionsmakeforabetterlifeincurrenteconomy.Inthelastsevenyears,Americanshavegrownmorepessimisticaboutthepowerofeducationtoleadtosuccess.Eventhoughtheyseegoingtocollegeasafairlyachievablegoal,amajority—52percent—thinkthatyoungpeopledonotneedafour-yearcollegeeducationinordertobeMiguelMaeda,42,whohasama