TheDifferenceofColorinChineseandEnglishandtheCauseoftheDifferenceBackgroundThoughcolorisfewinnumber,tothelargeextent,itdemonstratesthedifferenceoftheconnotationofdifferentlanguageandculture.Thus,topeoplebelongtodifferentculture,colorcausesdifferentassociativemeanings,andtheconnotationmeaningsofcolorsarenotdefinitelythesame,whichcausesthedifferenceindifferentcultureandlanguageinusingcolorwords.Tothepracticalapplicationofcolorwords,accordingtoPalmer(1984［1976］:75),anylanguage,evenifithasthesimilarcolorcodewithotherlanguage,butowningtotheinfluenceofculture,thecontentsitindicatingaredifferentfromeachother.ThisresearchpaperisgoingtodiscussthematterofthedifferenceoftheassociativemeaningofcolorbothinChineseandinEnglishthroughmethodofcomparisonandcontrastofthefrequentlyusedcolorwordsofred,yellow,blue,green,white,andblack,andthereasonsofthethesedifference.LiteratureReviewManyresearcharticlesandbookscontrastandcomparethedifferenceofthecolorwordsinChineseandinEnglish,andsomeofthemgivethereasonofwhythesedifferencesareformed［XieandZhang,2004;Mu,2010;Liang,2004;Qing,2003;Zhou,2002;ZhouandZhang,2002;Zhang,1999;Heider,1971;KayandChad,1978;Maclaury,1991;］however,nearlyallthesebooksjustsaidthereasonswhichcausesthedifferencesofcolorwordsareculturebelongingtodifferentsocialcommunitiesingeneral.Whatthesebooksfailedtodoistofocusonthespecificreasonsonwhatpartofcultureofasocialcommunityandthespecificreasonsofpeopleorwhatnotthatinfluencetheformationofthesedifference.Tofindoutthereasonsoftheformationofthedifference,Mu(2010)comparedandcontrastedthecolorwords,especiallythefrequentlyusedcolorwordsrespectively,andanalyzedgenerallyontherespectofculture.WhileLi(2003)justtrappedinthestudyoffrequentlyusedcolorsandthestudyofpeople’spreferenceofusingcolorwords.Andstudiesofcolorwordsaremostlyviaillustrationandlackofsystematicalexploitationandanalysisofthecolorwords.Besides,Zhou(2002)collectedlargeamountoflanguagematerialsaboutcoloranddiscussedthedifferentfunctionsoftheusageofcolorwordsinbothChineseandEnglishthroughanalysis,induction,andcomparison.Andhealsobroughtuphisownideaabouthowthesedifferencesformed.ResearchDesignandMethodologyToconductthisstudy,thefollowingquestionwasposedWhatcausedthedifferentassociativemeaningofcolortermsinChineseandEnglish?Toinvestigatethisquestion,thefirstthingneedtodoistocompareandcontrastthecolorwordsbothinChineseandinEnglishrespectively.REDInChinesetraditionalculture,HongorZhu(red)isoftenusedtoexpressthemeaningofappreciation.Itstandsforimprovementandpleasure.InChinesepeople’sopinion,redsymbolizesjubilation,luck,success,andprosperity.(XieandZhang,2004)InancientChina,ZhuMen(thefrontdoorwhichwaspaintedred)wasusuallyusedtorepresentthehousesofaristocratsandthegovernmentofficials.AndZhuYi(redcloth)wasthecloththenoblepeoplewearing.HongRenistheonewhoistrustedbyhissuperiorandisoftenputinanimportantposition.IntraditionalChineseweddingceremony,peopleusedredpaper-cutandredcandlestodecoratethehouseandboththebrideandbridegroommustinredcloth,whichmeanstheirmarriedlifeisgoingtobeverygoodandhappy.DuringtheSpringFestival,peopleglueonthewalltheSpringFestivalscrolls,whichisredincolorandhangredlanterns,inordertogetsomesortofgoodluck.WhileinEnglish,redisthecolorofbloodandfire,whichleadtotheassociativemeaningof“dangerous”“bleedingblood”or“terror”.Thus,inEnglishculture,redisawordwithstronglypejorativemeaning.Itrepresentscruelty,disaster,mania,andwhatnot.Forexample,“redbattle”“redactivity”“theredrulesoftoothandclaw”“seered””red-handed”“red-tape”“redtape”or“red-blooded”.(Bai,1993)However,redalsopresentsthemeaningofjubilation,suchasthered-letter-day,androllingouttheredcarpetforsomebody.BothinChineseandinEnglish,redhaspornographicassociativemeaning.Butthereisalittledifferencebetweenthem,ChinesepeoplepreferpinkwhileEnglishspeakingpeopleismorelikelytochoosescarlet.YELLOWInChineseculture,Huang(yellow)hasagreatabundanceofconnotations.Therearealotofwordsrelatedtoyellow,whicharerichinculturalconnotation.InChinese,yellowisalwaysthecolorenjoyingitspopularityamongChinesepeopleinancienttimes.Itoftenrelatedtoreligion,royalpower,andsoon,andalsosymbolizedsacredness,respect,andsolemnity.(Song,2009)Besides,Chinesepeopleoftenassociateyellowwithdeath,forexampleHuangQuan,whichmeanstheplacewherepeoplebeenaftertheirdeath.However,withthedevelopmentofgenerationandthedeclineofroyalfamily,yellowproducesthepornographicassociativemeaning,especiallyafter1980’s,yellowisequaltopornography.Andyellowistherepresentativeofdegeneration,obscenity.WhileinEnglish,yellowisoftenrelatedtocowardiceandfear,suchas“turnyellow”“yellowbelly”“yellowstreak”“yellow-livered”.AndinEnglish,yellowalsorelatestobetrayal,evil,forinstance,“yellowdog”“yellowunion”“yellow-dogcontract”andsoon.Besides,“yellowjournalism”and“yellowpress”(Chen,2010a)inEnglisharenotthesameasHuangSeShuKan(pornography)inChinese.AllthementionedwordsaboutyellowarepejorativeinEnglish.BLUEInChinese,thereisnotmuchassociativemeaningaboutblue.ButinEnglish,blueisrichinassociativemeaning.Bluestandsforroyalfamily,nobility,loyalty,justice,melancholyandalsopornography.Forinstance,peopleusebluebloodtodescribearistocraticandblue-ribbonandbluestocking(Chen,2010b)andsoon.InChinese,peopleuseyellowtorepresentpornography,butinEnglish,theyuseblue.Forexample,abluejoke,abluemovie.GREENBothinChineseandinEnglish,greenhastheassociativemeaningofspring,life,youth,healthy,andenvironmentalprotection.Greenalsopresentsconcord,friendship,peace,andhope.ButtherearealsosomedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishoftheassociativemeaning.InChinese,Lv(green)isrelatedtofemaleandlasciviousness.Greenisoftenusedtodescribefemale,suchas“LvYun”whichmeanstheblackhairofafemale.Greensymbolizeshumbleandheterodox(XieandZhang,2004)inancienttimes.Anditisalsoassociatedwithsex,suchas“dailvmaozi”whichmeansbecuckoldedand“Qing(green)Lou”meansbrothel.(Chen,2010b)InEnglish,theassociativemeaningsofgreenaremoney,lackofexperience,jealous,deceit.Americanpeoplecalldollarsas“longgreen”.“Greenpower”meansthepowerofmoney.(Mu,2010)“Green-eyed”meansjealousy.And“greenhand”meanssomeoneislackexperienceabouthisorherwork.Someonewhoislackofexperiencecanbecalledas“greenhorn”.Besides,Englishspeakingpeopleusegreentodescribepeoplewhoarelookingpaleandunhealthy.WHITEWhitehassameassociativemeaningsinbothChineseandEnglish,suchaspurity,nobility,fear,orillness.ButmanydifferencesalsoexistinbothChineseandEnglish.Bai(white)isavoidedasataboowordintraditionalChinese,whichshowtheabandonmentanddetestationofit.InChinese,whiteisalwaysassociatedwithdeathandfuneralrepresentingunfortunateandsorrow.WhiteisthemaincolorintraditionalChinesefuneral,andduringthefuneral,peopleareallinwhitewhitehat,whiteshoes,andwhiteclothtoshowtheirgrief.(Chen,2003)Alsowhitehastheassociativemeaningoftreacheryandevil,suchas“BaiLianJianXiong”(whitefacebadguy)whoachieveshighpositionbyunscrupulousscheming.Besides,whiteinChineseisusedtodescribepeoplewhoiswithlittleknowledgeorpeoplewithnoscholarlyhonororofficialank.Peoplecallmanoflettersas“BaiMianShuSheng”(whitefacestudent)fortheyarelakeofexperience.WhiteinEnglishisthesymbolofGod,Angel,happiness,joy,andmorals.InEnglishspeakingcountries,whitesymbolizespurityandkindness.Therefore,thecolorofweddinginthesecountriesiswhiteandthebrideisinwhite,whichisthesymbolofpureloveandhappymarriedlife.AndanotherexampleisawhiteChristmas,awhiteday.(Yue,2010)What’smore,whitealsocontainsthemeaningofjusticeandhonest,whichcanbeillustrateinsuchexamplesaswhitelie,whitemarketortreatsomebodywhite.Butwhitealsohaspejorativeassociativemeaningsuchasinapplyingtowhitefeather,whiteelephant.BLACKAncientChinesepeopleoftenutilizeblacktosymbolizeupright,firmandpersistent,solemnandjust,selfless.InBeijingopera,“blackface”isthetypicalsymbolofintegrity,suchasBaoinSongDynasty.WhileinEnglish,blackisthesymbolofdarkness,evilanddemon.“Blackday”isanunluckyday.“Inblackmood”meanssomeoneisinlowmood.“Somebody’sfuturelookedblack”indicatesthathisorherfutureisgloomy.ButinbusinessEnglish,“intheblack”meansgainingprofit.(Ray,1953)AndblacksuitandblackdressarethetraditionalcloththatismostadvocatedbyEnglishspeakingpeople.“Blackgown”isusedtorefertothescholars.ThereasonsoftheformationofthedifferenceThroughthecomparisonandcontrastofthefrequentlyusedcolorwordsindifferentaspect,thereasonsoftheformationofthedifferenceofcolorwordsbetweenChineseandEnglishcanbefound.Thefollowingarethereasons.Differentcolorshavedifferentsymbolicmeaningandassociativemeaningindifferentethnicgroups.Thisisbecausedifferentethnicgroupsliveindifferentgeographicalenvironment,whichcausedifferentethniccustoms,thinkingstyles,religiousbeliefsandpsychologicalwaysofthinking.ThedifferentoriginofthemeaningofcolorsTheworshiptowardsheavenandearthofChinesenationisdatedbacktoancienttimes.Yin-yangandthefive-elementthoughtistheoriginofassociativemeaningofcolorwordsinChinese.AncientChinesethoughtthattheuniversewasconsistoffivebasicelements:metal,wood,water,fire,earth,andeveryelementhasitsowncolor,thatismetal—white,wood—green,water—black,fire—red,earth—yellow.Thesefiveelementsandtheircolorsarecorrespondencetofivedirections.Whiteiswest;greeniseast;blackisnorth;redisnorth;yellowismiddle.(Feng,2005)Yellowisthecolorofearth.LoessplateauistheoriginandthebasisofsurvivalofChinesenation,thus,Chinesecultureisalsocalledloessplateauculture.Amongthefivecolors,yellowisthenoblestone,sotherearesomestatementssuchasYellowEmpire.TheloveofredinchinaoriginatesfromtheworshipoftheGodofSun.duringtheday,thehottesttimeisnoon,andatthistime,sunisintherightsouth.Thecolorofsunanditsheat,inancientChinesepeople’sviewpoint,hasamysterioussense.Sunendowstheuniverselife,soredsymbolizesprosperity,andgreenisthecolorofeast,whichsymbolizesgrowthofalllives,soChinesepeoplelikeredandgreen.White,thecolorofwest,symbolizesfall,andblack,thecolorofnorth,symbolizeswinter.Ancientpeopledon’tlikefallandwinter,becauseinfall,theleavesareallwithered,andinwinter,nearlyallthecreaturesslumber.Whiteandblackarenotenjoyedbypeople.Theyarethesymbolsofominousandevendeath,forexample,“thewhiteevent”whichmeanssomebodyisdeadandthefuneralofhisorher.TheBritishIslesaresurroundedbyocean.Inthepast,Britishpeopledependedonseatomakealiving.Therefore,itisnothardtounderstandhowmuchBritishworshiptheseaandhoeardenttheylovethecolorofsea—blue.People,whomakealivingthroughfishing,notonlydependonseabutalsoareinaweofthesea.Sometimes,tempestwilltakeeverythingfromthem,eventheirlives,hence,thebluecolorsea,intheirviewpoint,meansmelancholy.TheiradorationofpurpleoriginatesfromRomanculture.TheRomanEmperorwhoisinpurplesymbolizesnobility.ThenoblesymbolicmeaningofpurplebeginstobeacceptedbyBritishafterRomeconqueredBritain.ThuswecanseethedifferentoriginofmeaningsofcolorsisthereasonofdifferentassociativemeaningofcolorinChineseandinEnglish.2TheinfluenceofliteratureandlegendLiterature,mythology,andlegendcanembodyanation’sculturalbackgroundandthewayofthinking,becausetheycomefrompeopleandarepopularizedamongpeople.Whentheyspreadwidely,theyendowdifferentassociativemeaningsofcolor.InFrance,therewasaseriesofpornographicstoriesnamedasLaBibiothequeBlue.Andin1880’s,harlotsinEuropewereinbluecloth.Thus,bluehastheassociativemeaningofpornography.(XieandZhang,2004)InBible,thestoryofNoahandarkisknowntoeveryone.Oliverbranchisthesymbolofpeace,thus,greenisgiventheassociativemeaningofpeace.AccordingtoNewTestamentRevelation,therewasawomanwhositsonabeastofcrimson.Thewomandressedinscarlet—accordingtothewrittenwordsonherhead—themotherofharlotsandofearth’sabominations.TheBible·Revelationrelatesscarletwithharlot.HawthorneusedtodescribehisheroinHesterwhocommittheguiltyofadulteressinhisnovelTheScarletLetterasscarletwoman,andaworthytypeofhereofBabylon.ThescarletletterAonthebreastofHesteristhesymbolofadulteress.ThereligiousstatusofBibleinEnglishspeakingcountriesisunshakable,andtheassociativemeaninggivenbyTheBibleisindelible.InChina,thelegendofNvWamakingman(Feng,2005)showstheantecedents’contemplationoftheoriginofman.Accordingtothelegend,manwasmadeofearth,andthecolorofearthwasyellow,thusyellowwasgiventhenobleassociativemeaning.Theword“green—eyed”wasfirstinShakespeare’sfamoustragedyOthello,theMooreofVenice.Green—eyedmonsterwasusedtodescribejealousandsuspicious.Thereafter,green—eyedhastheassociativemeaningofjealous.Therearealsomanyexamplesoriginatefromlegendandliterature.Forexample,inChineseclassicnovelAllMenareBrothers,therewasamanwhosenamewasLiKuitheBlackWhirlwind.BlackwasthecharacterofLiKui—powerbutrecklessness.Thiskindofassociativemeaningisstillusedinnowadays,suchasblackbigguy,whoisstrongbutreckless.3TheinfluenceofreligionReligionisapartofculture,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenmanandGod,soitisabsolutelyrelatedtothewayofman’sthinking.ThereligionsofChineseandBritishendowwordswiththedifferentcolorfulassociativemeanings.TraditionalChinesereligionsareConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.YellowinBuddhismisthesymbolofgettingridofcommonthingsandholyandpure,soBuddhistsareproudofinyellow.Themonarchsadvocated“DivineRightofKings”,sotheyworeyellowclothtoshowtheirnobility.AndTaoismadoredthecolorofpurple.TheyclaimedthatthecreatorofTaoismlivingin“Zi(purple)WeiGong”,thereforepurpleisendowedwiththeassociativemeaningofnobility,forinstance,thepalaceofroyalfamilyisalsocalled“ZiJinCheng”(theforbiddencity).InEnglishspeakingcountries,Christianityisthemajorreligion.ThecolorsinChristianityalsohavesymbolicmeanings.VirginMary,whoadvocatingthereligiousdoctrineofChristianity,isalwaysinblue,becauseChristianthinksheistheangelinbluefromtheHeaven.WhenJesuswasyoung,hewasalwaysinblue.Andwhenhewastemptedbythedarkemissaryinthewildness,hewasinblack.Butafterhisrevival,thecolorofhisclothwereredandwhite,fortheywerethesymbolofGod’snature—wisdomandlove.4TheinfluenceofgeographicalenvironmentGeographicalenvironmentisthesubstancebasisoftheculture.ThedifferentgeographicalenvironmentsofbothBritainandChinahaveaninfluenceontheassociativemeaningofdifferentcolor.ChinesecultureoriginatesinvariousplacesalongtheYellowRiver,whichiscalledasagriculturalculture.InChinese,therearealotofwordsrelatedtoearth,crops,animals,suchasyellowishbrown,strawyellow,applegreen,orduckyellow.Allthesecolorsaredifficulttounderstandforpeoplewholiveinislandsurroundedbysea.Englishcultureisbluecultureorseaculture.ToChinese,itishardtoimaginethecolorofaquamarineandnavyblue.SoitisinevitabletoproducedifferentassociativemeaningofcolorinbothChineseandEnglish.ConclusionIndifferentculture,thesymbolicmeaningorassociativemeaningofcolorwordsarenotabsolutelythesame,sometimestheyevenhavegreatdifference.Peoplebelongtodifferentcultureandethnicgroupsmayendowdifferentsymbolicmeaningsandassociativemeaningsofcolorwords.Westerncivilizationemphasizesscientificandrationaleducationandthediscoveryofeducationalmethodsinthebeginning.Andtheyresorttothescientificattitudetowardstheobjectiveworldandobjectivecognition.Thus,inwesternculture,thesymbolicmeaningofcolorwordsaredirectandgenerallyusingthespecificcolorofsomeobjecttoshowtheabstractculturalconnotation,therefore,itiseasiertotracebackitsorigin.Otherwise,duetoChinahasexperiencedseveralthousandyearsoffeudalismandthebackwardnessofeducationandscience,inChinese,theformationofcolorischaracterizedbystrongmysterioussense,anditsdevelopmentislargelyinfluencedbythedevelopmentofsocialculture.ThedifferenceofcolorwordsinChineseandinEnglishiscausedmainlybythedifferentlocationandgeographicalenvironmentaswellashistory.Thedifferentethnicpsychologyandethniccustomsandthewayofthinkinghavegreatimpactonassociativemeaningsofcolorwords.LiteraturecitationBaiZhimin,1993,UsageandtheRhetoricalFunctionofEnglishColorTerms,ForeignLanguageEducationPress,No.2ChenGuohua,(a),2010;ColorStory:Yellowbook&Yellowjournalism,EnglishLanguageLearning2010,11，page77,ChenGuohua,(b),2010;ColorStory:blueandcyanEnglishLanguageLearning2010,08,page75ChenJiaxu,2003,CategoryandMetaphoricalCognitionofBasicChineseColorterm[J],JournalofHenanNormalUniversityFengTianyu,2005,CulturalHistoryofChina[M],ShanghaiRenminPressKay,Paul&ChadK.Mcdaniel,1978,TheLinguisticSignificanceofTheMeaningsofBasicColorTerms,Language54(3)LiMiao,2003,AnalysisofBasicColorTermsinEnglishandChinese,JournalofSocialScienceofHunanNormalUniversity,No.2,57-58LiangManli,2004(4),AMirrorofColorTermsinEnglishandChineseLanguage[J]ForeignLanguageTeachingandLearningPressMaclaury,E.Robert,1991,SocialandCognitiveMotivationsofChange:MeasuringVariabilityinColorSemantics,Language67(1)MuYanfang,2010,CultureDifferenceoftheAssociativeMeaningofWordsinChineseandEnglish,NationalDefenseIndustryPressQingFeng,2003(1),CulturalDifferenceofColorTerms[J],ForeignLanguageEducationPressRay,VernF.1953,HumanColorPerceptionandBehavioralResponse[M].TransactionsofNewYorkAcademyofScienceSongXiaoyan,2009,TheDistinguishandAssociationofYellowinEnglishandChinese/system/2009/09/17/011273736.shtml2009-09-17XieHaijiang&ZhangLiping,2004,ContrastiveStudyofColorTermsinEnglishandChinese,ShanghaiCishuPressZhangBaiye,1999,AssociativeMeaningofColorinEnglishandChinese,JournalofInnerMongoliaPolytechnicUniversity(socialscience)ZhouJiaxin&ZhangYuanmin,2002,UsageandCulturalAnalysisofColorTermsinEnglishandChinese,JournalofHarbinInstituteofTechnology(socialscience)No.1,122-124ZhouLi,2002,ComparativeStudyofColorTermsinEnglishandChinese,JournalofGuangzhouUniversity(socialscience)YueHaoping,2010,ACognitiveStudyofEmotionalMetaphorinEnglishandChinese,HenanRenminPress基于C8051F單片機直流電動機反饋控制系統的設計與研究基于單片機的嵌入式Web服務器的研究MOTOROLA單片機MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機溫度控制系統的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機實現的供暖系統最佳啟停自校正（STR）調節器單片機控制的二級倒立擺系統的研究基于增強型51系列單片機的TCP/IP協議棧的實現基于單片機的蓄電池自動監測系統基于32位嵌入式單片機系統的圖像采集與處理技術的研究基于單片機的作物營養診斷專家系統的研究基于單片機的交流伺服電機運動控制系統研究與開發基于單片機的泵管內壁硬度測試儀的研制基于單片機的自動找平控制系統研究基于C8051F040單片機的嵌入式系統開發基于單片機的液壓動力系統狀態監測儀開發模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機實現一種基于單片機的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機沖床數控系統的研究基于CYGNAL單片機的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機的噴油泵試驗臺控制器的研制基于單片機的軟起動器的研究和設計基于單片機控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機床短循環走絲方式研究基于單片機的機電產品控制系統開發基于PIC單片機的智能手機充電器基于單片機的實時內核設計及其應用研究基于單片機的遠程抄表系統的設計與研究基于單片機的煙氣二氧化硫濃度檢測儀的研制基于微型光譜儀的單片機系統單片機系統軟件構件開發的技術研究基于單片機的液體點滴速度自動檢測儀的研制基于單片機系統的多功能溫度測量儀的研制基于PIC單片機的電能采集終端的設計和應用基于單片機的光纖光柵解調儀的研制氣壓式線性摩擦焊機單片機控制系統的研制基于單片機的數字磁通門傳感器基于單片機的旋轉變壓器-數字轉換器的研究基于單片機的光纖Bragg光柵解調系統的研究單片機控制的便攜式多功能乳腺治療儀的研制基于C8051F020單片機的多生理信號檢測儀基于單片機的電機運動控制系統設計Pico專用單片機核的可測性設計研究基于MCS-51單片機的熱量計基于雙單片機的智能遙測微型氣象站MCS-51單片機構建機器人的實踐研究基于單片機的輪軌力檢測基于單片機的GPS定位儀的研究與實現基于單片機的電液伺服控制系統用于單片機系統的MMC卡文件系統研制基于單片機的時控和計數系統性能優化的研究基于單片機和CPLD的粗光柵位移測量系統研究單片機控制的后備式方波UPS提升高職學生單片機應用能力的探究基于單片機控制的自動低頻減載裝置研究基于單片機控制的水下焊接電源的研究基于單片機的多通道數據采集系統基于uPSD3234單片機的氚表面污染測量儀的研制基于單片機的紅外測油儀的研究96系列單片機仿真器研究與設計基于單片機的單晶金剛石刀具刃磨設備的數控改造基于單片機的溫度智能控制系統的設計與實現基于MSP430單片機的電梯門機控制器的研制基于單片機的氣體測漏儀的研究基于三菱M16C/6N系列單片機的CAN/USB協議轉換器基于單片機和DSP的變壓器油色譜在線監測技術研究基于單片機的膛壁溫度報警系統設計基于AVR單片機的低壓無功補償控制器的設計基于單片機船舶電力推進電機監測系統基于單片機網絡的振動信號的采集系統基于單片機的大容量數據存儲技術的應用研究基于單片機的疊圖機研究與教學方法實踐基于單片機嵌入式Web服務器技術的研究及實現基于AT89S52單片機的通用數據采集系統基于單片機的多道脈沖幅度分析儀研究機器人旋轉電弧傳感角焊縫跟蹤單片機控制系統HYPERLINK"/detail.htm?3