六級閱讀第三2012Whatdowelearnfromthefirstfewparagraphs?Amidallthejoblosses,there’sonecategoryofworkerthattheeconomicdisruptionhasbeengoodfor:nonhumans.Fromself-servicecheckoutlinesatthesupermarkettoindustrialrobotsarmedwithsawsandtaughttocarveupanimalbodiesinslaughter-houses,theseever-more-inligentmachinesarenownotjustassistingworkersbutactuallykickingthemoutoftheirjobs.Automationisn’tjustaffectingfactoryworkers,either.Somelawfirmsnowuseartificialinligencesoftwaretoscanandreadmountainsoflegals,workthatpreviouslywasperformedbyhighly-paidhumanlawyers.Theover-useofrobotshasdonedamagetoAmericanItishardforrobotstorecehumansinhighlyprofessionalArtificialinligenceiskeytofuturetechnologicalTheroboticindustryhasbenefitedfromtheeconomicWhatcausedthegreatestlossofjobsinAmerica? “Robotscontinuetohaveanimpactonblue-collarjobs,andwhite-collarjobsareunderattackbymicroprocessors,”sayseconomicsprofessorEdwardLeamer.Therecessionpermanentlywipedout2.5millionjobs.U.S.grossdomesticproducthasclimbedbacktopre-recessionlevels,meaningwe’reproducingasmuchasbefore,onlywith6%fewerworkers.Tobesure,roboticsarenottheonlyjobkillersoutthere,withoutsourcing(外包)stealingfarmorejobsthanUsingmicroprocessorsMovingproductiontootherThebankruptcyofmanyTheinvasionofmigrantWhatdoesJeffBurnsteinsayaboutJeffBurnstein,oftheRoboticsIndustryAssociation,arguesthatrobotsactuallysaveU.S.jobs.Hislogic:companiesthatembraceautomatiomightusefewerworkers,butthat’sstillbetterthanfiringeveryoneandmovingtheworkoverseas.TheyhelpcompaniestoTheyarecheaperthanTheypreventjoblossesinaTheycompetewithhumanWhyareroboticsystemsrecingsurgeonsinmoreandmoreoperationaccordingtoDr.MyriamCuret?Samegoesforsurgeons,who’reusingroboticsystemstoperformanever-growinglistofoperations—notbecausethemachinessavemoneybutbecause,thankstothegreaterprecisionofrobots,thepatientsrecoverinlesstimeanhavefewercomplications,saysDr.MyriamTheysavelotsofmoneyfortheTheybeathumansinTheytakelesstimetoperformaTheymakeoperationslessWhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutSurgeonsmaysurvivetherobotinvasion,butothersatthehospitalmightnotbesolucky,asiRobot,makeroftheRoomba,arobotvacuumcleaner,hasbeenshowingoffAva,whichcouldbeusedasainahospital.Andonceyou’rehome,recovering,Avacouldletyoutalktoyourdoctor,sothere’snoneedtosendsomeonetoyourhouse.That“epresence”couldbeusefulattheoffice.Ifyou’reawayonatrip,youcanstillattendameeting.Justconnectconferencingsoftware,soyourfaceappearsonAva’sItwillgreatlyenrichliryItwillstartanewtechnologicalItwillrevolutionizescientificItwillbeappliedinanyfieldWhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutIsanyjobsafe?Iwashotosay“journalist,”butresearchersarealreadydevelosoftwarethatcangatherfactsandwriteanewsstory.Whicmeansthatafewyearsfromnow,arobotcouldbewritingthiscolumn.Andwhwillreadit?Well,theremightbealotofushangingaroundwithlotsoftimeonourhands.ItwillgreatlyenrichliryItwillstartanewtechnologicalItwillrevolutionizescientificItwillbeappliedinanyfield一、問被某現象導致或推動的結果、尋找文中因果關Asince,as,consequently,accordingly,BA是原因，BA,sothat A,asaresult,AresultinB AcontributetoBattributeAto AleadtoBA是結果，BAstemfromB, AoriginatefromBA,asaresultof AresultfromDueto/thanksto養－nurture,cultivate,促進－promote,boost,bringabout,fuel,launch,trigger,fire,ignite,Inspire,stimulate,spur,prompt—某選項有，定位句及前后句都沒有，不選—某選項和定位句都有，也要比較的方面一致才可以選—：表現形式為：adj+er,more,less,比較詞匯：equal,compare,contrast,justlike,just比較結構：as…as,notsoWhydoestheauthorcallthelearningprocessaparadox?(2013.12)Callitthe“learningparadox”,themoreyoustruggleandevenfailtorecallandapplythatinformationlater.PainsdonotnecessarilyleadtoWhatislearnedisrarelyapplicableinFailuremoreoftenthannotbreedsThemoreistaught,thelessisWhatdoesKapurdisapproveofinThelearningparadoxisattheheartof“productivefailure”.aphenomenonidentifiedbyresearcherManuKapur.Kapurpointsoutthatwhilethemodeladoptedbymanyteacherswhenintroducingstudentstonewknowledge―providinglotsofstructureandguidanceearlyon,untilthestudentsshowthattheycandoitontheirown―makesintuitivesense,itmaynotbethebestwaytopromotelearning.Rather,it’sbettertoletthelearnerswrestle(較勁）withthematerialontheirownforawhile,refrainingfromgivingthemanyassistanceatthestart.Inapaperpublishedrecently,Kapurappliedtheprincipleofproductivefailuretomathematicalproblemsolvinginthreeschools.AskingstudentstofindandsolveproblemsontheirDevelostudents’abilitytoapplywhattheyGivingstudentsdetailedguidanceandAllowingstudentsahandinproblemItisaparadoxicalbutprofoundlytrueandimportantprincipleoflifethatthemostlikelywaytoreachagoalistobeaimingnotthatgoalitselfbutatsomeambitiousgoalbeyondWhatdopeopletendtothinkofprovidingstrongin“scaffoldinginstructionalsupport—andfeedback.Withtheteacher’shelp,thesepupilswereabletofindtheanswerstotheirsetofproblems.Meanwhile,asecondgroupwasdirectedtosolvethesameproblemsbycollaboratingwithoneanother,withoutanypromptsfromtheirinstructor.Thesestudentsweren’tabletocompletetheproblemscorrectly.Butinthecourseoftryingtodoso,theygeneratedalotofideasaboutthenatureoftheproblemsandaboutwhatpotentialsolutionswouldlooklike.Andwhenthetwogroupsweretestedonwhatthey’dlearned,thesecondgroup“significantlyoutperformed”thefirst.ItwillmaketeachingItisasensiblewayofItcanmotivateaverageItwillenhancestudents’Whatdopeopletendtothinkofprovidingstrongin“scaffoldinginstructionalsupport—andfeedback.Withtheteacher’shelp,thesepupilswereabletofindtheanswerstotheirsetofproblems.Meanwhile,asecondgroupwasdirectedtosolvethesameproblemsbycollaboratingwithoneanother,withoutanypromptsfromtheirinstructor.Thesestudentsweren’tabletocompletetheproblemscorrectly.Butinthecourseoftryingtodoso,theygeneratedalotofideasaboutthenatureoftheproblemsandaboutwhatpotentialsolutionswouldlooklike.Andwhenthetwogroupsweretestedonwhatthey’dlearned,thesecondgroup“significantlyoutperformed”thefirst.ItwillmaketeachingItisasensiblewayofItcanmotivateaverageItwillenhancestudents’WhatkindofproblemshouldbegiventostudentstosolveaccordingtoKapur?Theapparentstrugglesofthefloundering(掙扎的）grouphavewhatKapurcallsa“hiddenefficacy”:theyleadpeopletounderstandthedeepstructureofproblems,notsimplytheircorrectsolutions.Whenthesestudentsencounteranewproblemofthesametypeonatest,theyreabletotransfertheknowledgetheyvegatheredmoreeffectivelythanthosewhowerethepassiverecipientsofsomeoneelse’sexpertise.ItshouldbeabletoencouragecollaborativeItshouldbeeasyenoughsoasnottofrustrateItshouldbesolvablebyaveragestudentswithItshouldbedifficultenoughbutstillwithintheirWhatkindofproblemshouldbegiventostudentstosolveaccordingtoKapur?Intherealworld,problemsrarelycomeneatlypackaged,sobeingabletodiscerntheirdeepstructureiskey.But,Kapurnotes,noneofusliketofail,nomatterhowoftenSiliconValleyentrepreneurspraisethebeneficialeffectsofanideathatfailsorastart-upthatcrashesandburns.Soweneedto“designforproductivefailure”bybuildingitintothelearningprocess.Kapurhasidentifiedconditionsthatpromotethiskindofbeneficialstruggle.First,chooseproblemstoworkonthat“challengebutdonotfrustrate”.Second,providelearnerswithopportunitiestoexinandelaborateonwhatthey’reng.Third,givelearnersthechancetocompareandcontrastgoodandbadsolutionstotheproblems.Andtothosestudentswhothistough-loveteachingstyle:you'llthankmelater.ItshouldbeabletoencouragecollaborativeItshouldbeeasyenoughsoasnottofrustrateItshouldbesolvablebyaveragestudentswithItshouldbedifficultenoughbutstillwithintheirWhatcanbeexpectedof“thistough-loveteachingstyle”(Lines8-9,Para.5)?Kapurhasidentifiedthreeconditionsthatpromotethiskindofbeneficialstruggle.First,chooseproblemstoworkonthat“challengebutdonotfrustrate”.Second,providelearnerswithopportunitiestoexinandelaborateonwhatthey’reng.Third,givelearnersthechancetocompareandcontrastgoodandbadsolutionstotheproblems.Andtothosestudentswhothistough-loveteachingstyle:you'llthankmelater.StudentswillbegratefulinthelongTeacherswillmeetwithalotofParentswillthinkittooharshontheirItmaynotbeabletoyieldthedesired4.DavidBirchclaimsthatheonlyhiresliberal-artspeople DavidBirchclaimshedoesnothireanybodywithanMBAoranengineeringdegree,“Ihireonlyliberal-artspeoplebecausetheyaless-than-cannedwayofngthings,”saysBirch.Liberal-artsmeansanacademicallythoroughandstrictprogramthatincludesliture,history,mathematics,economics,science,humanbehavior—plusacomputercourseortwo.Withthatunderyourbelt,youcanfeeltospecialize,“Aliberal-artsdegreecoupledwithanMBAorsomeothertechnicaltrainingisaverygoodcombinationinthemarketce,”saysScheetz.theyaremorecapableofhandlingchangingtheycansticktoestablishedwaysofsolvingtheyarethoroughlytrainedinavarietyofspecializedtheyhaveattendedspecialprogramsin特別注意 moreAthanB(強調的是lessAthanB（強調的是AratherthanB（是AWhichofthefollowingisthekeyfactorintheimmediateapprovalofLaborDayasanationalholiday?Thequickadoptionoftheschememayhaveindicatedlessaboutthestatelawmakers’respectforworkingpeoplethanaboutafearofriskingtheiranger.Inthe1880stheUnitedStateswasalandsharplydividedbetweentheimmenselywealthyandtheverypoor,……thelawmakers’respectforthetheworker’sdeterminationtohaveaholidayoftheirthesocialists’demandsforthoroughthepolitician’sfearofthewokers’31.AccordingtothepassagetheJarvik-7artificialheartprovedbe AftermonitoringproductionoftheJarvik-7,andreviewingitseffectsonthe150orsopatients(mostofwhomgotthedeviceasatemporarymeasure)theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationconcludedthatthemachinewasngmoretoendangerlivesthantosavethem.Lastweektheagencycancelleditsearlierapproval,effectivelybanning()thedevice.atechnicalatechnicalagoodlife-aneffectivemeanstotreatheartWhydoestheauthordeemitinappropriateforHarvardtoconferanhonorarydegreeonOprahWinfrey?(2014.6)Honorarydegreesareoftenconferredonnon-academicleadersinthearts,business,andpolitics.Harvard’slistinrecentyearshasincludedKofiAnnan,BillGates,MerylStreep,andDavidSouter.ButOprah’sparticularbrandofcelebrityisnotagoodfitforthevaluesofauniversitywhosemotto(座右銘),Veritas,meanstruth.Oprah’spassionateadvocacyextends,unfortunay,toaheartyembraceoffakescience.Mostnotoriously,Oprah'svalidationofJennyMcCarthy'sclaimthat vaccinescauseautism(自閉癥)hasnodoubtcontributedtomuchharmthroughthefoolishavoidanceofvaccines.ShedidnotspecializeinthestudyofShewasknownassupporteroffakeShewasaniconoftheentertainmentShehadnotdistinguishedherself53.WhydidmanyAmerican eenthusiasticaboutstudiesafterWorldWarII?ManyAmericanscametobelievethatscientificcertaintycouldnotonlysolvescientificproblems,butalsoreformpolitics,ernment,andbusiness.TwoworldwarsandaGreatDepressionrockedtheconfidenceofmanypeoplethatscientificexpertisealonecouldcreateaprosperousandorderedworld.AfterWorldWarⅡ,theacademicworldturnedwithnewenthusiasmtohumanisticstudies,whichseemedtomanyscholarsthebestwaytoensurethesurvivalofdemocracy.Americanscholarsfannedoutacrossmuchoftheworld—withsupportfromtheFordFoundation,theFulbrightprogram,etc.—topromotetheteachingoflitureandtheartsinanefforttomakethecaseforA）TheywantedtoimprovetheirownstatuswithinthecurrenteducationTheybelievedthestabilityofasocietydependedheavilyonhumanisticstudies.Theycouldgetfinancialsupportfromvariousfoundationsforhumanisticstudies.Theyrealizedscienceandtechnologyalonewerenoguarantee abetterworld.Whydoestheauthorattachsomuchimportancetohumanisticstudies?Itisalmostimpossibletoimagineoursocietywithoutthinkingoftheextraordinaryachievementsofscientistsandengineersinbuildingourcomplicatedworld.Buttrytoimagineourworldaswellwithouttheremarkableworksthathavedefinedourcultureandvalues.Wehavealwaysneeded,both.TheypromotethedevelopmentofscienceandB)TheyhelppreparestudentsfortheirprofessionalHumanisticthinkinghelpsdefineourcultureandHumanisticthinkinghelpscultivatestudents’creativity.andwestillneed,both.D)Theyrealizedscienceandtechnologyalonewerenoguaranteeforabetterworld.WhydidmanyAmericanscholars eenthusiasticabouthumanisticstudiesafterWorldWarII?3Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“savingsaretheseedcornofagoodeconomicharvest”(Line4,Para.4)?(2012-12)WhydoestheU.S.needtolearnalittlefrugality(節儉)？Becausehealthysavingsratesareoneofthesurestindicatorsofacountry’slong-termfinancialhealth.Highsavingslead,overtime,toincreasedinvestment,whichinturngeneratesproductivitygains,innovationandjobgrowth.Inshort,savingsaretheseedcornofagoodeconomicharvest.Themoreonesaves,themorereturnsonewillAcountry’seconomyhingesonitssavingsThosewhokeepsavingwillliveaneasylifeintheAhealthysavingsratepromotes59.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“moneyisknown…tobringrelationshiptoitsknees”(Line1,Para.2)?(2011-Sincemoneyisknowntobeoneofthethingsmostlikelytobringarelationshiptoitsknees,weshouldbegrateful.Formanyfamiliestherecessionmeansmorethannotbookingaholiday.AYoupollof2,000peoplefound22%saidtheywerearguingmorewiththeirpartnersbecauseofconcernsaboutmoney.What'slesscleariswhetherdivorceandseparationratesriseinarecession–financialpressuresmeancouplesarguemorebutmakesplittinguplessaffordable.Arecentresearchshowsargumentsaboutmoneywereespeciallydamagingtocouples.Disputeswerecharacterizedbyintenseverbalaggression,tendedtoberepeatedandnotresolved,andmademen,morethanwomen,extremelyangry.MoneyisconsideredtobetherootofallSomepeoplesacrificetheirdignityforFewpeoplecanresistthetemptationofDisputesovermoneymayruinaWhatisthepassagemainlyWhatistheauthor’spurpose/intentioninwritingthispassage?Whatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoconvey?Whatitthebesttitleofthe TS原則（Topic－下定義：is,becalled－表觀點：believe,indicate—句具有高度概括性，一般位于句中三個位置 (3)主旨題常見干－只概述了文章的局部信息（某一部分或某一段落52.Whatistheauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassage?(2012-Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproducesthebestresults.That’spartlybecausemostpeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactuallyworkmoreefficiently,andputmoreeffort,toachievethosegoals.What’sfarlessunderstoodbyscientists,however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.Newspapersconveydailyaccountsofgoal-settingwidespreadinindustriesandbusinessesupanddownbothWallStreetandMain