Whenthetwintowersfell,Americansstoppedtravelling.Marriotthaditsworstquarterever,withrevenuesperroomfallingby25%.Thisyear,withoutaterroristattack,thehoindustryis“puttingthesamenumbersontheboard”,saysMrSorenson.Thehobust(不景氣),likemostbusts,wasprecededbyabreathtakingboom.Althoughmanyotherbigfirmsresistedthetemptationtoover-borrow,developersborrowedheavilyandbuiltbiggerandfancierhosasifthewholeworldwerenningaholidayinLasVegas.Whenthebubbleburst,demandcollapsed.Hoownersfoundthemselveswithahugenumberofemptyroomsevenasalotofunnecessarynewhoswerereadytoopen.Otherindustrieshavesufferedevenmore.Largenumbersofbuilders,propertyfirmsandretailershavegonebankrupt.AndadisasterhashitDetroit.LastyeartheAmericancarindustryhadthecapacitytomake17millionvehicles.Salesin2009couldbebarelyhalfofthat.TheBigThreeAmericancarmakers—GeneralMotors,FordandChrysler—accumulatedruinouscostsoverthepost-waryears,suchasgold-tedhealthnsandpensionsforworkerswhoretiredasyoungas48.Allthreearedesperayrestructuring.OnlyFordmaysurviveinitscurrentform.Hardtimesbreedhardfeelings.FewAmericansunderstandwhatcausedtherecession.Someareseekingscapegoats(替罪羊).Politiciansarehappytotakeadvantage.BosseshavebeensummonedtoWashingtontobescoldedonliveevision.Thecondemnstheirgreed.Extravagance(奢侈isBusinessfolkarebendingoverbackwardstoavoidseemingextravagant.Meetingsatresortsaresuddenlyunacceptable.GoldmanSachs,aninvestmentbank,cancelledaconferenceinLasVegasatthelastminuteandrebookeditinSanFrancisco,whichcostmorebutsoundedlessfun.Anyway,thepainwilleventuallyend.Americanbusinesswillregainitsshine.Manyfirmswilldie,butthesurvivorswillemergeleanerandstrongerthanbefore.Thefinancialsector’sshareoftheeconomywillshrink,andstayshrunkforyearstocome.Theimportanceofnon-financialfirmswillaccordinglyrise,alongwiththeirabilitytoattractthebesttalent.Americawillremainthebestceonearthtodobusiness,solongasBarackObamaandtheDemocratsinCongressresistthetemptationtointerferetoomuch,andsolongasorganisedlabourdoesnotoveryitsThecrisiswillprovehugelydisruptive(破壞性的),however.Badmanagementtechniqueswillbeexposed.Necessitywill theswiftadoptionofmoreefficientones.Atthesametime,technologicalinnovation(創(chuàng)新)willbarelypauseforbreath,andtwobigpoliticalchangesseemMrObama’sntocurbcarbondioxide(CO?)emissions(排放),thoughnecessary,willbefarfromcost-,whateverhissunnyspeechesonthesubjectmightsuggest.Theshifttoalow-carboneconomywillhelpsomefirms,hurtothersandrequireeveryorganisationthatusesmuchenergytorethinkhowitoperates.ItishardertopredicthowMrObama’sproposedreformstothefailinghealth-caresystemwillturnout.Ifhesucceedsincurbingcosts—abigif—itwouldbeahugegainforAmerica.Somebusinesseswillbenefitbutthevastbulkofthesavingswillbecapturedbyworkers,nottheiremployers.Inthenextcoupleofyearsthebusinessesthatthrivewillbethosethataretightwithcosts,carefulofdebt,cautiouswithcashflowandextremelyattentivetowhatcustomerswant.Theywillincludeplentyofnamesnoonehasyetheardof.Timeschange,andcorporationschangewiththem.In1955Time’sManoftheYearwasHarlowCurtice,thebossofGM.HisfirmwasleadingAmericatowards“aneweconomicorder”,themagazinewrote.ThankstomenlikeCurtice,“thebondsofscarcity”hadbeenbrokenandAmericawasrolling“inanall-timehighofprosperity”.Soon,Americanswouldneedtospend“comparativelylittletimeearningaliving”.HalfacenturylaterGMisatypicalexampleofpoormanagement.InMarchitschiefexecutivewasfiredbyTime’scurrentManoftheYear,MrObama.Theernmentnowbacksupthedomesticcarindustry,lendingitmoneyandoverseeingitsturnaroundns.Withluck,thiswillbeshort-lived.ButthereisadangerthatWashingtonwillendupmicromanagingnotonlyDetroitbutalsootherpartsoftheeconomy.AndcleverasMrObama’sadvisersare,historysuggeststheywillbebadatthis.:Fromthefirstparagraph,welearnthatAmerica’srecessionistheresult amessyrealestate C)unregulatedacombinationof D)financiers’Attheworsttime,thetotalvalueoflistedsharesinAmericanfirmsshrank C) D)AccordingtoArneSorenson,theofMarriott s,thecurrent wastheworsthehadeverseensinceWorldWarreducedhisrevenuestoaquarterofnormalhithisbusinessashardasthe9/11terroristspoiledhisnstobuildmore sinLasTheBigThreeAmericancarmakersneedrestructuringtosurvive theirproductioncapacityhasshrunktolessthanhalfoftheprevioustheirtechnologyhasfallenbehindtheircompetitors’elsewhereinthetheyhaveborrowedtooheavilyandaccumulatedtoolargeamountsoftheycannotcopewiththeruinouscostsaccumulatedoverthepost-warGoldmanSachs,aninvestmentbank,cancelledaconferenceinLasVegasinorder raiseits C)avoidseemingcutunnecessary D)havefuninSanTheauthorofthisreportseemsto againsttoo ernmentinterferenceintheoptimisticaboutObama’sefforttoreduceCO?interestedinpoliticalandeconomicconcernedabouttheinterestsoftheAccordingtotheauthor,Obama’sntolimitcarbondioxideemissions notbenefitAmerica’s C)dogoodtothebenefitthewhole D)bynomeansbeBecauseHarlowCurtice’sfirmwasleadingAmericaincreating“aneweconomicorder”,hewasnamedbyTimemagazineas in1955.InMarch,GeneralMotors’chiefexecutivewasfiredbyMrObama TheauthorisafraidthattheObamaadministrationwillend America’sPartIII ListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Bothconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughtheA)Thewomanisthemanager’sThemanfoundhimselfinawrongThemanisthemanager’sbusinessThewomanwasputtingupasignontheA)HeneedsmoretimefortheHeneedshelptointerprettheHeissorrynottohavehelpedtheHedoesnothavesufficientdatatogoA)AfriendfromNew C)ApostalB)Amessagefrom D)AchangeintheA)SheisnotavailableuntiltheendofnextSheisnotareliablesourceofShedoesnotliketakingShedoesnotlikeA)HewillhelpthewomancarrytheThewoman’swatchistwentyminutesThewomanshouldn’tmakesuchabigThereisnoneedforthewomantobeinaA)MaryisnotsoeasygoingasMaryandshehavealotinShefindsithardtogetalongwithShedoesnotbelievewhatherneighborsA)Ataninformation C)AtarepairB)Atacarwash D)AtadryA)Thewomancametotheconcertattheman’sThemanisalreadyfedup yingtheThepieceofmusicthe yedisveryTheman’suniquetalentsaretheenvyofmanyQuestions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)HehastaughtSpanishforacoupleofyearsatalocalHeworkedattheBrownstoneforseveralHeownedasmallretailbusinessinMichiganyearsHehasbeenworkingpart-timeinaschoolnearA)Heprefersafull-timejobwithmoreHeiseagertofindajobwithanincreasedHelikestoworkinaclosetoHewouldrathergetalessdemandingA) C)ForeignB) D)ComputerA)WhenheissupposedtostartWhatresponsibilitieshewouldWhenhewillbeinformedabouthisWhatcareeropportunitieshercanQuestions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Sheis C)ShehasjustfinishedherB)Sheisover D)SheisagoodA)Hetakesgoodcareof C)HeisgoodatbusinessB)HeistheCEOofagiant D)HeworksasasalesA)ItisinurgentneedoffurtherItproducesgoodspopularamonglocalIthasbeenlosingmarketshareinrecentItiswellpositionedtocompetewiththeSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Itislinedwithtall C)IthashighbuildingsonbothB)Itwaswidened D)ItusedtobedirtyandA)Theyrepaveditwith C)TheybeautifieditwithB)Theybuiltpublicrestroomson D)TheysetupcookingfacilitiesnearA)Whatmakeslife C)WhatacommunityB)Howtoworkwith D)HowtoimproveA)TheywereobligedtofulfillthesignedTheywereencouragedbythecityofficials’TheywantedtoprovetheywereascapableasTheyderivedhappinessfromtheconstructivePassageQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ThemajorityofthemthinkitlessimportantthanManyofthemconsideritboringandold-ThemajorityofthemfinditFewofthemreadmorethantenbooksaA)Novelsand C)HistoryandscienceB)Mysteriesanddetective D)BooksoncultureandA)Watching C)ReadingB)Listeningto D)yingcomputerPassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)AdviceonthepurchaseofInformationaboutthenewgreen-fuelTrendsforthedevelopmentofthemotorSolutionstoglobalfuelA)Limiteddriving C)TheshortlifeofB)Hugerecharging D)TheunaffordablehighA)TheyneedtobefurtherTheycaneasilyswitchtonaturalTheyaremorecost-effectivethanvehiclespoweredbysolarTheycanmatchconventionalmotorcarsinperformanceandSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.MyfavoriteT.V.show?“TheTwilightZone.”I(36) liketheepisodecalled“ThePrinter’sDevil.”It’saboutanewspapereditorwho’sbeing(37) outofbusinessbyabignewspapersyndicate–youknow,agroupofpapers(38) bythesamepeople.He’saboutto(39) suicidewhenheisinterruptedbyanoldmanwhosayshisnameisSmith.Theeditorisnotonlyoffered$5,000topayoffhisnewspaper’s(40) ,butthisSmithcharacteralsooffershis(41) for.Itturnsoutthattheguy(42) printingmachinewithamazingspeed,andsoonhe’sturningoutnewspaperswith(43)headlines.Thesmallpaperissuccessfulagain.TheeditorisamazedathowquicklySmithgetshisstories–onlyminutesaftertheyhappen–butsoonhe’spresentedwithacontracttosign.Mr.Smith,itseems,isreallythedevil! ,sohetosign.ButsoonSmithisreportingthenewsevenbeforeithappens–andit’sallterrible–onedisasterafteranother. .Ireallytheseoldepisodesof“TheTwilightZone”becausethestoriesarefascinating..PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingJustwhenyouhadfiguredouthowtomanagefatinyourdiet,researchersarenowwarningagainstanothercommonmealtimepitfall(陷阱)—salt.AstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco(UCSF),StanfordUniversityandColumbiaUniversityshowsthatevena47decreaseindailysaltintake(攝入)canleadtodramatichealthbenefits.Theauthors48anannualdropofasmanyas120,000casesofheartdisease,66,00049ofstrokeand99,000heartattacks50byhighbloodpressureaftera3-g-per-dayreductioninsalt.Theadvantages,notsurprisingly,weregreaterforAfricanAmericans,whoaremorelikely51highbloodpressurethanotherethnicgroups,andfortheelderly,sincebloodvesselsstiffenwithage,whichcanleadtohigherbloodpressure.“EveryoneintheU.S.isconsumingsaltfarin52ofwhatisgoodforthem,”saysleadauthorDr.KirstenBibbins-DomingoofUCSF.“Whatwearesuggestingisthatapopulation-wideefforttoreducesaltintake,even53,willhavehealthbenefits.”Theteamconductedacomputer-basedysistodeterminethe54ofa3-g-per-dayreductioninsaltintakeonratesofheartdiseaseanddeath.Theyalsocalculatedthecostsavingsemergingfromtheamountofdiseasethatwouldbe55becauseoflowerbloodpressure.Theconclusion:bycuttingsaltintakenationwide,theU.S.couldsave$10billionto$24billion56inhealthcarecosts.

SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingTheGataisusedtofrownwhentheyreceivedpowerbillsthatroutinelytopped$200.LastSeptemberthecouplemovedintoa1,500-square-foothomeinGardens,asubdivisionof95“zero-energyhomes”(ZEH)justoutsidetown.Nowthey’reactuallyeagertoseetheirelectricitybills.Thegrandtotaloverthe10monthsthey’velivedinthethree-bedroomhouse:$75.Forthepasttwomonthstheyhaven’tpaidacent.ZEHcommunitiesaretheleadingedgeof thatmightsomedaycreatehousesthatproduceasmuchenergyastheyconsume. Gardensisoneofahalf-dozensubdivisionsinCaliforniawhereeveryhomecutspowerconsumptionby50%,mostlybyusinglow-powerappliancesandsolarpanels.Asidefromthepanelsontheroof,Gardenslookslikeacommunityofconventionalhomes.Butinside,specialwindowscutpowerbillsbyblockingsolarheatinsummerandretainingindoorwarmthinwinter.Therestoftheenergysavingscomesfromthesolarunits.Theydon’tjustfeedthehometheyserve.Iftheygeneratemorepowerthanthehomeisusing,theexcessflowsintotheutility’spowergrid(電網(wǎng)).Theresidentsarebilledby“netmetering”:theypayfortheamountofpowertheytapoffthegrid,lessthekilowatts(千瓦)theyfeedintoit.Ifahomegeneratesmorepowerthanituses,thebilliszero.Thatsoundslikeabaddealforthepower,butit’snot.Solarhomesproducethepoweronthehotsunnyafternoonswheneveryonerusheshometoturnuptheairconditioner.“Ithelpsuslowerusageatpeakpowertimes,”sayssolarexpertMikeKeesee.“Thatletsusavoidbuildingcostlyntsorbuyingexpensivepoweratpeakusagetime.”What’snottolike?Mostlythecosts.Thespecialfeaturescanadd$25,000ormoretothepurchasepriceofahouse.Taxbreaksbringthecostdown,especiallyinCalifornia,butinmanystatesZEHscanbeprohibitivelyexpensive.Fortheconsumer,it’samatterofpayingnowforthehardwaretosavelaterontheutilities.WhyaretheGataiseagertoseetheirelectricitybillsTheywanttoseehowmuchtheyhaveTheywanttocutdowntheirutilityTheywanttoknowiftheyareabletoTheywanttoavoidbeingWhatisspecialabouttheZEHTheyhavecreatedcutting-edgeTheyaimtobeself-sufficientinpowerTheyaresubdividedintohalfadozenTheyarebuiltinharmonywiththeHowaretheresidentsintheZEHcommunitiesbilledforelectricityTheyareonlychargedfortheamountofpowertheyconsumeonrainyTheyneedn’tpayasinglecentfortheirpowerconsumptiononsunnyTheyonlypayfortheexcesspowerthatflowsintotheutility’spowerTheypayfortheelectricityfromthegridlesstheirhome-generatedWhatdoesthe“netmetering”practicemeantothepowerMorepressureatpeak C)IncreasedelectricityLessprofitsintheshort D)ReducedoperationalTheauthorbelievesthatbuyingahouseinaZEH isbutadreamforaveragegivestheownersubstantialtaxisaworthyinvestmentinthelongcontributestoenvironmentalPassageQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingRomanticlovehasclearevolutionaryrootsbutourviewsaboutwhatmakesanidealromanticrelationshipcanbeswayedbythesocietywelivein.SosayspsychologistMaureenO’SullivanfromtheUniversityofSanFrancisco.Shesuggeststhathumanshavealwaystriedtostrengthenthepair-bondtoise(使最大化)reproductivesuccess.Manysocietiesthroughouthistoryandaroundtheworldtodayhavecultivatedstrongpressurestostaymarried.Inthosewheretiestofamilyandcommunityarestrong,lifelongmarriagescanbepromotedbypracticessuchastheculturalprohibitionofdivorceandarrangedmarriagesthatareseenasacontractbetweentwofamilies,notjusttwoindividuals.Inmodernwesternsocieties,however,thefocusonindividualityandindependencemeansthatpeoplearelessconcernedaboutconformingto(遵守)thedictatesoffamilyandculture.Intheabsenceofsocietalpressurestomaintainpair-bonds,O’Sullivansuggeststhatromanticlovehasincreasinglycometobeseenasthefactorthatshoulddeterminewhowestaywithandforhowlong.“That’swhyhistoricallyweseeanincreaseinromanticloveasabasisforforminglong-termrelationships,”sheAccordingtoO’Sullivanculturealsoshapesthesortsoffeelingsweexpecttohave,andactuallydoexperience,wheninlove.Althoughthenegativeemotionsassociatedwithromanticlove—fearofloss,disappointmentandlousy—arefairlyconsistentacrosscultures,thepositivefeelingscanvary.“IfyouaskJapanesestudentstolistthepositiveattributestheyexpectinaromanticpartner,theyratehighlythingslikeloyalty,commitmentanddevotion,”saysO’Sullivan.“IfyouaskAmericancollegewomen,theyexpecteverythingunderthesun:inadditiontobeingcommitted,partnershavetobeamusing,funnyandafriend.”Wejudgeapotentialpartneraccordingtoourspecificculturalexpectationsaboutwhatromanticloveshouldfeellike.Ifyoubelievethatyouhavefoundtrueromance,andyourculturelsyouthatthisiswhatalong-termrelationshipshouldbebasedon,thereislessneedtorelyonsocialorfamilypressurestokeepcouplestogether,O’SullivanWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeople’sviewsofanidealromanticTheyvaryfromculturetoTheyensurethereproductiveTheyreflecttheevolutionaryTheyareinfluencedbyWecaninferfromthepassagethatstrongfamilyandcommunity largelyrelyonmarriagecancontributetostableoftenruncountertoromanticmakedivorcesvirtuallyWithoutsocialpressurestokeeppair-bonds,romantic willbeasubstituteformarriageinhumanysakeyroleinmaintaininglong-termislikelytorecethedictatesoffamilyandisawaytodevelopindividualityandO’Sullivanbelievesthatwhenpeoplefromdifferentculturesfallin theyexpectdifferentthingsfromtheirtheytendtoexaggerateeachother’spositivetheyoftenfailtoseeeachother’snegativetheylaymoreemphasisoncommitmentandWecanconcludefromthepassage culturaldifferencesoftentearapartafamilybuiltonromanticmarriagesarehardtosustainwithoutsocialorfamilyromanticlove ingincreasinglyimportantinfamilyromanticlovetendstoyieldwherefamilyorsocialpressuresarePartVCloze(15Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.TheworkforwhichThomasMalthusisstillmostwidelyknown