PAGEPAGE18AnAnalysisontheConnectionbetweenMarkTwainandHisWorksWangZhifeiAThesisSubmittedtoForeignLanguageDepartmentUndertheSupervisionofAssociateProfessorHuYanTaiyuanJune2007ContentsAbstractsi摘要ii1.IntroductionofthePurposeofthisPaper1IntroductionoftheBackground22.1.TheSocialBackground2TheSurroundingsandPersonalExperiencesoftheAuthor-4ASummary5AnalysisofMarkTwain’sMajorWorks63.1.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn&TheAdventuresofTomSawyer63.1.1.OntheCharacterization63.1.2.OntheCreativeUseofDialects83.1.3.OntheDialoguesbetweentheFigures83.1.4.OntheDetailsorPsychologicalDepicts103.2.SomeOtherShortNovels114.Conclusion12References13AbstractThispaperholdsaperspectivethatthesocialbackgroundinwhichMarkTwainlivedandMarkTwain’spersonalexperienceshaveanenormousinfluenceonhisuniqueexpressionalmethod—disclosingserioussocialproblemsinsatiricmood—inhisgreatworks.Inturn,havingaproperknowledgeaboutMarkTwain’srelevantinformationisveryhelpfultounderstandhisworkscorrectlyanddeeply.ThisideaisputforwardbytakingananalysisoftheresearchontheconnectionsbetweenMarkTwain’sworksandtheenvironmenthelivedin,whichbuilthiscriticalcharactersofhighresponsibilitiesonthesociety.Keywords:connection;background;MarkTwain;writings;satire摘要在馬克·吐溫大部分作品中,讀者都可以體會到他的一種獨特的現實主義表達方式—嬉笑怒罵路不平.本文就馬克·吐溫所處的時代背景和作者個人的特殊經歷對這種表達方式所產生的影響進行分析研究,并且結合其作品提出這樣一種觀點:馬克·吐溫生活的社會背景和其特有的生活經歷影響并決定了他的這種風格.反過來說,對馬克·吐溫個人背景有一定的了解可以幫助讀者更好得理解他作品中的深刻內涵.關鍵詞：聯系；背景；馬克·吐溫；作品；諷刺1.IntroductionofthePurposeofThisPaperAlltheliteraryworksarefictitioustocertaindegree.Butwhythereabletobesomanypiecesandtheyattractsomanyreadersaswellasproducers?Itisthenatureofliterature,whosestrongeffectsonpeople,evenonthewholesociety,isuncountable.Literatureisnotjustagroupofwordscomposedtogethertotellastoryorpresentanideaorakindofemotions.Itisthebestandeffectivewaytodwellonpeople’swishes,desires,love,andhatred.Generallyspeaking,thepurposeofliteratureistoinspireandsatisfyhumanbeings’spiritualdemands.Thesearetoomuchinjustice,failures,despair,andunpredictablefrustrationsintherealworld.Soinordertofulfillthequestofperfectdreams,someonewouldliketoturntheirwholeattentiontohowmuchtheypossess.Theyobtainself-satisfactionfromanyproudfeelingsandconveniencesbroughtbythem,whileothersresorttopursuingahigherdemand,whichreferstothespiritualdemandsastheirsurvivalchoice.Theyareinvisibleworldonlyexistinginourmindsbypeople’simageabilities,whichishardlyavailableinreallives.However,thisworldprovidespeoplewithacomfortablesheltertoreleasetheirdepressionandstresstohaveashortrefreshmentandregainofcourage.Intermsoftheadvantagesmentionedaboveaboutliterature,aresultcaneasilybegotthatitisinevitabletogetaccesstothoseliteraryworksandit’snecessarytocultivatepersonalcorrespondingabilitiestocomprehendtheirthemes.Lookingbacktheprogressofhumanspiritualcivilizationandreflectingthetemporaryconditionsandtendencyofmodernliterature,acolorful,multilateral,multiculturalforumhasbeenformedinfrontofus.Moreandmoredifferentraces,nations,religionshavebeenpartnersinthegloballiteratureandhaveestablishedawilderunityofliterature.Tokeepupwiththeuniversaldevelopmentandwellcommunicatewithinthecominginternationalworld,we’dbetterlearntheexoticculturesthroughtheseforeignmasterpieces.ThewriterconcernedinmypaperisMarkTwain,whowasfamousinAmericanliteraturein19thCenturyandspecializedinironicstyle.Mostofhisworksindicatesocialproblemsdeeplyanddirectly.Theywerecompiledbyseeminglytriflesbutembodiedtheauthor’scriticismofthesocialreality.Thematerialsusedmostlytookafootoftheauthor’sself-experiences,theobservationsonthebehaviorsofpeoplelivingaroundandsomeinterestingthingsheardofaccidentally.Thelanguagetocomposethestorieswassohumorousandprofoundthatitnotonlyamusedthereadersgreatly,butridiculedandcriticizedvaluesandpracticesofadultworldtowardswhichthecharacterswereheading—hypocrisyandtheessentialchildishness.Inaword,undertheaffectionfromboththesocietyandthepersonality,MarkTwainusedhisownuniquestyle—satire—toexpresshisaffectionsaswellascriticismoftherealityandcreatedsomanypopularfiguresinAmericanliterature.2.IntroductionoftheBackground2.1OntheSocialBackgroundMarkTwain,thepseudonymofSamuelLanghorneClemens,wasbornin1835anddiedin1910,whichhappenedtobearevolutionaryperiodinAmericanbothpoliticallyandliterarily.TheCivilWarbrokeoutin1861,whichmarkedachangeinAmerica.BeforetheCivilWar,Americahadbeenessentiallyarural,agrarianisolatedrepublicwhoseidealistic,confident,andself-reliantinhabitantsforthemostpartbelievinginGod.AftertheCivilWar,theUnitedStateswastransformedintoanindustrialandurbannation.Onthesurface,thereisallsecurity,elegance,security,andcomfortbuteconomicpowerbecamemoreandmoreconcentratedinthehandsofthefew.Greatwealthnationbecamealandofcontrastingwealthandpoverty;politicalandcommercialcorruptiongrewwidespread.AllthesemadeitspeoplebegintoquestiontheassumptionssharedbytheTranscendentalists—naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Inthemeantime,theRomanticismwasdisappearedafterthecivilWar,justastheyturnedawayfromPuritanismatthecloseofthe18C.Anewinspirationcameoverthem.Insteadofthinkingaboutthemysteriesoflifeanddeath,people’sattentionwasnowdeliveredtotheinterestingfeaturesofeverydayexistence,lifeitselfheldachallenge.Azestoflivingnaturally,completely,andevenboisterouslybecamethevogue.Thusnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.Thereforeanewspirit—realisticattitude—emergedinAmericanliterature,whichstartedanewperiodinAmericanwritingknownastheriseofRealism.Inmanyways,theWWIdimmedAmericanoptimism,andpioneerssettlenewterritoriesinthewest,writersnowfocusedonthedifferencesbetweenthevariousregionsoftheUnitedStatesratherthanonasteadyvisionoftheexpandingcountry.Manyoutstandingwriterscalledforthedescribinglocalliferealistically.SuchasWilliamDeanHowells,BretHarte,astorytellerwhobroughttherawcampsandsettlementsofthefarwesttolifeinTheLuckofRoaringCamp,andMarkTwain.Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterials.Itisanti-romantic,anti-sentimental,andwithoutinterestinnature,death,etc.WriterswoulddescribethecharmofhumancharactersreactingundervariouscircumstanceorauthorspicturethepioneersoftheFarWestthenewimmigrants,andthestrugglesoftheworkingclasses.Bythe1870sNewEnglandRenaissancehadwanes.HawthorneandThoreauweredead,EmersonandLongfellowwereoldandfeeble,andevenMelvillehadceasedtopublish.ThisindicatedthattheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.Insteadahostofnewwritersandpoetsappeared.TheyareWilliamDeanHowells;HenryJames;MarkTwain&FrancisBretHarte.ItwasdifficulttopointoutthefirstrealistamongAmericanwriters,butBertHartewasoftengivencreditforthestartingofthemovement,thoughmostofthesegreatwritersoftheperiodwerenoteducatedformally,theirhaphazardeducationenabledthemtofindtheirindividualandappropriatestylesaswellassubjects.(汪冷，2003:7)TherealistsbelievethatthepurposeoftheportrayalofAmericanlifeistoproducereality.Sotheydepictlifearoundthem,identifytheircharacters,fromtheirsurroundingsandsometimesachievepsychologicalpenetration.Theywriteaboutindividualcharacters,confrontedhardshipsandmoraldilemmas.Theirwritingsexposethevaluesofcommonhumanity;Lifeappearsasitis,notpicturesque,adventurous,heroicerasoflife.Thenarratorsintheirnovelsstandback,andtrynottolettheirownemotionsgainthewayofwhichtheirworksgivetothereaders.Theyjustpresentthereaderwhatthecharactersdoinsteadoftellingthereaderwhatitmeansintheirwritings.Astimepassed,Romanist’soptimismwasreplacedbythephilosophicalrealism.WithHowells,JamesandMarkTwainactiveonthescene,realismbecameamajortrendin1870sand1880sofAmericanliterature.Inawordthishistoricalperiodfosteredanewliterarytendency—realism,andcalledforagroupofwriterstorepresentanddevelopit.Sotheyturnedup,includingMarkTwain.Inanotherword,thesocialcircumstancedeterminedandrestrainedthepeople’smoralvaluesorjudgments.Besides,thisspecialbackgroundmakestherealists’existencepossibleandreasonable.2.2.TheSurroundingsandPersonalExperiencesoftheAuthorSamuelLanghorneClemens,morewildlyknownbythepennameofMarkTwain,wasborninFlorida,Missouri,onthe30thNovember1835.Hisfatherwasalocallayer.Theireconomicconditionswereunhappy.Sohereceivedonlyabasicpublicschooleducationbeforebeginningtowork.HewasthefirstmajorAmericanwritertobebornawayfromtheeastcoastandgrownupinasmalltownonthebanksoftheMississippi.Afterhisfather’sdeathin1847,heworkedasaprinterinhisbrother’sprintshop.Attheageof18heleftschoolandbegunhis3-yearrestlesstravel,earninghislivingasaprinterinStLouis,Chicago,NY,Philadelphia,andotherplaces.In1857hewasattractedbythelureofriverlifeoftheMississippi,andbecameasteamboatpilot.Itisfromthisworkthathegottheideaofhispenname.Itwasanauticalteamusedbysailorstoreportsoundingstotheship’sofficers.Oneofhisbestworks,LifeontheMississippi,isbuiltaroundatthattime.ThenheworkedontheMississippiriverboatsasapilot,thistemporarylifealsogavehimconsiderablematerialsforseveralofhisworks,includingtheraftscenesofTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnandallofthematerialsforhisautobiographicalLifeontheMississippi.TheAdventuresofTomSawyerwasbasedonTwain’spersonalmemoriesofgrowingupinHannibalinthe1840s.Inhisprefacetothenovelhestatesthat“mostoftheadventuresrecordedinthisbookreallyhappened”andthatthecharacterofTomhasabasisin“acombinationof3boyswhomIknew.”Indeed,nearlyeveryfigureinthenovelcomesfromtheyoungTwain’svillageexperiences:AuntPollysharesmanycharacteristicswithTwain’smother;Maryisbasedonhissister;PamelaandSidresemblehisyoungerbrother-Henry;Huck,theWidowDouglasandactualInjunJoealsohavereal-lifecounterparts,althoughtheactualInjunwasmoreofaharmlessdrunkthanamurder.WhentheCivilWarbegun,theriverboatsceasedoperation,andafterabrieftrialofsoldieringwithagroupofconfederatevolunteers,hewentwithhisbrothertoNevadaandCalifornia,wherehemadehislivingasajobprinter,aminingprospectorandajournalist.Heearnedhisrecognitionsasawriterin1865withtheshortstoryTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountry.Whichwasbaseduponstoriedheheardintheminingcamps.In1867,hewassenttoEuropebyaCaliforniannewspaper.TheresultofthistripwasaseriesofnewspaperarticleslaterpublishedasabookcalledInnocentsAbroad(1869),ahumorousnarrativethatridiculesforeignsignsandmannersfromthepointofviewofAmericandemocracy,whoscornsthesophisticatedandravelsinhisownnationaladvantages.In1870hemarriedOliviaLangdonandsettleddowninHartford,In1895,athisageofsixty,Twainlostallofhismoneythroughanunwiseinvestment.Herefusedtobecomedespondent,however,andsetoutonalecturingtouraroundtheworldtocollectanotherfuture.Thenhispersonaltragedycame.WhilehewaslecturinginEurope,hisdaughterdied,hiswifesufferedaseriousbreakdownfromwhichsheneverrecoveredandevenhisownhealthwasfalling.Allthesedisastrouseventsledhimtopessimism.Twainblamedhimselfforthesetrudges.Hispessimismandskepticismabouthumannaturegrewdeeper.Hislastwritingsrevealedthedeepgriefoverhispersonallossesandreflecteddeepcynicismanddisillusionmentwiththisworld.Forinstance,TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburn(1900),WhatIsMan(1906),andTheMysteriousStrangers(1916),exudedanairofsavagedespair.Attheageofseventy-twohewasawardedthedegreeofDoctorofLiteraturebyOxfordUniversity.HewenttoEnglandtoreceivethedegree.ThreeyearslaterhediedinConnecticutontheFromtheintroductionofTwain’life,wecancometoaconclusionthatmostofhisworkscamefromhisexperiences.Headoptedalotofslangtoexpresshistruefeelingsandopinionsabouttheeventshappenedaroundhim.Meanwhile,formedhistheoryoflocalismandpartlythroughhiscolloquialstyle.2.3.ASummaryUnderthestronginfluenceoftherealismandregionalismatthattime,MarkTwainchoseagenuinelycolloquialandNativeAmericanspeechtocomposehisworks,whichearnedhisoutstandinghumoristandsatiristinAmericanliterature.Andonhimpersonalprivateconditions,hiswealthytravelingandlivingexperiencesmadeagreatcontributiontohisliteralproduction.Besides,hismoralvaluesformedwhenhelivedinhislittletownwerefullofhumanityanddeepsympathywiththepoor,whichenabledhimtotakedisclosingtheunfairnessinthesocietyasthethemeofhisworks.Hiswritingstoucheduponalmosteveryissueofhistimesuchaspolitics,religions,slaverysystem,US’imperialismabroad,andthepersecutionoftheChineseandJews.HisbooksaremuchlovedbytheAmericanpeople,andthere’snooneintheUSwhoisnotinsomewayfamiliarwithoneortwoofhisbooks.3.AnalysisofMarkTwain’sMajorworks3.1.TheAdventuresofTomSawyer&TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnTheAdventuresofTomSawyerdepictsTom’suntraditionalbehaviorsduringhisgrowingup,withthetimegoesby,thelittle,trouble-making,mischievousboyturnsintoacompetent,intelligentmature.ThestyleissimilartothatinTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.Theybothridiculerealityfromthecunningboys’adventures.Theybecomepopularallovertheworldfortheirinnocentconscious,livelydictationandlovingstories.3.1.1.TheCharacterizationTheprotagonistsofthetwogreatworks,HuckleberryFinnandTomSawyerarelittleboyslivinginthesameplacenamedStPetersburg.Theyaremischievous,imaginative,rebelliousaswellasintelligentkind-hearted.Theywerewelcomedandadmittedbythechildrenwhilecordiallyhatedanddreadedbyallthemothersinthetown.Theyoftenmadetroublesunpredictable.Twaincreatedthesecontroversialcharactersforspecialpurpose.Thefirstwasitwasmoreeasilytoevokethereaders’interestbyusingclear,understandablewordsinchild’sview.Thesecondwasitcouldenhancetheironicaffectionofdescription.Foritwasmoreacceptabletotakeamatter-of-factmannerforconvincingthereaderstheauthor’sopinions.ThethirdwasthattheywerethesymbolofAmericangeneralcharacteristics,imaginative,philosophicalandchangeable.Finally,generatingthesetwounconventionalfigureswasalsoastrikingsarcasmontheunreasonableconventionalprinciples.Besidestheirridiculousbehaviorsanddialoguesenrichedtheworks’interestandmadetheminformative.TheotherimportantonewasJim,whowasoneofMissWatson’shouseholdslaves.Hewassuperstitiousandoccasionallysentimental,butintelligent,practicalandmoreofanadultthananyoneofthisnovel.Hissymbolicalfunctionwastherejectionagainstunfairnessandracismofpolicy,whichstretchedthenovel’ssocialdepth.WidowDouglasandMissWatsonwerehigh-toned,kind-heartedbutlackofhumanity.Theywerethemostprominentrepresentativesofthehypocriticalreligionsandethicalvaluesofthedominantsociety.Theywerewealthyinmoneybutpoorinlivelihood.Itwasawildexistingpitytotreatanthersextremelyaswellastothemselves.Theirlivesweredull.Theirlivingstylewasanindirectcriticismofthetraditions.Functionallyspeaking,thecreationofWidowDouglasandMissWatsonprovidesastrongcomparisonwiththeformertwoprotagonistsTomandHuck.Throughthisauthor’sdescriptionaboutthesecharacters,aclearemotionalinclinationtheauthorholdcanbeeasilypickedup.Meanwhile,thiscooperationalsocriticizestherealitynaturally,whichalwaysworshipedtheelegant-seemlyauthoritiesandeliminatedthesincerelylivingways.Pop,Huck’sfather,thetowndrunkandnever-do-wellrepresentsboththegeneraldebasementofwhitesocietyandthefailureoffamilystructures.HisdecayiscomparedwithJim’spositivism,whichisalsoanindicationtotheoverwhelmingchangeinthesocial-classinequality.InjunJoeisthemostdangerouspeopleinthisnovel,whocommittedmurder,robbery.Heturnsuptobesuchaviolent,villainousman.BecauseofhishalfNativeAmericanandhalfCaucasian,hewasdiscriminatedandlookeddownuponbyothers.Sohispredominantmotivationisrevenge.Thatistosayhisstrategyisrootedfromracisminthereality.Everyfigurestandsforaparticularmeaninginreality.Allthecharactersbuiltarealiveandfalliblebecausetheyallcomeoutfromtheauthor’srealdailylife.FromthecharacterizationwecanmakeupanideathattheauthorhasapreferablepassiononNegroes.Thisresultedfromhisemotionalinclination.WeallacknowledgeTwain’spassionateworkonbehalfofAfricanswhowereviciouslyexploitedbyBelgianimperialismintheCongo.“InhislettertoLeopold,thelateKingoftheBelgians,inhisowninimitablewayhedidaseriousincallingtotheattentionoftheworldthecrueltiespracticedupontheblacknativesoftheCongothathadfar-reachingresults.”Washingtonseldominvolvedhimselfwithcontroversialissuesandneverpubliclycriticizedwhitepeople.Thus,theendorsementofTwain’sbitterlysatirical“letter”isasurprising.Finally,MarkTwainparticipatedinafundraiserforTuskegeeInstituteatCarnegie.Hellin1906(aphotographofTwainandWashingtononstageinincludedinShelleyFisherFishleinsWasHuckBlack?MarkTwainandAfrican-Americanvoices).Washington’smentioningthisissignificantbecauseitunderscoreshisargumentthatTwainwasafriendofAfrican-Americanpeople.3.1.2.OntheCreativeUseofDialectsAccordingtoaprofessionalsurvey,intheTwain’sworkstherearealmost5,000Americandialects;4,000ofwhichareusedfirstlybyhimintheliteralworks,suchas:games,piloting,mining,lick(beat),learn(lesson),confound(shit),byjingo(wow),Heller’nuff(pleaseforgiveme),turntail(release),Oh,geeming,itishim.(啊…真他媽的!原來是給他報喪的呀!),tryingthegauge-cocks(模仿氣門放氣的聲音),shucks(表示不屑:呸!),leton(假裝),letmeaholtof(給我),getthelayoftheland(熟悉環境),deadbreak(身無分文),ahardlot(怪人),dryupyourblubbering(別哭),inthedrums(沮喪),andsoon.Heusedthesedistinctivedialects,whicharerichinmetaphor,newlyinventedwordsanddrawlingrhythmsforcomiceffect.Theapplicationofthesedialectsmadetheworksfulloflivelihoodandfresh.Althoughitmightresultinafewdifficultiestointerprettheirtruemeanings.Foranexample:ThenovelTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,whichshowsTwain’ssatireonthesouthernculturebeforetheCivilWarandcondemnsracialdiscrimination,iswritteninunpretentiouscolloquialandpoeticstyle.Differentdialectsarespokeninit,whichmakesthenovelhavelocalcolorandmorevivid.It’sTwain’smasterpiece,andithasbecomeoneofthemostpopularbooksintheworld.EarnestHemingwaywhohadthehighestopinionofthenovel,oncemadetheremarkthat“AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalledTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.It’sthebestbookwe’vehad…Therewasnothingbefore…Therehasbeennothingsogoodsince.BecauseTwainusedrealpeople’srealwordstotellthedownanddirtyofthecarnallives.”3.1.3.OntheDialoguesbetweenFiguresThedialoguesinthenovelsareverycolloquialandsupple.Twainusedtousingconciseandincompletesentences.Forexample:thisisadialoguebetweenTomandHuckaboutasuperstitiononclearingawayHuck’swarts.“What’sthatyougo?”“Deadcat.”“LemmeseehimHuck,my,he’sprettystiff”“Where’dyougethim?”“Boughtoff’naboy.”“Whatdieyougive?”“AblueticketandabladderthatIgotattheslaughter-house.”“Where’dyougettheblueticket?”“BoughtfromBenRogers2weeksagoforahoop-stick.(MarkTwain,2004:1)Anothertypicaldialoguequotedinthechapter11ofTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisaboutatestonHuckbyMrs.JudithLoftus,fromwhomHuckwantstogetsomeinformationofJimandhimself:“Say—whenacow’slayingdown,whichendofhergetsupfirst?Answerupprompt,now—don’tstoptostudyoverit.Whichgetsupfirst?”“Thehindend,mum.”“Well,then,ahorse?”“Thefor’rardend,mum.”“Whichsideoftreedoesthehostmossgrowon?”“Northside.”“Iffifteencowsisbrowsingonahillsidehowmanyofthemeatswiththeirheadspointedthesamedirection?”“Thewholefifteen,mum.”“Well,Ireckenyouhavelivedinthecountry,Ithoughtmaybeyouwastryingtohocusmeagain,what’syourrealname,now?”“GeorgePeter,mum.”(MarkTwain,2003:9)Huckinitiallypretendedtobeagirl,buthishonestybetrayedhim.After3smallquestionsMrs.JudithLoftushadfoundhistrick.Thisdialogueisfullofdialectsandsimplesceneshappeninginourdailylife.ThatstylebelongstoTwain.RegardingClemens,Washingtonextolshimas“rareandunique”declaringhisconvictionthat“hissuccessinliteraturerestslargelyuponthefactthathecamefromthecommonpeople…hestuckclosetonativeandtothecommonpeople,andindoingsohedisregardedinalargedegree,manyoftheordinaryrulesofsolidtheorywhichoftenservemerelytocrampandmakewritersunnaturalanduninteresting.”3.1.4.OntheDetailsorthePsychologicalDescriptionsThedetailsonpsychologicaldescriptionstakeahighproportionofthecontents.Throughthemtheauthorpenetrateddeeplyintothefigures’mindsanddisclosedtheirtruefeelingsandattitudestowardsothersandaffairs.Fromthemthereadersgotcorrectacknowledgementsonthepeople’sgoodorevilpersonalities.Thinkingofthethoughtsdwelledonbytheauthorcarefully;wediscoverhowhypocriticalsomebodyis,howpitifulsomeeventsareandhowunsuitablethesocial-classstructureis.Sothateventuallygetsadeeperlevelofcomprehensionofthenovel.Forexample:inthechapter3ofTheAdventuresofTomSawyer,AuntPollypunishedTomfor“his”breakingthesugar-bowl,butinfactitwasbrokenbySid.Afterrealizinghermistakeshethoughtstirred:Thenherconsciencereproachedher,andsheyearnedtosaysomethingkindandloving;butshejudgedthatthiswouldbeconstruedintoaconfessionthatshehadbeeninthewrong,anddisciplineforbadethat.Soshekeptsilence,andwentaboutherthingswithatroubledheart.(MarkTwain,2004:1)Anotherexample:inthechapter13ofTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn:JimwascaughtandshutoutwhenHuckfoundthatJimhasgone.Hecouldn’thelpcrying.Buthisconscioustroubledhim.AfterwritingtoMissWatsonhismindstruggled:IfeltgoodandallwashedcleanofsinforthefirsttimeIhadneverfeltsoinmylife,andIknowedIcouldplaynow.ButIdidn’tdoitstraightoff,butlaidthepaperdownandsettherethinking—thinkinghowgooditwasthishappenedso,andhownearIcametobeinglostandgoingtohell.Andwentonthinking.Andgotothinkingovertripdowntheriver;andIseeJimbeforeme,allthetime,inthedayandinthenight-time,sometimesmoonlight,sometimesstorms,andwearefloatingalone,talking,andsinging,andlaughing.Butsometimesseemtostrikenoplacestohardenmeagainsthim,butonlytheotherkind.I’dseehimstandingmywatchonhistop,insteadofcallingme,SoIcouldn’tseemhimhowgladhewaswhenIcomebackoutofthefog;andwhenIcometohimagainintheswampuptherewherethefeudwas;andsuch-likestimes;andwouldalwayscallmehoney,andpetme,anddoeverythinghecouldthinkofformeandhowgoodhealwayswas;andatlastIstruckthetimeIsavedhimbytellingthemenwehadsmall-boxabroad,andtheonlyonehe’sgotnowandwhenIhappenedtolookaroundandsawthatproper.ItwasacloseplaceItookitup,andhelditinmyhand.IwasatremblingbecauseI’dgottodecide,forever,betwixttwothings.AndIknewit.Istudiedaminute,sortofholdingmybreath,andthensaytomyself:“Allright,then,I’llgotothehell.”andtoreitup.(汪冷，2003:7)Huckisforcedtosurviveonhiswitsandalwaysabitofanoutcast.Sothesufferingsmakehimthoughtful,intelligent,andwillingtocometohisownconclusionsaboutimportantmatters,eveniftheseresultsfrequentlycontradictsociety’snorms.Intermsofthismatteralthoughheisjustalittleboy,hisdeedisawardablecomparedwiththeothers,whoalwayswanttocatchJimformoneyorreactindifferently.Inaddition,theplotsarrangedalsoshowedtheauthor’scolorfulexperiences.Thewholestoriesarecomposedofmanyfragmented,episodicqualities.Theyareseparatedfromanotherinstructurebutconnectedtightlyincontents.Thatistosay,somechapterscanbeseparatedoutandthenformindependentstories.Thus,thisarrangementmakesthebookinteresting,suppleandattractive.3.2.SomeOtherShortStoriesTwainhadaextensiveselectionofcharactersinhisshortstories,coveringpeopleofmanykindsofjobsorofdifferentsocialstatues,whichischangingfromaidleloafertoanhonorableofficer,evenincludingaforeigntravelerbeingembodiedinhisworks.Mostofhisfiguresareinnocent,simple,kind-heartedandfullofgooddreams,althoughtheycomefromabsolutelydiversecircumstance.HoweverafterplungingintoAmericanrealsociety,theirlivesbecomestar-crossed,lostandfullofdisillusionment.Sothrought