短長(zhǎng)二，理1A.B.NewCD.NotdecidedyetA.HeiscarelessabouthisB.HeisashamedofhispresentC.HechangesjobsD.Heshaveseveryotherday.A.ShephonedFredabouttheB.ShewaslatefortheC.SheranintoFredonherwayD.SheoftenkeepsotherpeoplewaitingA.ThewomanhasknownthespeakerforalongB.ThemanhaddifficultyunderstandingtheC.ThemanismakingafussaboutD.Thewomanthinkshighlyofthespeaker.A.HemovedtoBaltimorewhenhewasB.HecanprovidelittleusefulC.HewillshowthewomanaroundD.Hewillasksomeoneelsetohelpthe6ThemanhasleftagoodimpressiononherTheman’snsandT-shirtsareThemanshouldbuyhimselfanewThemancandresscasuallyfortheoccasion.ItsItsItsItisaroutineItisquiteItisnewontheItisagoodbargain.ReadthenoticeontheBoardthebustoGoandasktheGetanewbusQuestions10to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustBeautifulsceneryintheAsportheparticipatesPainandpleasureinsports.Hecan’tfindgoodexamplestoillustratehisHecan’tfindapeacefulcetodotheHecan’tdecidewhethertoincludetheeffortpartofHedoesn’tknowhowtodescribethebeautifulcountryscenery.NewideascomeupasyouMuchtimeisspentoncollectingAlotofeffortismadeinThewriter’spointofviewoftenQuestions13to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustTheysharedmutualfriendsinTheyhadmanyinterestsinTheysharedmanyextracurricularTheyhadknowneachothersincechildhood.AtalocalAtJoe’sAttheboardingAtthesportscenter.DurablefriendshipscanbeverydifficulttoOnehastoberespectfulofotherpeopleinordertowinSocialdivisionswillbreakdownifpeoplegettoknoweachItishardforpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds eDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Almosteverychild,onthefirstdayhesetsfootinaschoolbuilding,issmarter,more26,lessafraidofwhathedoesn’tknow,betteratfindingand27,moreconfident,resourceful(的),persistentand28thanhewilleverbeagaininhisschooling–or,unlessheisveryunusualandverylucky,fortherestofhislife.Already,bypayingcloseattentiontoand29theworldandpeoplehim,andwithoutanyschool-typeformalinstruction,hehasdoneataskfarmoredifficult,complicatedand30thananythinghewillbeaskedtodoinschool,orthananyofhisteachershasdoneforyears.Hehassolvedthe31oflanguage.Hehasdiscoveredit–babiesdon’tevenknowthatlanguageexists–andhehasfoundouthowitworksandlearnedtouseit32.Hehasdoneitbyexploring,byexperimenting,bydevelohisownmodelofthegrroflanguage,by33andseeingwhetheritworks,bygraduallychangingitand34ituntilitdoeswork.Andwhilehehasbeenngthis,hehasbeenlearningotherthingsaswell,includingmanyofthe“35”thattheschoolsthinkonlytheycanteachhim,andmanythataremorecomplicatedtheonestheydotrytoteach三，閱讀理解(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanQuestions36to45arebasedonthefollowingManyBrazilianscannotread.In2000,aquarterofthoseaged15andolderwerefunctionallyillite(文盲).Many36donotwantto.Onlyoneliteadultinthreereadsbooks.The37Brazilianreads1.8non-academicbooksayear，lessthanhalfthefigureinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Inarecentsurveyofreadinghabits,Brazilianscame27thoutof30countries.Argentines,theirneighbors,38Theernmentandbusinessesareallstrugglingindifferentwaystochangethis.OnMarch13theernment39aNationalnforBooksandReading.Thisseekstoboostreading,byfoundinglibrariesandfinancingpublishersamongotherOnediscouragementtoreadingisthatbooksare40.Mostbookshavesmallprint-runs,pushinguptheirprice.ButBrazilians'indifferencetobookshasdeeperroots.Centuriesofslaverymeantthecountry'sleaderslong41education.Primaryschoolingbecameuniversalonlyinthe1990s.AllthismeansBrazil'sbookmarkethasthebiggestgrowth42inthewesternworld.Butreadingisadifficulthabittoform.Braziliansboughtfewerbooksin2004,89million,includingtextbooks43bytheernment,thantheydidin1991.LastyearthedirectorofBrazil'snationallibrary44.Hecominedthathehadhalfthelibrariansheneededandtermites(白蟻)hadeatenmuchofthe45Thatoughttobeacausefornationalshame.Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.EachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphsIdentifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Onachillydaylastspring,afewdozendevelopersofchildren’sapps(應(yīng)用程序)forphonesandtablets(平板電腦)gatheredatanoldbeachresortinMonterey,California,toshowofftheirgames.ThegatheringwasorganizedbyWarrenBuckleitner,alongtimereviewerofinctivechildren’smedia.Buckleitnerspentthebreakstestingwhetherhisownremote-controlhelicoptercouldreachthehall’ssecondstory,whilevariouschildrenwhohadcomewiththeirparentslookedupinawe(敬畏)anddelight.Butmostlytheylookeddown,attheiPadsandothertabletsdisyedaroundthehalllikesomanyopenboxesofcandy.Iwalkedaroundandtalkedwithdevelopers,andseveralquotedafamoussayingofMariaMontessori’s,“Thehandsaretheinstrumentsofman’sinligence.”What,really,wouldMariaMontessorihavemadeofthisscene?The30orsochildrenherewerenotdownattheshorepoking(戳)theirfingersinthesandorrunningthemalongstonesorpickingseass.Insteadtheywereallinside,aloneoringroupsoftwoorthree,theirfacesafewinchesfromascreen,theirhandsngthingsMontessorisurelydidnotimagine.In2011,theAmericanAcademyofPediatricsupdateditsonveryyoungchildrenandmedia.In1999,thegrouphaddiscouragedevisionviewingforchildrenyoungerthan2,citingresearchonbraindevelopmentthatshowedthisagegroup’scriticalneedfor“directinctionswithparentsandothersignificantcaregivers.”Theupdatedreportbeganbyacknowledgingthatthingshadchangedsignificantlysincethen.In2006,90percentofparentssaidthattheirchildrenyoungerthan2consumedsomeformofelectronicmedia.Nevertheless,thegrouptooklargelythesameapproachitdidin1999,uniformlydiscouragingpassivemediause,onanytypeofscreen,forthesekids.(Forolderchildren,theacademynoted,“high-qualityprograms”couldhave“educationalbenefits.”)The2011reportmentioned“smartcellphone”and“newscreen”,butdidnotaddressinctiveapps.Nordiditbringupthepossibilitythathaslikelyoccurredtothose90percentofAmericanparentsthatsomegoodmightcomefromthoselittleswi(在電子產(chǎn)品上刷)fingers.Ihadcometothedevelopers’conferencepartlybecauseIhopedthatparticularsetofparents,enthusiasticastheywereaboutinctivemedia,mighthelpmeoutofthisproblem,thattheymightoffersomeguidingprincipleforAmericanparentswhoareclearlynevergoingtomeettheacademy’sideals,andatsomeleveldonotwantto.Perhapsthisgroupwouldbeabletoexpressclearlysomebenefitsofthenewtechnologythatthemorecautiousdoctorsweren’treadytoaddress.IfellintoconversationwithawomanwhohadhelpeddevelopMontessoriLetterSounds,anappthatteachespreschoolerstheMontessorimethodsofspelling.ShewasaformerMontessoriteacherandamotheroffour.Imyselfhavethreechildrenwhoareallfansofthetouchscreen.Whatgamesdidherkidsliketoy?Iasked,hoforsuggestionsIcouldtakehome.“Theydon’tyallthatReally?Why“BecauseIdon’tallowit.Wehavearuleofnoscreentimeduringtheweek,unlessit’sclearlyeducational.”Noscreentime?Noneatall?Thatseemsattheouteredgeofrestrictive,evenbythestandardsofmyovercontrollingparents.“Ontheweekends,theycany.Igivethemalimitofhalfanhourandthenstop.HeranswersosurprisedmethatIdecidedtoasksomeoftheotherdeveloperswhowerealsoparentswhattheirdomesticgroundrulesforscreentimewere.Onesaidonlyonairnesandlongcarrides.AnothersaidWednesdaysandweekends,forhalfanhour.Themostpermissivesaidhalfanhouraday,whichwasaboutmyruleathome.AtonepointIsatwithoneofthebiggestdevelopersofe-bookappsforkids,andhisfamily.Thesmallkidwasstartingtofussinherhighchair,sothemomstuckaniPadinfrontofherandyedashortmoviesoeveryoneelsecouldenjoytheirlunch.Whenshesawmewatching,shegavemetheuniversaltenselookofmotherswhofeeltheyarebeingjudged.“Athome,”sheassuredme,“IonlyletherwatchmoviesinSpanish.”Bytheirreactions,theseparentsmademetheproblemofourage:astechnologyesalmosteverywhereinourlives,Americanparents ingnotless,distrustfulofwhatitmightbengtotheirchildren.Technologicalabilityhasnot,forparents,translatedintocomfortandease.Ontheonehand,parentswanttheirchildrentoswimexpertlyinthedigitalstreamthattheywillhavetonavigate(航行)alltheirlives;ontheotherhand,theyfearthattoomuchdigitalmedia,tooearly,willsinkthem.Parentsenduptreatingtabletslikeprecisionsurgical(外科的)instruments,devicesthatmightperformmiraclesfortheirchild’sIQandhelphimwinsomegreatroboticscompetition—butonlyiftheyareusedjustso.Otherwise,theirchildcouldenduponeofthosesad,palecreatureswhocan’tmakeeyecontactandhasagirlfriendwholivesonlyinthevirtualworld.NormanRockwell,a20th-century,neverpaintedBoySwiFingeronScreen,andourownvisionofaperfectchildhoodhasneveradjustedtomodatethat monscene.Addtothatourmodernfearthateveryparentingdecisionmayhavelastingconsequences—thateveryminuteof entlostormindlessentertainmentindulged(的)willadduptosomepermanenthandicap()inthefuture—andyouhavedeepguiltandconfusion.Todate,nobodyofresearchhasprovedthattheiPadwillmakeyourpreschoolersmarterorteachhertospeak,oralternativelythatitwillrusthernervoussystem—thedevicehasbeenoutforonlythreeyears,notmuchmorethanthetimeittakessomeacademicstofindfundingandgathersubjects.SowhatisaparenttoTheauthorattendedtheconference,hotofindsomeguidingprinciplesforparentingintheelectronicage.Americanparentsare ingmoredoubtfulaboutthebenefitstechnologyissaidtobringtotheirchildren.SomeexpertsbelievethathumaninligencedevelopsbytheuseofTheauthorfoundaformerMontessoriteacherexercisingstrictcontrolover kids’screentime.Researchshows ctionwithpeopleiskeytobabies’brainSofartherehasbeennoscientificproofoftheeducationalbenefitsofAmericanparentsworrythatoveruseoftabletswillcreateproblemswiththeirkids’inter alrelationships.Theauthorexpecteddevelopersofchildren’sappstospecifythebenefitsofthenewtechnology.ThekidsatthegatheringweremorefascinatedbytheiPadsthanbytheTheauthorpermitsherchildrentousethescreenforatmosthalfanhouraSectionCWhenyoungwomenwerefoundtomakeonly82%ofwhattheirmalepeersdojustoneyearoutofcollege,manywereatalosstoexinit.Allthetraditionalreasonsputforwardtointerpretthepaygap—thatwomenfallbehindwhentheyleavetheworktoraisekids,forexampleorthattheydon’tseekasmanymanagementroles—failedtojustifythisone.Theseyoungwomendidn’thavekidsyet.Andbecausetheywerejustoneyearremovedfromtheirundergraduatedegrees,fewofthesewomenyethadthechancetogoafter(muchlessdecline)leadershiproles.Butthereareotherreasonswhythepaygapremainssopersistent.Thefirstisthatnomatterhowmanywomenmaybegettingcollegedegrees,theuniversityexperienceisstillanunequalone.Thesecondisthatourhighereducationsystemisnotdesignedtofocusontheeconomicconsequencesofourstudents’yearsoncampus.Nowthatwomenarethemajorityofcollegestudentsandsurpassmeninboththenumberofundergraduateandadvanceddegreesawarded,onemightthinkthecollegecampusisprettyequalce.Itisnot.Studiesshowthatwhilegirlsdobetterthanboysinhighschool,theystarttotrailoffduringtheircollegeyears.Theyenrollindifferentkindsofclasses,tendtomajorinlessrigorous(非常嚴(yán)格的)subjects,andgenerallyheadoffwithlessambitiousns.Asaresult,it’snotsurprisingthateventhebesteducatedyoungwomenentertheworkcewithaslightdisadvantage.Theircollegeexperienceleavesthemsomewhatconfusedtobeprettyorsmart?Strongory(的)？Alltheirlives,today’syoungwomenhavebeenpushedtoembracebothperfectionandpassion---topursuescienceandsport,mathandtheater—anddoitallaswellastheypossiblycan.Nowondertheyarenotnegotiatingforhighersalariesassoonastheygetoutofschool.Theyaretooexhausted,andtooscaredoffailing.Traditionally,itisbelievedthatwomenearnlessthanmen TheyhavefailedtotakeasmanyrigorousTheydonotfeelasfitformanagementTheyfeelobligedtotakecareoftheirkidsatTheydonotexhibittheneededleadershipWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAmerica’shighereducationItdoesnotofferspecificcareercounselingtoItdoesnotconsideritseconomicimpactonItdoesnottakecareofwomenstudents’specialItdoesnotencouragewomentotakerigorousWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttoday’scollegeItisdifferentformaleandfemaleItisnotthesameasthatofearlierItismoreexhaustingthanmostwomenItisnotsosatisfyingtomanyAmericanWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutwomenstudentsinTheyhavenoideahowtobringouttheirTheydropacoursewhentheyfindittooTheyarenotaspracticalasmeninchoosingTheydon’tperformaswellastheydidinhighHowdoestheauthorexintheypaygapbetweenmenandwomenfreshfromWomenaretoowornouttobeWomenarenotreadytotakemanagementWomenarecaughtbetweencareerandWomenarenotgoodatnegotiatingQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingReadingleadershipliture,you’dsometimesthinkthateveryonehasthepotentialtobeaneffectiveleader.Idon’tbelievethattobetrue.Infact,IseewayfewertrulyeffectiveleadersthanIseepeoplestuckinpositionsofleadershipwhoaresadly petentandseriouslymisguidedabouttheirownabilities.Partofthereasonthishappensisalackofhonestself—assessmentbythosewhoaspireto(追求)leadershipinthefirstce.We’veallmetthetypeofindividualwhosimplymusttakecharge.Whetherit’sadecision-makingsession,abasketballgame,orafamilyouting,theycan’thelpgrabbingtheleaddogpositionandclingingontoitfordearlife.Theybelievethey’renaturalbornleaders.Truthis,they’renothingofthesort.Trueleadersdon’tassumethatit’sdivine(神圣的)righttotakechargeeverytimetwoormorepeoplegettogether.Quitetheopposite.Agreatleaderwillassesseachsituationonitsmerits,andwillonlytakechargewhentheirposition,thesituation,and/ortheneedsofthemomentdemandManybusinessexecutivesconfuseleadershipwithaction.Theybelievethatconstantmotionsomehowgeneratesleadershipasabyproduc