第一高中英語語法系統全解（一）第1章 2-4樓第2章語 5-7第3章虛擬語 9-11第4 12-16第5章 17-20樓第6章動詞的ing形式 21-24樓第7章 25-27樓第8章獨立主格結構 28－30樓第9章名詞性從句 31－33樓第10章 35－40樓第11章 狀語從句（一）40－45樓第11章 第12章 第13章倒裝1415章省略16第一 動詞時態（一一般現在時主要用動詞來表示。主語是第三人稱單數時，動詞后面要加-s或-esTheywantgoodThecoatmatchestheThisworkdoesnotsatisfyDoyouunderstand?Healwaystakesawalkaftersupper.EveryoneisinhighspiritsThesunrisesintheeastandsetsintheSoundtravelsfasterthroughwaterthanitdoesthroughTimeandtidewaitfornoThisclothfeelsIloveclassicalThestillseemsabletofindtimetogoThemeetingbeginsatWeleavehereat8:00Whenyoucomenexttime,bringmesomeIftimeallows,weshallgothereWhetherheagreesornot,Iwillstayat用于標題或說明DeclaresMannedSpaceflightSuccessfulLauraBushArrivesin··Francisslipspast,passestheballtoYaoMing,whojumps,catchesandshootsitintothebasket.穿過去，把球傳給，跳起來，接住球投進籃里Now,look,IpressthebuttonandturnontheYoumindyourownIfhedoesthatagain,hegoestoHerecomesthebus.TheregoestheHiswordsfetchedalaughfromallIdidnotsleepwelllastDidyoudirectthetouristtotheho?HesuddenlyfellillTheenginestoppedbecausethefuelwasused【誤】IvisitedthePalaceMuseum.（在沒有上下文的情況下，應避免這樣說【正】IvisitedthePalaceMuseumlast【正】IhavevisitedthePalaceIwrotehomeonceaweekatHewasalreadyinthehabitofreadingwidelyinhisusedtowouldSheusedtostudylateintothenightwhenshewasinSeniorHewouldsitforhoursngSheenteredtheroom,pickedupamagazineandlookedthroughitThestudentsgotupearlyinthemorning,didmorningexercisesandthenreadEnglishaloudintheopenair.WewouldnotleaveuntiltheteachercameShetoldmeshewouldnotgoifitrainedthenextIt'stimeweIwishIweretwentyyearsIwouldratheryoudidn'tdoanythingforthetimeIwonderedifyoucouldgivemeaMightIcomeandseeyouHisfatherisafilmHisfatherwasafilmHowdoyouliketheHowdidyoulikethe一般將來時是由“will/shall+動詞”構成的。shall只限于第一人稱，主要見于英國英will表示。在口語中，shallwill常縮寫成“'ll”shallnotwillnot常簡略為shan'twon'tI'llgoandshuttheWhenwillyouknowyourexamIcanseeyou'rebusy,soIwon'tstay提示：在youandIbothofuswillshall。YouandIwillarrivetherenextMonday.BothofuswillgraduatefrommiddleschoolnextIshallbethisThere'llbenochemistryclassesTheywillprobablygotoShanghaifortheir在口語中，常用will/shall+beng結構來代替will/shall+動詞，以表示生動I'llbeseeingafriendoffattheHe'llbegoingwithustomorrow.MyunclewillcometoseemeeveryThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthisThatbaglooksheavy.I'llhelpyouwithIwon'tlanyonewhathappened,IFlowerswilldiewithoutWaterwillchangeintoiceatThiswillbeyoursister,I①用于“Iexpect,I'msure,IthinkIwonder+賓語從句”Don'tworryabouttheexam.I'msureyou'llIwonderwhatwillIdon'tthinkthetestwillbevery②用于“and+陳述句”中Workhardandyouwillsucceed.GoatonceandyouwillseeI'llletyouknowassoonasheIfyouaskhimhewillhelpyou.Weshallgounlessitrains.①begoingto+“begoingto+動詞”這一結構常用于口語中I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisAreyougoingtoybasketballafterHeisgoingtobeadoctorwhenhegrowsWhatareyougoingtodoLookatthoseblackclouds.ItisgoingtoThecarisgoingtoturnThereisgoingtobea“begoingto+動詞”與“will/shall+動詞”的區begoingtowill/shall既可表示不久的將來，也可表SheisgoingtogetShewillgetGeorgephonedwhileyouwere 來的Ok.I'llphonehim （臨時決定Matthewphonedwhileyouwere 來了Yes,Iknow.I'mgoingtophonehim 但在正式文體中，要用will來表示事先安排的動作。Themeetingwillbeginat10:00a.m..Coffeewillbeservedfrom9:30fromtodaybegoingtowillshall。Ifeelterrible.IthinkI'mgoingtobesick.begoingto可用于條件句，表示將來時間，will則不能。Ifyouaregoingtoattendthemeetingyou'dbetterleavenow.②be+動詞的-ing“be+動詞的-ing形式”表示根據現在的計劃或安排，預期將會發生某事，這種安排不容隨意改變。在這一結構中，動詞-ingarrive,come,go,leavemove,start,staygeteat,meet,seeoff,dieHeisleavingforinafewIamdiningouttonight.TheneistakingoffTheoldmanisdying.“be+動詞的-ing形式”和“begoingto+動詞”的異Wearemovingtoanewflattomorrow.Wearegoingtomovetoanewflatbegoingtobe+動詞的-ing形式。Youaregoingtofallifyouclimbthat如果你爬樹的話，你會摔下來的（Youarefallingif...）Becareful.Youaregoingtobreakthatchair.當心！你會把那張椅子弄壞的（Youarebreakingthatbe+be(am,isare)(waswere)ThehighwayistobeopentotrafficinAmItotakeoverhiswork?Ifwearetotakethe5:00train,wemustleaveYouaretobebackbefore10Youarenottogooutaloneat“be+動詞不定式”與“begoingto+動詞”的區“begoingto+動詞”側重說話人個人的意圖和打算，“be+動詞不定式”側重受I'mgoingtotrymybesttowritethisarticleAmItowaitheretilltheir表示由于客觀因素或不受人控制的將要發生的動作時，只用“begoingto+動詞”，不用“be+動詞不定式”。It'sgoingto（It'storain.）Rachelisgoingtofaint. WhattimedoesthenexttrainleaveforI'llgivethebooktoyouafterIfinishIfhearrives,wemustgoandmeethimattherailwayhopesupposeIhopealliswellwithSuppsewegohiking一般過去將來時是由“should/would+動詞”構成的。HeaskedmeyesterdaywhenIshouldleaveforParis.TheywantedtoknowhowtheywouldfinishtheHesaidtheywouldarrangeaparty.IaskedifhewouldcomeandfixmyTVIfIhadachancetostudyabroad,IwouldstudyatCambridgeIwishhewouldgowithmetothecinematonight.was/weregoingtoHesaidthathewasgoingtoliveinthecountrywhenheTheythoughtitwasgoingtowas/were動詞的-ingNobodyknewwhethertheguestswereIwastoldthatthetrainwasleavinginafew我知火車幾分鐘后就要開了was/wereShesaidshewastocleantheclassroomafterItwasreportedthatanotherbridgewastobebuiltacrosstheYangtse“was/weregoingto+動詞”或“was/were+動詞不定式完成式”可表示未能實現的過LastSundayweweregoingtovisittheGreatWall,butitIwastohavehelpedwiththeperformance,butIgotfluthedaywas/wereaboutto“was/wereabouttodo”表示說話的瞬間就會發生的動作。Ifeltsomethingterriblewasabouttohappen.was/wereonthepointofI'mgladyouhavecome.Iwasonthepointofcallingyou,butyou'vesavedmethetroublenow. “beabouttodo”和“beonthepointofng”結構一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用，但when引導的分句。Iwasabouttostartwhenitsuddenlybeganto現在進行時1．現在進行時是由“am,isare現在分詞”構成的。I'mreadingtheeveningnewspaper.Nowitisn'tsnowingAretheyyingsoccerinthe他們正在操場上踢嗎,momentSheismakingafireListen!MaryissinginganEnglishsonginthe聽 正在教室里唱英文歌Theyarentingtreesonthehillthesedays.Idon'treallyworkhere;Iamjustheloutuntilthenewsecretary我并不在這兒工作，在新來之前幫幫忙罷了arrive,begincome,do,drive,flygoleave,JaneandBettyaregoingonholidayinafewWhereareyoustayinginGuangzhou?表示一種重復的動作，帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感constantly,always,forever等狀語連用，給現在的動作披上She'sconstantlycomMybrotherisalwaysleavingthingsHeisforeverthinkingofngmorefortheThehouseisfallingdown.房子正在TheweatherischangingfortheI'mforgettingmyFoodiscostingmore.ThetrainisarrivinglatealmosteverydaythisSomeoneisknockingatthedoor.Theboyisjumwithjoy.HewhohelpsothersishelIfyouinsistonngit,youarengafoolishe.bebe動詞一般不用于進行時態。但有時可用“am,is,are+being+形容詞”結構Theboyisbeingnaughty.這孩子有點兒淘氣。Idon'tthinkyouarebeingfair.Heisbeingmodest.Youarenot（一貫如此Youarenotbeing（暫時的現象seem,look,appearhave,belongto,own,holdThisbackpackbelongstoHeseemsratherangrywithknowrememberunderstand,see,think,believe,suppose,hope,Idon'tthinkhewillcomeIstillrememberthedayswhenwestudiedShe'sunderstandingyoubetterwantwishneed,desireYourclothesneedwashing.HowIwishIwereabird！continue,keep,last,goonShestillcontinuesinpoorEverydayafterfinishinghis,hegoesontodosomeseehearsmell,taste,feelTheapplestastegood.Thisflowersmellsnice.YoursuggestionsoundsSheistastingtheThedogissmellingtheThebellissoundingfor晚飯了Thecomputerisworkingperfectly.Thecomputerworksperfectly.（一直如此Thebusisstop（漸漸地Thebusstops.（迅速Sheislivinginthe（暫時Shelivesinthe（永久④有感彩和沒有感Heisngwellat（贊揚Hedoeswellat（一般事實過去進行時是由“waswere現在分詞”構成的。Iwasngmyatthistimeyesterday.Wereyouexpectinghimyesterday?TheywerenottalkingwhenIcameIwashavingsupperat7:00yesterdayevening.昨天晚上7ShewasyingthepianowhileIwasreadingtheWelistenedcloselywhiletheteacherreadtheWeweretalkingaboutyouthewholeHewaswatchingTVathomefrom3:00to5:00yesterdayHetoldmethathewasgoingsoon.ShesaidshewasleavingforNewYorkthenextItwassnowingasthemedicalteammadeitswaytotheTomslippedintothehousewhennoonewasFiveminuteslaterhewasstandingatthedoorsmoking.Thebabywascryinghard,andsuddenlythecryingShewenttothedoctoryesterday.ShewashavingalotoftroublewithherIhaven'tfinishedmybecauseIwashelmymotherathomeallday我作業沒做完是因為我昨天一直 在家干活與always,constantly等詞連用，表示感Thegirlwasalwayschangingher這老是改變主意Inthepasthewasconstantlyaskingmeformoney.Shewrotealettertoherfriendlast（信寫完了Shewaswritingalettertoherfriendlast（信不一定寫完ShewavedtoShewaswavingtome.TheboyjumpedupandTheboywasjumupand將來進行時是由“shall/willbeDon'tphonemebetween8:00and10:00.We'llbehavingclassesthen. WillyoubeusingyourbicyclethisShewon'tbehavingameetinginherofficeat8:00明天8I'llbetakingmyholidaysoon.Theywillbemeetingusatthewill/shallIhopeyouwillbecomingonI'llbeseeingMr.Smith我明天將見到先生Theministerwillbegivingaspeechoninternational部長將就國際事務Pleasecometomorrowafternoon.TomorrowmorningI'llbehavinga（表原因Stopthechildorhewillbefalling（表結果Youwillbemakinga（表推測Willyoubereadinganythingelse?WhenshallwebemeetingThestudentsaerstudyingUnit3thisweek,andnextweekwe'llbestudyingUnit這星期我們學第三單元，下周學第四單元MydutieswillendinJulyandIwillbereturningtoSomeonehasbrokentheIhaven'tseenmuchofherlaHowlonghavetheybeen2Ihaveboughta（結果：Ihaveapennow.）Thetemperaturehasincreasedby10℃.溫度上升了10（結果：Itisquitehotnow.）Airpollutionhastakenthelivesofmanypeople.（結果：Airpollutionisveryseriousnow.）【誤】IhaveboughtapenbutIhavelostitnow.（havebought表示你現在已經有筆了，這和后面的havelost有）【正】IboughtapenbutIhavelostit我（過去）【誤】IhavelostmypenbutIhavefounditnow.（havelost強調你現在已經沒有筆了，與后面havefound的意思有）【正】IlostmypenbutIhavefounditHaveyoueverbeentotheGreat你去過嗎IhavevisitedBeijingatleastten我至少過十次了ShehasneverspentaholidayattheHe'slovedfishingforalong他為時已久（他現在仍Ihavelivedhereformorethanthirtyopen,Ihaven'tseenafilmfor我已經好幾個星期沒看了Shehasn'twrittentomesince自從9不確定的過去時間狀語：already,yet,before,recently,layI'veseenthefilmbefore.Haveyoubeentherelay?頻度時間狀語：often,sometimeseverneveronce,rarelyWehaveneverheardof我們從未聽這事HehassometimesyedBigBenhasrarelygone包含現在時間在內的時間狀語：now,just,today,thismorning,thisweek,thisyear等IhavejustfinishedtheletterYouhavejustmissedtheHashedonemuchwork比較：alreadyyetalready常用于肯定句，置于句中。yetalreadyShehasalreadyHaveyoueatenyourdinnerHehasnotcomeyet.since具體時間，表示動作或狀態從何時開始Sincethen,hehasdevelopedanotherbadhabit.Hehasn'tbeenhomesincehegraduated.forWehaveworkedhereforTherehasbeennorainherefornearlytwountilnow,uptillnow,sofar,uptotheIhavenotseenhimsoUptothepresent,everythinghasbeenin/duringthepast/lastfive在剛剛過去的5HehasbeenawayfromschoolduringthelastfewInthepastfewyearstheyhavedealtwithquiteafewinternationalcorporations allthewhile,alldayShehasbeenbusyallHelockedthe（Hehaslockedthe（Whoturnedonthe誰開的燈？（Whohasturnedonthe誰把燈打開了？（HehaslivedinBeijingforfour他在住了四年了（現在仍住那兒HelivedinBeijingforfour他曾 住了四年（現在不住那兒了SoonIrealizedIhadmadeaseriousmistake.Themansittingbesidemeonthenewasverynervous.HehadnotflownHadhegonehomewhenyouarrived?常用by引導的時間狀語或以before,until,when,than等詞引導的內含一般過去時By5:00yesterdaymorningwehaddonethat到昨天早上5Hehadjustfinishedsweetheclassroomwhentheteacherreturnedfromthe老師從回來時，他剛把教室打掃完TheycameearlierthanwehadIhadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredthe我在進大學之前就已學了5000ItrainedyesterdayafterithadbeendryformanybeforeafterThetrain(had)startedbeforeIreachedtheAfterhe(had)arrivedinEngland,MarxworkedhardtoimprovehisUptothattimeallhadgoneJohnandJanehadknowneachotherforalongtimebeforetheirShesaidshehadmademuchprogresssinceshecameif引導的和過去事wish,asif引導的從句中。Ifshehadworkedhard,shewouldhave（IwishIhadgonewithyoutotheThetwostrangerstalkedasiftheyhadbeengoodfriendsformany那兩個陌生人交談起來就像是多年的hardly/scarcely/barely...when...,nosooner...than...等結構Hardlyhadhebeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterrupted他剛開始，聽眾就打斷了他Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhewentawayintend,mean,hope,want,n,suppose,expect,think等動詞的過去完成時可以Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethingIhadintendedtocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromngTheyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn'tgetherein他們原想幫忙的，但沒趕到這里IreturnedthebookthatIhadHedidn'tknowathingabouttheverb,forhehadnotstudiedhisIhadbeenatthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinally將來完成時的構成是由“shall/willhave過去分詞”構成的。Beforelonghewillhaveforgottenallaboutthematter.Heissomebodynow.Hewillnothaverememberedhisold他現在是一個有的人了，他可能不會記得老同學了WillyouhaveknownKevinfor10yearsnextmonth?到下個月你認識該有102.Weshallhavelearned12unitsbytheendofthis到這個學期末，學完12個單元BythetimeyougethomeIwillhavecleanedthehousefromtoptoWillyousoonhavefinishedlayingthetable?WhenIhavefinishedthat,IshallhavedoneallIamsupposedtodo.Pleasedon'tgetoffthebusuntilithasYouwillhaveheardofthis,I你已經聽這件事了Iamsurehewillhavegotthe現在完成進行時是由“have/hasbeen現在分詞”構成的。Heisill.He'sbeenlyinginbedforthreeweeks.他病了，已經臥床3Youreyesarered.HaveyoubeenWhathaveyoubeenngallthistime?現在完成進行時常和allthistime,thisweekthismonth,allnight,allthemorning,recentlysincefor引導的狀語連用。IhavebeenreadingHemingway'sFarewelltoArmsShehasbeenrecitingthewordsallthemorning.ThisiswhatIhavebeenexpectingsincemyMyclothesareallwet.I'vebeenworkingintheHeisdeaddrunk.He'sbeendrinkingwithhisYou'vebeensayingthatforfiveHehasbeenwritingarticlestothenewspapersandmagazinessincehebecamea自從任教以來，他一直在為報撰稿④表達較重的感WhathaveyoubeenngtomyTimehasbeenflyingsoToomuchhasbeenhappeningHaveyoubeenmeetinghimHaveyoumethimrecently?②現在完成進行時有時含有感彩，而現在完成時一般是平鋪直敘Ihavebeenwaitingforyoufortwo（可能表示不滿Ihavewaitedforyoufortwo（說明一個事實Whohasbeeneatingthe誰一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些Whohaseatenthe誰把桔子吃光了？（強調吃得一個不剩過去完成進行時是由“hadbeen+ShehadbeensufferingfromabadcoldwhenshetooktheHadtheybeenexpectingthenewsforsomeRafaelwasscoldedeventhoughhehadn'tbeennganything盡管沒做什么錯事，但他還是挨罵了IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundTheyhadonlybeenwaitingforthebusafewmomentswhenitHehadbeenmentioningyournametome.Youhadbeengivingmeeverything.你對是有求必應③過去完成進行時還常用于間接引語中（詳見第12章ThedoctoraskedwhathehadbeenIaskedwheretheyhadbeenstayingallthosewhenIhadonlybeenreadingafewminuteswhenhecameShe'donlybeenreviewingherlessonsforashortwhilewhenherlittlesisterinterruptedher. Shehadcleanedtheoffice,soitwasvery她已經打掃過了，所以很整潔（強調結果Shehadbeencleaningtheoffice,sowehadtowait第二章語態（一）第二章語態（一voice)和語態(passivevoice)。主動語態表示主語是謂語動作的執行者，而語態則一、語態的構bybe隨主語的人稱、數、時態和語氣的不語態：amisareWecleantheclassroomeveryday.Theclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday.教室每天都由我們打掃。Suchsongsareusuallysungbygirls.這些歌通常是子們唱的。Russianisnottaughtinourschool.我們學校不教俄語。Aremanygoodsshippedabroadeveryday語態：waswereWecleanedtheclassroomyesterday.Theclassroomwascleanedbyusyesterday.Thewindowwasbrokenbymyson.Weremanytreesntedonthehillyesterday昨天山上種了許多樹嗎Howmuchmoneywasstoleninall一共被偷了主動語態：willshall語態：willshallbeWewillcleantheclassroomsoon.我們很快要打掃教室。Theclassroomwillbecleanedsoon.教室很快要被打掃了。Theworkwillbedoneimmediay.這工作將馬上做。WilltheschoolsportsmeetingbeheldnextweekWhenshallwebegivenalectureontheInternet什么時候給我們作有關因特網的講主動語態：woulddo語態：wouldbeWetoldhimthatwewouldcleantheclassroomsoon.我們我們馬上就打掃教室Wetoldhimthattheclassroomwouldbecleanedsoon.我們教室很快就會被打Hesaidthatanewtradecenterwouldbebuiltinthecentreofthecity.他說一個新的貿Sheaskedwhethertheirnwouldbeconsideredwithgreatcare.她問他們的計劃會Iwasn'ttoldthatIshouldbeinvitedtotheparty.沒人告訴我要被邀請出席主動語態：amisare語態：amisarebeingWearecleaningtheclassroomnow.Theclassroomisbeingcleanednow.Ahospitalisbeingbuiltinthecentreofthetown.心正在興建一家醫院ArethebabiesbeingtakencareofbythisnurseHowisthenewteachingmethodbeingtriedthere那里是怎樣試行這種新教學方法主動語態：waswere語態：waswerebeingWewerecleaningtheclassroomthistimeyesterday.昨天這個時候我們在打掃教室。Theclassroomwasbeingcleanedthistimeyesterday.昨天這個時候教室正在被打掃Theteachingnwasbeingdiscussedatthattime.那時正在討論教學計劃。WastheTVsetbeingfixedthistimeyesterdayThehousewasbeingpaintedwhenwearrivedathishome.我們到他家時，他家房子主動語態：hashave語態：hashavebeenTheclassroomlookstidyWehavecleanedit.教室看起來很整潔。我們已經打掃了。Theclassroomlookstidy.Ithasbeencleaned.教室看起來很整潔。它已經被打掃了ManyforeignfihavebeenshownonTVsincelastmonth.上個月以來，電視中Theradiohasnotbeenturnedonyet.Hasanewtrainingcentrebeensetupinour 主動語態：had語態：hadbeenTheclassroomlookedtidyWehadcleanedit.教室看起來很整潔。我們已經打掃過了。TheclassroomlookedtidyIthadbeencleaned.HisnewlywrittennovelhadbeentranslatedintoEnglishbytheendoflastmonth.上個Shetoldmethatshehadbeendismissedbyherboss.她告訴我，已把她解HerhadnotbeenfinishedwhenIgothome.我到家的時候，作業還沒主動語態：willshallhave語態：willshallhavebeenWewillhavecleanedtheclassroombyfiveo'clock.在五點之前打掃完教室Theclassroomwillhavebeencleanedbyfiveo'clock.Thenewbookswillhavebeenenteredintheregisterbeforeanotherparcelarrives.這Howmanyexpresswayswillhavebeencompletedbytheendofnextyear Beforeyoureturnmyworkwillhavebeendone.主動語態：wouldhave語態：wouldhavebeenIsaidwewouldhavecleanedtheclassroomby500.我說在五點之前打掃完教Isaidtheclassroomwouldhavebeencleanedby500.我室將在五點以前打掃完TheheadmastersaidthearticlewouldhavebeentranslatedbytheendofnextThedaywasdrawingnearwhenthedamwouldhavebeencompleted.大壩完工的日Hetoldmethatpreparationswouldhavebeenfinishedby600.他告訴我準備工作將在Theboygothurtwhenhewasridingtoschool.Didyourlettergetanswered你收到回信了嗎？用“get+過去分詞”結構時，其后的動作執行者（by短語）Finallyhisbikegotrepaired.AsIpassedbymyskirtgotcaughtonanail.C．“seemappear過去分詞”有時“seemappear+過去分詞”也可以構成語態Sheseemedannoyedbyhiswords.Thehouseappearsdeserted.這房子好像沒人居住。并不是所有的“be+過去分詞”begetseem,appear【誤】Shegotborninasmall【正】Shewasborninasmallvillage.【誤】Theoldmangotofferedalargesumof【正】Theoldmanwasofferedalargesumofmoney.【誤】Colingotcaughtcheatinginthe【正】Colinwerecaughtcheatingintheexam.考試被抓住了byBywhomisthebookwrittenThechildrenweredrivenindoorsbytherain.withThewolfwaskilledwithagun.狼被槍了Thefieldwasspreadwithwildflowers.from表示源于某種物質（看不出原材料Goodwineismadefromgrain.of表示用某種材料制成（看得出原材料Thetableismadeofwood.Youarewantedonthephone.有 Heisknowntoeverybody.大家都認識他。Shewascaughtintherain.她遭雨淋了。動作執行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示，但語態句子中的by短語并不總是表示Amanisknownbytheclotheshewears.可以通過他的服裝辨認出來（byHewasmuchflatteredbyheraskinghimtodinner.（byThesnowwaspiledhighbythegate.（by表示地點）HowisthiswordpronouncedScientistssaythatworkisdonewheneveramoves.科學家們說，力移動時就做了AgreaternumberofmagicEnglishbookswillbepublishednextyear.明年將有的Afterwar,everythinghadbeendestroyed.結束后，一切都被毀壞了Ifyoubreaktheschoolrules,youwillbepunished.如果你校規你將受到懲罰（強you）AnewHopeSchoolwillbeopenedinourvillage.（anewHopeSheislikedbyeverybody.XiaoLiwaselectedmonitoroftheclass.被選為班長Thebridgewaswashedawaybytheflood.Wewereshockedbythenewsofhisdeath.我們聽到他的死訊極為Manyaccidentswerecausedbycarelessdriving.許多事故都是開車不造成的Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapudedbytheaudience.他出現在舞臺TheoldprofessorgavealectureonAmericanhistoryandwaswellreceived.這位老教IwasshownroundtheschoolcampusbySeanwhohadenteredtheschooljustayearbefore.帶我參觀了校園，他去年剛進這所學校。You'vebeentoldmanytimesnottomakethesamemistake.你已被多次告知不要犯同Everybodyisexpectedtoobeythefollowingrules.Thecontrolroommaynotbeenteredwithoutpermission.非經，勿入控制室Thefilmiscoatedwithlight-sensitivechemicals,whicharechangedbythedifferentshadesandcoloursoflight.膠卷上涂了一層感光的化學物質，這些物質因光的不同色度與中為了體現的客觀Thewest-eastgaspipelineprojectwaskickedoffonJuly4,abigeventinthenation'swestdevelopmentn.西氣東輸工程7月4日全線開工，這是國家西部大開發戰略的Hewasborninthis Theschoolissituatedinthesuburbs.這所學校位于郊外。by短語。Thevegetablesdidn'ttasteverygood.Theyhadbeencookedtoolong.蔬菜的味道不Hearrivedattheairport,wherehewasmetbyhisfriend.他到達了機場并受到朋友的迎（byhisfriend，句子的意思不完整）Everybodywascastdownbysuchnewsasthat.（by短語第二章語態（二三、主動語態變語常這樣說：Iexpectyoutobethereontime.我希望你準時到那里。英美人常這樣說：Youareexpectedtobethereontime.++“主語+謂語+賓語”結構中只有一個賓語，變為語態時，將賓語變為主語Theywilldiscussthenatthemeeting.他們將在會議上討論這個問題--Thenwillbediscussedatthemeeting.這個問題將在會議上討論Inthepastthekingpossessedgreatwealth.過去國王擁有巨大的 Inthepastgreatwealthwaspossessedbytheking.過去，巨大的為國王所Wegavethestudentsomebooks.Thestudentwasgivensomebooks.Somebooksweregiventothestudent.Hisfatherboughthimacomputerlastweek.Hewasboughtacomputerbyhisfatherlastweek.--Acomputerwasboughtforhimbyhisfatherlastweek.注意用直接賓語作語態的主語時通常要在間接賓語前加上適當的介詞(如to,for,TheyawardedhimtheNobelPrize.他們授予他獎--TheNobelPrizewasawarded（to）him.獎被授予給他Thehosthadcaughtussomefish. Somefishhadbeencaughtforusbythehost.（for不nAllthevillagerspaintedthehouseswhite.--Thehouseswerepaintedwhitebyallthevillagers.房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白Theykeptuswaitingforalongtime.Wewerekeptwaitingforalongtime.Weregardedhimasthebestdoctorintown.Hewasregardedasthebestdoctorintown.他被認為是城里最好的醫生。有些使役動詞和感官動詞,makesee,hearwatchnotice,observe,listento等，在主動結構中跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，在變為結構時，不定式應加上to。Weheardhimsaygood-byetohisfriends. Hewasheardtosaygood-byetohisfriends.n含有情態動詞的謂語變成語態時，用“情態動詞+bedone”構成。havehadtooughttocancoulddomaymightdomustdohavehadtodowillwoulddoshallshoulddooughttodocancouldbedonemaymightbedonemustbedonehavehadtobedonewillwouldbedoneshallshouldbedoneoughttobedoneThemachinemustbeoperatedwithcare.這機器必須操作Suchasentenceoughtnottobeusedhere.What'sdonecannotbe Peoplehadtoberemindedofthedangerthatnight.那天晚上必須提醒人們當心含有“begoingtodo”和“betodo”等結構的主動句變含有“begoingtodo和betodo等結構的謂語動詞，變成語態時，分別用“begoingto+bedone”和“beto+bedone”。在這兩種結構中，be只有一般現在時和一般過去時兩Theproblemisgoingtobediscussedatthemeeting.ThisnewfilmistobeshownonTVnextweek.TheysaidthathehadgoneabroadtostudyEnglish.他們說他出國去了--ItwassaidthathehadgoneabroadtostudyEnglish.據說他出國去了Wehaven'tdecidedwhenweshouldgocam.我們還未決定什么時候去野營--Ithasn'tbeendecidedwhenweshouldgocam.什么時候去野營尚未決定。Webelievedthathewouldsucceed.Hewasbelievedtosucceed.FatherexpectedthatI eanengineer.Iwasexpected(bymyfather) eanengineer.（父親）肯定的祈使句的語態結構是：Let+賓語+be+過去分詞；否定的祈使句的語態結構是：Don'tlet++be+過去分詞（Let+notbe+過去分詞MovethedesksintotheLetthedesksbemovedintothecorridor.Don'ttrust--Don'tletherbeLethernotbetrusted.Thenursesinthishospitallookafterthepatientsvery--Thepatientsarewelllookedafterbythenursesinthishospital.在這所醫院里被Theyhaveputoffthemeetingtillnext--ThemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextSaturday.會議已推下周六了。在使用語態時，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞Suchabadhabitshouldbegotridof.Alltheimportantmattershavenowbeenattendedto.雙重結Theyaskedustodiscusstheproblemat--WewereaskedtodiscusstheproblematTheproblemwasaskedtobediscussedatonce.（雙重被Sheofferedtobuyarecorderfor--Arecorderwasofferedtobeboughtforme.有人提出要幫我買一臺機（雙重被Theteacherorderedthatweshouldtakethedesk--Thedeskwasorderedtobetakenaway.課桌被要求搬走（雙重下列句子變成語態時，要用with，不用bySmokefilledthemeetingroom.煙充滿了會議室。Themeetingroomwasfilledwithsmoke.Aclothcoveredthetable.Thetablewascoveredwithacloth.某些表示狀態的及物動詞，如have,own,cost,lack,want(缺乏), e(適合),fit,resemble,fail,last,flee,benefit,hold等作謂語時，不能變為句。Sheresembleshermother.她像她Helacksself-confidence.Thishallcanhold2,000people.這個大廳能容納兩Wouldyouhaveacupof Shehadabadcoldyesterdayandnowsheisfeelingmuchbetter.昨天她得了重感冒，get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康Doyouget Howdoyoutakethis Iowe50poundstoyou.Hiscarelessdrivingcosthis Theysimplycannotcontainthemselvesfor Heabsentedhimselffromameeting Foryearsthetwosisterslookedafteroneanother.IcouldnotbelievemyeyeswhenIsawhimstillalive.看到他還活著，我簡直不相信自Thedoctorshookhisheadandthenwentoutwithoutanywords.醫生搖了搖頭，一句Hefixedhiseyesontheoilpainting.Hiseyeswerefixedontheoilpainting.Thiskindofdictionarycoststen Thecaseweighstwentykilos.Helaughedahearty Shedreamtasweetdream.⑤如果賓語是動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式時，謂語動詞一般不能變換成語態Headmittedhavingdone Hehasdecidedtogoandstudy 他已決定⑥如果enter,leave,reach的賓語是地點、國家機關等，不能改為語Heleftthearmyin1998.他1998Sheenteredthehallatonce.⑦另外，不可拆開的短語動詞，如takece,loseheart,belongto,consistof,changecolour等，也不能改為語態。Thebookbelongstome.Shecaughtaverybadcold.她患了重感冒。catchacold eatone'swords loseheart losepatience makeaface makeupone'smind makebed makeroom keep keepsilence speakone'smind takece takeone's take takeone's takenotes作筆記takeuparms拿起takeone'sce就⑧含有wouldrather或情態動詞dare的句子，不能改為語態Iwouldratherdoitnow.Hedarenotdoit.四、語態與系表結所謂系表結構，在此指“連系動詞+用作表語的動詞-ed形式”結構。它與語態的形式by+by+抽象名詞表動作的執行者，而后者則一般不用。Thegatetothegardenwaslockedbythegirl.花園門被那個鎖上了（結構Thegatetothegardenwaslocked.（系表結構Thetreewasblowndownbythehighwinds.那棵樹被大風吹倒了（結構Thetreewasblowndownwhenwesawit.（系表少數“be+用作表語的動詞-ed形式”byTheoldmanwassurroundedbysmallchildren.老人被孩子們團團圍住（語態Guilinissurroundedbyhillsandmountains.（系表結構Wewereheldupbyfog.我們因霧受阻（語態Thetreeisknownbyitsfruit.（系表結構Thecompositioniswellwritten.（系表結構Thecompositionisbeingwritten.這篇作文正在寫（語態系表結構中的過去分詞可被very,too,so修飾，語態中的過去分詞須用much修Theboywastoofrightenedtomove.（系表結構Hewasveryexcited.（系表結構Hewasmuchexcitedbythenews.他聽到消息后很激動（結構be+Hermoneyisallgone.錢都花光了Thehonouredguestsarearrived.Themoonisrisen.Sheisgrownup.Theleavesarefallen.Wearepreparedfortheworst.我們已準備好應付的情況表示“充滿”意思的“be+with”Themountainiscoveredwithsnowalltheyearround.Theclassroomwascrowdedwithpupils.Thelakeisdottedwithfishingboats.Thefloorwaspiledwitholdbooks.remain,feel,lie,stand以 e,grow等詞+過去分詞結構多為系表結構Thematterremainedunsettled.Shefeltdisappointed.Theroadbecamecrowded.Thebankisclosed.（系表結構Thebankisusuallyclosedatsix.銀行通常六點關門（語態Heismarried.（系表結構）Whendidtheaccident Ice-creamalwaysgoeswellinhot DoeslifeexistonthemoonClassbeginsateight. Themeetingendedupwithwarmapuse.會議在熱烈的掌聲中結束了Themachinerunswell.Hisvoicerecordswell.readwritetranslatereadwrite,translate,act,add,wash,wear,cook,lock,sell,tear,cut,keep,feel,burn,strike,last等常和表示行為方式的狀語連用，表示意義。這些動詞既是及物動詞Thebooksellswell.Mypenwritessmoothly.Theyreadsmoreeasilythanacts.這劇本易讀不易演。Hiscarcan'tmove.looksmelltaste,soundproveappearturnout等主Goodmedicinetastesbitter.Whathesaidprovedtobecorrect.Theflowerssmellsweet.Yoursentencedoesn'tsoundright.Themeatiscooking.Thebookis Sheistoblame.Thehouseistolet.六、形式表示主動意英語的形式表示主動的意義主要見于狀態語態句中一般說來有以下幾種情況Heseatshimselfatthebackoftheclassroom.Heisseatedatthebackoftheclassroom.Helosthimselfinthe--Hewaslostinthe.他在森林中迷了路HedressedhimselfinadarkblueHewasdressedinadarkbluesuit.他穿著一套深藍色的衣服。Thetallbuildingunderrepairisanofficebuilding.TheresultisnnowunderThechildrenareinthechargeofthisThisnurseisinchargeogtheTheteacherissatisfiedwithwhathe Weareopposedtounjust 我們非正義的Wearepreparedtoaccepthisproposal. Hewastiredwithyingallday. Theearthistiltedalittle.Hundredsofsoldierswerestationedaroundtheprison.數百個士兵駐扎在周圍Thevillageislocatedatthefootofahill.不及物動詞的-edbeSpringis Themoonwassetanditwasvery Heisadvancedin 表示終止動詞的-edHeisdonewith MyfeverisgonebutIstillhavea HewasgraduatedfromBeijing Youare Heis Dobeseated.Bepreparedplease.Getwashed.Beconcernedmoreaboutthewell-beingofthemasses.HewasmarriedinBeijing.他是在結婚的（語態mood語氣用來區別人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。英語中的語氣(mood)Wherethereisawill,there'saway.CanyouhelpmecarrytheboxupstairsHowImissedthelifeinthecountryside!Comethiswayplease!Don'tmakeanynoisewillyouDobecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.過馬路時一定要IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.但愿四季如春。Maygoodluckbeyours!Ifhedoesn'tcomeat8,wewon'twaitforhim.Ifafloodhappenedinthepast,therewasusuallyagreatlossoflifeandproperty.Weshallgothereunlessitrainstomorrow.如果明天不下雨，去那里I'llletyouusemybikeonconditionthatyoukeepitclean.如果你能保持車子干與現在事實相 if條件句的謂語 主句的謂：would(couldshouldmight) if條件句的謂語：haddone主句的謂：would(couldshouldmight)+havedone if條件句的謂語：didwere主句的謂：should would(couldshouldmight