雅思考試機經2018年12月1日雅思閱讀考情回顧一、考試時間：2018年12月1日（周六）二、考試概述：第一篇Homeopathy，替代治療法。主要講述了替代醫學中的治療方法，可參考劍四第二套第二篇AlternativemedicineinAustralia和劍六第三套第三篇Thesearchfortheanti-agingpill。第二篇Thehistoryofmotorcar，汽車發展史。發明發展史文章可參考劍八第一套第一篇Achronicleoftimekeeping和劍六第三套第一篇Thepowerofthebigscreen。第三篇Tuatara，新西蘭物種入侵。可參考劍八第四套第二篇Biologicalcontrolofpests。三、文章簡介第一篇Homeopathy，替代治療法第二篇Thehistoryofmotorcar，汽車發展史第三篇Tuatara，新西蘭物種入侵四、篇章分析：Passage1文章內容文章概述了替代醫學中的治療方法，即為了治療某種疾病，需要使用一種可以再人體內部產生相同癥狀的藥劑。并介紹了這種質量方法的早期發展以及后續的實驗以及研究者的理論。題型分布與答案參考標題匹配題6，判斷題6，單選題1參考答案：1-12待補充13.B（答案僅供參考）相關拓展PlaceboEffect---ThePowerofNothingWanttodeviseanewformofalternativemedicine?Noproblem.Here’stherecipe.Bewarm,sympathetic,reassuringandenthusiastic.Yourtreatmentshouldinvolvephysicalcontact,andeachsessionwithyourpatientsshouldlastatleasthalfanhour.Encourageyourpatientstotakeanactivepartintheirtreatmentandunderstandhowtheirdisorders雅思考試機經relatetotherestoftheirlives.Tellthemthattheirownbodiespossessthetruepowertoheal.Makethempayyououtoftheirownpochets.Describeyourtreatmentinfamiliarwords,butembroideredwithahintofmysticism:energyfields,energyflows,energyblocks,meridians,forces,auras,rhythmsandthelike.Refertotheknowledgeofanearlierage:wisdomcarelesslysweptasidebytheriseandriseofblind,mechanisticscience.Oh,comeoffit,you’resaying.Somethinginventedoffthetopofyourheadcouldn’tpossiblywork,couldit?Wellyes,itcould—andoftenwellenoughtoearnyoualiving.Agoodlivingifyouaresufficientlyconvincingor,betterstill,reallybelieveinyourtherapy.Manyillnessesgetbetterontheirown,soifyouareluckyandadministeryourtreatmentatjusttherighttimeyou’llgetthecredit.Butthat'sonlypartofit.Someoftheimprovementreallywouldbedowntoyou.Notnecessarilybecauseyou'drecommendedginsengratherthanchamomileteaorusedthiscrystalasopposedtothatpressurepoint.Nothingsospecific.Yourhealingpowerwouldbetheoutcomeofaparadoxicalforcethatconventionalmedicinerecognizesbutremainsoddlyambivalentabout:theplaceboeffect.Placebosaretreatmentsthathavenodirecteffectonthebody,yetstillworkbecausethepatienthasfaithintheirpowertoheal.Mostoftenthetermreferstoadummypill,butitappliesjustasmuchtoanydeviceorprocedure,fromastickingplastertoacrystaltoanoperation.Theexistenceoftheplaceboeffectimpliesthatevenquackerymayconferrealbendfits,whichiswhyanymentionofplaceboisabouchysubjectformanypractitionersofcomplementaryandalternativemedicine(CAM),whoarelikdlytoregarditastantamounttoachargeofcharlatanism.Infact,theplaceboeffectisapowerfulpartofallmedicalcare,orthodoxorotherwise,thoughitsroleisoftenneglectedandmisunderstood.OneofthegreatstrengthsofCAMmaybeitspractioners'skillindeployingtheplaceboeffecttoaccomplishrealhealing.“Complementarypractitionersaremilesbetteratproducingnon-specificeffectsandgood雅思考試機經therapeuticrelationships,”saysEdwardErnst,professorofCAMatExeterUniversity.ThequestioniswhetherCAMcouldbeintegratedintoconventionalmedicine,assomewouldlike,withoutlosingmuchofthispower.Atonelevel,itshouldcomeasnosurprisethatourstateofmindcaninfluenceourphysiology:angeropensthesuperficialbloodvesselsoftheface;sadnesspumpsthetearglands.Butexactlyhowplacebosworktheirmedicalmagicisstilllargelyunknown.Mostofthescantresearchtodatehasfocusedonthecontrolofpain,becauseit’soneofthecommonestcomplaintsandlendsitselftoexperimentalstudy.Here,attentionhasturnedtotheendorphins,naturalcounterpartsofmorphinethatareknowntohelpcontrolpain.“Anyoftheneurochemicalsinvolvedintransmittingpainimpulsesormodulatingthemmightalsobeinvolvedingeneratingtheplaceboresponse,nsaysDonPrice,anoralsurgeonattheUniversityofFloridawhostudiestheplaceboeffectindentalpain.“Butendorphinsarestilloutinfront.”ThatcasehasbeenstrengthenedbytherecentworkofFabrizioBendeettioftheUniversityofTurin,whoshowedthattheplaceboeffectcanbeabolishedbyadrug,naloxone,whichblockstheeffectsofendorphins.Benedettiinducedpaininhumanvolunteersbyinflatingablood-pressurecuffontheforearm.Hedidthisseveraltimesadayforseveraldays,usingmorphineeachtimetocontrolthepain.Onthefinalday,withoutsayinganything,hereplacedthemorphinewithasalinesolution.Thisstillrelievedthesubjects’pain:aplaceboeffect,Butwhenheaddednaloxonetothesalinethepainreliefdisappeared.Herewasdirectproofthatplaceboanalgesiaismediated,atleastinpart,bythesenaturalopiates.Still,nooneknowshowbelieftriggersendorphinrelease,orwhymostpeoplecan’tachieveplacebopainreliefsimplybywillingit.Thoughscientistsdon'tknowexactlyhowplaceboswork,theyhaveaccumulatedafairbitofknowledgeabouthowtotriggertheeffect.ALondonrheumatologistfound,forexample,thatreddummycapsulesmademore雅思考試機經effectivepainkillersthanblue,greenoryellowones.ResearchonAmericanstudentsrevealedthatbluepillsmakebettersedativesthanpink,acolourmoresuitableforstimulants.Evenbrandingcanmakeadifference:ifAsproorTylenolarewhatyouliketotakeforaheadache,theirchemicallyidenticalgenericequivalentsmaybelesseffective.Itmatters,too,howthetreatmentisdelivered.Decadesago,whenthemajortranquilliserchlorpromazinewasbeingintroduced,adoctorinKansascategorizedhiscolleaguesaccordingtowhethertheywerekeenonit,openlyofitsbenefits,ortooka“let’stryandsee”attitude.Hisconclusion:themoreenthusiasticthedoctor,thebetterthedrugperformed.AndthisyearErnstsurveyedpublishedstudiesthatcompareddoctors’bedsidemanners.Thestudiesturneduponeconsistentfinding:"Physicianswhoadoptawarm,friendlyandreassuringmanner,nhereported,“aremoreeffectivethanthosewhoseconsultationsareformalanddonotofferreassurance.”Warm,friendlyandreassuringarepreciselyCAM’sstrongsuits,ofcourse.Manyoftheingredientsofthatopeningrecipe—thephysicalcontact,thegenerousswathesoftime,thestronghintsofsupernormalhealingpower—arejustthekindofthinglikelytoimpresspatients.It'shardlysurprising,then,thatcomplementarypractitionersaregenerallybestatmobilisingtheplaceboeffect,saysArthurKleinman,professorofsocialanthropologyatHarvardUniversity.Passage2：文章內容第一輛汽車的產生在1769年，隨著自動化蒸汽機的出現，在各個品牌出現的第一輛汽車的特點各有不同。題型分布與答案參考信息匹配題6，簡答題6，單選題1參考答案DAB

雅思考試機經GCFpetrol-fueled93minutesgas-guzzleroilcrisispowerfuelsB(答案僅供參考)相關拓展GoingNowhereFastTHISisludicrous!Wecantalktopeopleanywhereintheworldorflytomeettheminafewhours.Wecanevensendprobestootherplanets.Butwhenitcomestogettingaroundourcities,wedependonsystemsthathavescarcelychangedsincethedaysofGottliebDaimler.Inrecentyears,thepollutionbelchedoutbymillionsofvehicleshasdominatedthedebateabouttransport.TheproblemhasevenpersuadedCalifornia—thathomeofcarculture—tocurbtrafficgrowth.Butnomatterhowgreentheybecome,carsareunlikelytogetusaroundcrowdedcitiesanyfaster.Andpersuadingpeopletousetrainsandbuseswillalwaysbeanuphillstruggle.Cars,afterall,arepopularforverygoodreasons,asanyonewithsmallchildrenorheavyshoppingknows.Sopoliticiansshouldbetryingtolurepeopleoutoftheircars,notforcingthemout.There’scertainlynoshortageofalternatives.Perhapsthemostattractiveistheconceptknownaspersonalrapidtransit(PRT),independentlyinventedintheUSandEuropeinthe1950s.Theideaistogotooneofmanystationsandhopintoacomputer-controlledcarwhichcanwhiskyoutoyourdestinationalonganetworkofguideways.Youwouldn’thavetoshareyourspacewith雅思考試機經strangers,andwithnotrafficlights,pedestriansorparkedcarstoslowthingsdown,PRTguidewayscancarryfarmoretraffic,nonstop,thananyinnercityroad.It’sawonderfulvision,buttheoddsarestackedagainstPRTforanumberofreasons.Thefirstcarsranonexistingroads,anditwasonlyaftertheybecamepopular—andaftergovernmentsstartedearningrevenuefromthem—thataroadnetworkdesignedspecificallyformotorvehicleswasbuilt.WithPRT,theinfrastructurewouldhavetocomefirst—andthatwouldcostmegabucks.What’smore,anytransportsystemthatthreatenedthecar’sdominancewouldbeupagainstallthosewithastakeinmaintainingthestatusquo,fromprivatecarownerstomanufacturersandoilmultinationals.EvenifPRTswerespectacularlysuccessfulintrials,itmightnotmakemuchdifference.Superiortechnologydoesn'talwaystriumph,astheVHSversusBetamaxandWindowsversusAppleMacbattlesshowed.But“dual-mode”systemsmightjustsucceedwherePRTseemsdoomedtofail.TheDanishRUFsystemenvisagedbyPalleJensen,forexample,resemblesPRTbutwithonekeydifference:vehicleshavewheelsaswellasaslotallowingthemtotravelonamonorail,sotheycandriveofftherailontoanormalroad.Onceonaroad,theoccupantwouldtakeoverfromthecomputer,andthePUFvehicle—thetermcomesfromaDanishsayingmeaningto“gofast”—wouldbecomeanelectriccar.BuildafastnetworkofguidewaysinabusycitycentreandpeoplewouldhaveastrongincentivenotjusttousepublicRUFvehicles,butalsotobuytheirowndualmodevehicle.Commuterscoulddrivenototheguideway,sitbackandreadastheyarechauffeuredintothecity.Atwork,theywouldjumpout,leavingtheirvehiclestoparkthemselves.UnlikePRT,suchasystemcouldgroworganically,aseachnetworkwouldservealargeareaarounditandpeoplenearbycouldbuyintoit.Andadualmodesystemnightevenwinthesupportofcarmanufacturers,whocouldeasilyswitchtoproducingdual-modevehicles.

雅思考試機經Ofcourse,creatinganewtransportsystemwillnotbecheaporeasy.Butunlikeaddingadedicatedbuslanehereorextendingtheundergroundrailwaythere,aninnovativesystemsuchasJensen’scouldtransformcities.Andit’snotjustamatterofsavingafewminutesaday.AccordingtotheRedCross,morethan30millionpeoplehavediedinroadaccidentsinthepastcentury—threetimesthenumberkilledintheFirstWorldWar—andtheannualdeathtollisrising.Andwhat’smore,theRedCrossbelievesroadaccidentswillbecomethethirdbiggestcauseofdeathanddisabilityby2020,aheadofdiseasessuchasAIDSandtuberculosis.Surelywecanfindabetterwaytogetaround?Passage3：文章內容Tuatara原來是新西蘭的一種瀕危的大蜥蜴，科學家們覺得如果再不采取行動保護，這種大蜥蜴就很快要滅絕了。但是后面因為過度繁殖，大蜥蜴的數量越來越多，甚至破壞了當地的生態平衡，此后人們決定不再繼續保護這種大蜥蜴。題型分布與答案參考單選題5,判斷題4，填空題5參考答案27-37待補充nativefishGH相關拓展NewZealandSeaweedCallusnotweeds;weareflowersofthesea.SectionASeaweedisaparticularlynutritiousfood,whichabsorbsandconcentratestracesofawidevarietyofmineralsnecessarytothebody'shealth.Manyelementsmayoccurinseaweed-aluminium,barium,calcium,chlorine,copper,iodineandiron,tonamebutafew-tracesnormallyproducedbyerosionandcarriedtotheseaweedbedsbyriverandseacurrents.雅思考試機經Seaweedsarealsorichinvitamins:indeed,EskimosobtainahighproportionoftheirbodilyrequirementsofvitaminCfromtheseaweedstheyeat.Thenutritivevalueofseaweedhaslongbeenrecognized.Forinstance,thereisaremarkablylowincidenceofgoiteramongsttheJapanese,andforthatmatter,amongstourownMaoripeople,whohavealwayseatenseaweeds,andthismaywellbeattributedtothehighiodinecontentofthisfood.ResearchintooldMaorieatingcustomsshowsthatjelliesweremadeusingseaweeds,freshfruitandnuts,fuchsiaandtutuberries,capegooseberries,andmanyotherfruitswhicheithergrewherenaturallyorweresownfromseedsbroughtbysettlersandexplorers.SectionBNewZealandlaysclaimtoapproximately700speciesofseaweed,someofwhichhavenorepresentationoutsidethiscountry.Ofseveralspeciesgrownworldwide,NewZealandalsohasaparticularlylargeshare.Forexample,itisestimatedthatNewZealandhassome30speciesofGigartina,acloserelativeofcarrageenorIrishmoss.TheseareoftenreferredtoastheNewZealandcarrageens.Thegel-formingsubstancecalledagarwhichcanbeextractedfromthisspeciesgivesthemgreatcommercialapplicationinseameal,fromwhichseamealcustardismade,andincoughmixtures,confectionery,cosmetics,thecanning,paintandleatherindustries,themanufactureofduplicatingpads,andintoothpastes.Infact,duringWorldWarII,NewZealandGigartinaweresenttoAustraliatobeusedintoothpaste.SectionCYetalthoughNewZealandhassomuchofthecommerciallyprofitableredseaweeds,severalofwhichareasourceofagar(Pterocladia,Gelidium,Chondrus,Gigartina),before1940relativelylittleusewasmadeofthem.NewZealandusedtoimporttheNorthernHemisphereIrishmoss(Chonduscrispus)fromEnglandandready-madeagarfromJapan.AlthoughdistributionoftheGigartinaisconfinedtocertainareas雅思考試機經accordingtospecies,itisonlyontheeastcoastoftheNorthIslandthatitsoccurrenceisrare.Andeventhen,theeastcoast,andtheareaaroundHokiangna,haveaconsiderablesupplyofthetwospeciesofPterocladiafromwhichagarisalsoavailable.Happily,NewZealand-madeagarisnowobtainableinhealthfoodshops.SectionDSeaweedsaredividedintothreeclassesdeterminedbycolor-red,brownandgreen-andeachtendstoliveinaspecificlocation.However,exceptfortheunmistakablesealettuce(Ulva),fewaretotallyonecolor;andespeciallywhendry,somespeciescanchangecolorquitesignificantly-abrownonemayturnquiteblack,oraredoneappearblack,brown,pinkorpurple.Identificationisneverthelessfacilitatedbythefactthatthefactorswhichdeterminewhereaseaweedwillgrowarequiteprecise,andtheytendthereforetooccurinverywell-definedzones.Althoughthereareexceptions,thegreenseaweedsaremainlyshallow-wateralgae;thebrownsbelongtomediumdepths,andtheredsareplantsofthedeeperwater.Flatrocksurfacesnearmid-leveltidesarethemost